• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.185-193
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• 2023

Although increasing evidence of cause-and-effect relationship between BPA exposure and female reproductive disorders have been suggested through many studies, the precise biochemical and molecular mechanism(s) by which BPA interferes with steroidogenesis in the ovarian cells still remain unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to discover the steroidogenic biomarker(s) associated with BPA treatment in human granulosa cell line, KGN. In this study, our results obtained via the analysis of steroidogenesis-related protein expression in KGN cells using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot analyses revealed that the expression levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) and aromatase decreased considerably and gradually after BPA treatment in a dose-dependent manner under BPA treatment. Further, remarkable decreases in their expression levels at the cellular levels were also confirmed via immunocytochemistry, and subsequent StAR and aromatase mRNA expression levels showed profiles similar to those observed for their proteins, i.e., both StAR and aromatase mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased under BPA treatment at concentrations ≥0.1 μM. We observed that follicle stimulating hormone upregulated StAR and aromatase protein expression levels; however, this effect was suppressed in the presence of BPA. Regarding the steroidogenic effects of BPA on KGN cells, controversies remain regarding the ultimate outcomes. Nevertheless, we believe that the results here presented imply that KGN cells have a good cellular and steroidogenic machinery for evaluating endocrine disruption. Therefore, StAR and aromatase could be stable and sensitive biomarkers in KGN cells for the cellular screening of the potential risk posed by exogenous and environmental chemicals to female reproductive (endocrine) function.

• 생태와환경
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• 제37권1호통권106호
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• pp.96-101
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• 2004

non-steroidal ecdysteroid 길항물질인 tebufenozide를 사용하여 C. flaviplumus와 C. riparius에 끼친 영향을 실내실험 하였다. 정적인 실험조건 하에서 깔따구류를 다양한 농도로 처리하였다 대부분의 실험에서 비처리군과 처리군은 통계적으로 유의적인 차이를 보였다. tebufenozide의 농도가 높을수록 치사율은 증가되었으며 이는 탈피과정 또는 변태과정과 연관되었다. 30 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ 이상의 고농도 처리에서 C. riparius의 유충 치사율은 C. flaviplumus보다 높았다. 발생적인 측면에서 상대적으로 낮은 농도인 10 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$처리 하에서 성장지연이 보였다. 본 연구에서 탈피를 통하여 성충이 된 비율은 농도처리와 노출된 종에 따라 차이가 있었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.845-853
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• 2012

Diethyl phthalate (DEP) is widely spread in the natural environment as an endocrine disruption chemicals (EDs). Therefore, in this study, ultrasound (US) and ultraviolet (UVC), including various applied power density (10-40 W/L), UV wavelengths (365 nm, 254 nm and 185 nm) and frequencies (283 kHz, 935 kHz) were applied to a DEP contaminated solution. The pseudo-first order degradation rate constants were in the order of $10^{-1}$ to $10^{-4}\;min^{-1}$ depending on the processes. Photolytic and sonophotolytic DEP degradation rate also were high at shortest UV wavelength (VUV) due to the higher energy of photons, higher molar absorption coefficient of DEP and increased hydroxyl radical generation from homolysis of water. Sonolytic DEP degradation rate increased with increase of applied input power and the dominant reaction mechanism of DEP in sonolysis was estimated as hydroxyl radical reaction by the addition of t-BuOH, which is a common hydroxyl radical scavenger. Moreover, synergistic effect of were also observed for sonophotolytic degradation with various UV irradiation.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.561-570
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• 2004

This study was carried out to survey the pollution of nonylphenol (NP) in surface sediments around Gwangyang bay and Yeosu sound. NP was suspected chemicals as endocrine disruption. Gwangyang bay is located on the mid south coast of Korea. It is a semi-closed bay which Yeosu petrochemical industrial complex, POSCO (Pohang Steel Company) and Gwangyang container harbor are there. The surface sediments were collected at 15 stations with gravity corer at October, 1999, February, May and August, 2000. Also, the stream and intertidal sediment were collected at 5 sites at August, 2000. Concentrations of NP in surface sediments were in the range of 6.89 to 202.70 ng/g dry wt.. Seasonal range (mean value) of NP is 13.98 to 30.48 (23.46) ng/g dry wt. at October, 10.35 to 54.91 (28.10) ng/g dry wt. at February, 29.05 to 202.70 (82.32) ng/g dry wt. at May and 6.98 to 83.40 (25.37) ng/g dry wt. at August. NP was seasonally fluctuated, and the highest mean value and range was detected at May, 2000. NP was highly distributed in the inner part of Gwangyang bay than Yeosu sound. Concentrations of NP in stream and intertidal sediments showed the highest value in downstream near Yeosu petrochemical industrial complex and Yondung stream. It suggests that the source of NP is industrial wastewater and municipal sewage.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.411-418
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• 2012

Phthalates and di-2-ethylhexyladipate are both widely used as industrial chemicals and exposure high levels over long periods of time can cause toxicity, estrogenic responses and endocrine disruption properties in both humans and animals. So far, their global monitoring in environmental matrices has been performed continuously. A developed method, including modified SPEED'98 (Japan Environment Agency) and USEPA was established for simple and rapid determination of phthalates and di-2-ethylhexyladipate in various matrices. This method was applied to explore the distribution levels in domestic environmental media such as water, soil and sediment. Eight phthalates (DEP(di-ethyl), DEHP(di-[2-ethyl-hexyl]), DprP (di-propyl), DBP(di-n-butyl), DPP(di-n-pentyl), DHP(di-n-hexyl), DCHP(di-cyclohexyl), BBP(butyl benzyl) and Adipate (di-2-ethylhexyl adipate) were investigated by seasonal sampling(spring, autumn) at 24 domestic sites. Phthalates and adipate were not detected in water samples and DEP, DBP, and DEHP were mainly detected in soil and sediment samples. The concentrations of DEP and DBP excluding DEHP in spring were higher in soil than those of sediment. Total concentrations of phthalates were significantly decreased in autumn for both soil and sediment.

• 환경생물
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.287-306
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• 2012

지구적으로 양서류가 감소하고 있다. 오래전부터 중금속은 양서류 군집 감소의 원인 중 한가지로 지목받고 있다. 수정 후 변태에 이르는 생활사를 수중에서 진행하는 양서류는 수환경 내의 오염물질에 1차적으로 노출되며 독성효과에 대한 감수성이 높아 수환경의 오염에 특히 취약하다. 양서류는 수서생태계의 건강도 지표로서 유용할 뿐 아니라 분자 및 개체수준의 다양한 생체지표를 이용한 다양한 환경오염물질의 독성평가 모델로서도 유용하다. 양서류에서 얻어진 독성자료는 수환경 오염물질의 관리와 안전관리기준으로 사용될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존에 보고된 중금속이 양서류의 다양한 독성종말점에 미치는 영향들에 대해 검토하고 분석하였다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.188-197
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• 2003

내분비교란물질은 동물에서 생식기계통을 통제하는 호르몬 조절에 영향을 준다. 상기 선정된 농약을 투여함에 있어서 실험동물로 Xiphophorus helleri로 선정하였는데 이는 암수의 구별이 육안적으로 명확히 관찰되며 또한 난태생으로 사육이 용이한 점이 있다. Xiphophorus helleri에 있어서 내분비교란물질로 의심되는 endosulfan과 molinate의 영향을 조사하기 위하여 vitellogenin과 aromatase 를 진단 biomarker로써 사용하였다. RT-PCR 결과 endosulfan과 molinate의 혼합처치군 및 alachlor 단독군 수컷에서 vitellogenin과 aromatase의 induction 이 동시에 관찰되었고, endosulfan 단독군에서는 aromatase의 induction이 관찰되었다. 본 실험에서는 endosulfan이나 molinate 단독 처치군에서의 성호르몬과 세포에 대한 유해 효과는 나타나지 않았다. 그러나, endosulfan과 molinate 의 혼합처치군에서는 vitellogenin과 aromatase의 발현 및 apoptosis가 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과는 swordtail fish에 영향을 미치지 않는 낮은 농도의 molinate와 endosulfan이라도 병용되는 경우에 생식기계의 호르몬 변화와 apoptosis를 야기시킨다는 사실을 제시한다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.469-475
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• 2013

In mammals, puberty is a process of acquiring reproductive competence, triggering by activation of hypothalamic kisspeptin (KiSS)-gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal circuit. During peripubertal period, not only the external genitalia but the internal reproductive organs have to be matured in response to the hormonal signals from hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (H-P-G) axis. In the present study, we evaluated the maturation of male rat accessory sex organs during the peripubertal period using tissue weight measurement, histological analysis and RT-PCR assay. Male rats were sacrificed at 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 70 postnatal days (PND). The rat accessory sex organs exhibited differential growth patterns compared to those of non-reproductive organs. The growth rate of the accessory sex organs were much higher than the those of non-reproductive organs. Also, the growth spurts occurred differentially even among the accessory sex organs; the order of prepubertal organ growth spurts is testis = epididymis > seminal vesicle = prostate. Histological study revealed that the presence of sperms in seminiferous tubules and epididymal ducts at day 50, indicating the puberty onset. The number of duct and the volume of duct in epididymis and prostate were inversely correlated during the experimental period. Our RT-PCR revealed that the levels of hypothalamic GnRH transcript were increased significantly on PND 40, suggesting the activation of hypothalamic GnRH pulse-generator before puberty onset. Studies on the peripubertal male accessory sex organs will provide useful references on the growth regulation mechanism which is differentially regulated during the period in androgen-sensitive organs. The detailed references will render easier development of endocrine disruption assay.

• 환경생물
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.36-41
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• 2008

실내에서 사육된 C. riparius를 대상으로 내분비계 교란물질인 DEHP를 처리하여 노출시간에 따른 기형발생률과 발생한 기형의 유형을 세분화하였다. 하순기절 구조별 기형발생률은 MLT (medial lateral tooth)에서 가장 높았고 그 다음이 LT (lateral tooth), MIX 순으로 높게 나타났다. 비처리군과 처리군 모두 MLT 단독의 기형이 가장 많았다. 하순기절의 기형유형은 여섯 가지로 세분화하였다. 발생빈도가 높은 기형유형은 tooth 추가(4.3%), tooth 쪼개짐(2.8%), tooth 결실 (2.4%), tooth 합쳐짐 (1.4%), $K"{o}hn$ gap (0.5%)과 형태적 이상(0.5%) 순으로 발생하였다. 약제 처리에서만 관찰된 기형은 tooth 쪼개짐과 tooth 합쳐짐이었다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제17권
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• pp.323-327
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• 2001

March 19, 1999, the renovation qf the runway of the Bo-Fai ai1field in Hua Hin, Prachubk-erikhan, Thailand, unearthed chemicals which were left over from the project "anch Hand Operation" held during the Vietnam war era. The chemical mixtures were analyzed by the US EPA, the Department oj Medical Sciences (DMSc), Ministry oj Public Health (MoPH) and the Pollution Control Department (PCD), the Ministry oj Science Technology and Environment (MOSTE) of Thailand, The samples were found to contain several defoliants used in the operation. They were 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, Dicamba, Cocydelic acid, and Dioxins. Due to the complexity of the issue, the multiplicity of possible health effects, and the socio-economic implications for imports and exports, the Thai Society of Toxicology submitted a proposal to request World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva. The assistance is for the area of chemical safety and called for immediate action to explore the magnitude qf risk involved with Dioxins. In this paper we present our approach to health risk assessment which takes into an account the epidemiological studies of high-risk group exposed to the Ranch Hand operation. Dioxins are endocrine disruption chemicals which public concerns are developed due to presumption that a hazard exists (www.eva.gov/dioxins/html) for which current methodologies are deemed insufficient. The recent concepts of how oxidative stress toxicants may affect health end points and biomarkers of exposure of exposed individuals are discussed. While research activities are undergoing, The Thai Society of Toxicology do not anticipate significant risk to local residents and the environment due to our concurrence with opinion from the international experts invited by the World Health Organization proposed to the local experts at a workshop in Bangkok.n Bangkok.