• 자원환경지질
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.65-75
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• 2015

1980년 중반에 개발된 석탄층메탄가스(Coalbed Methane) 개발기술은 석탄층에 흡착된 메탄가스를 생산할 수 있는 기술이다. CBM은 개발이 쉽고 매장량도 풍부하다. 따라서 CBM 산업은 온실가스 배출규제에 대처할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 에너지자원으로서의 잠재력이 매우 크다. 석탄을 개발하기 위해서는 메탄가스 폭발에 대비한 선행적 광산 보안조치로 CBM을 개발해야 한다. 그렇기 때문에 가스시장의 변동에 영향을 받지 않는 장점이 있을 뿐더러 지구온실가스 감축에도 CBM은 유리한 입장에 있다. ECBM(Enhanced Coalbed Methane)은 석탄층 메탄가스의 새로운 생산 기법으로 석탄층에 $CO_2$나 $N_2$ 가스를 주입하여 석탄에 흡착된 메탄가스를 탈착시켜 생산하는 방법이다. 특히 $CO_2$-ECBM 공법은 저탄소 녹색성장 기술로서 메탄가스의 생산성 향상뿐 만 아니라 온실가스 저감 효과도 기대할 수 있다. CBM개발은 캐나다, 호주, 중국, 인도, 인도네시아, 베트남 등 40여개 국가에서 개발이 진행되고 있고 생산량이 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 현재의 석탄-석유 에너지원에서 비전통 가스로의 에너지 패러다임 전환에 CBM이 일조할 전망이다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.233-237
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• 2009

It has widely been observed that the effect of elevating atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations on rice productivity depends largely on soil N availabilities. However, the responses of ammonia volatilization from flooded paddy soil that is an important pathway of N loss and thus affecting fertilizer N availability to concomitant increases in atmospheric $CO_2$ and temperature has rarely been studied. In this paper, we first report the interactive effect of elevated $CO_2$ and temperature on ammonia volatilization from rice paddy soils applied with urea. Urea labeled with $^{15}N$ was used to quantitatively estimate the contribution of applied urea-N to total ammonia volatilization. This study was conducted using Temperature Gradient Chambers (TGCs) with two $CO_2$ levels [ambient $CO_2$ (AC), 383 ppmv and elevated $CO_2$ (EC), 645 ppmv] as whole-plot treatment (main treatment) and two temperature levels [ambient temperature (AT), $25.7^{\circ}C$ and elevated temperature (ET), $27.8^{\circ}C$] as split-plot treatments (sub-treatment) with triplicates. Elevated temperature increased ammonia volatilization probably due to a shift of chemical equilibrium toward $NH_3$ production via enhanced hydrolysis of urea to $NH_3$ of which rate is dependent on temperature. Meanwhile, elevated $CO_2$ decreased ammonia volatilization and that could be attributed to increased rhizosphere biomass that assimilates $NH_4^+$ otherwise being lost via volatilization. Such opposite effects of elevated temperature and $CO_2$ resulted in the accumulated amount of ammonia volatilization in the order of ACET>ACAT>ECET>ECAT. The pattern of ammonia volatilization from applied urea-$^{15}N$ as affected by treatments was very similar to that of total ammonia volatilization. Our results suggest that elevated $CO_2$ has the potential to decrease ammonia volatilization from paddy soils applied with urea, but the effect could partially be offset when air temperature rises concomitantly.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.95-110
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• 1992

Much progress has been made in understanding the subcellular events of the human lung injuries after acute exposure to environmental air pollutants. Host of those events represent oxidative damages mediated by reactive oxygen species such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and the hydroxy, free radical. Recently, nitric oxide (NO) was found to be endogenously produced by endothelial cells and cells of the reticulo-endothelial system as endothelialderived relaxation factor (EDRF) which is a vasoactive and neurotransmitter substance. Together with superoxide, NO can form another strong oxidant, peroxonitrite. The relative importance of exogenous sources of $N0/N0_2$ and endogenous production of NO by the EDRF producing enzymes in the oxidative stresses to the heman lung has to be elucidated. The exact events leading to chronic irreversible damage are still yet to be known. From chronic exposure to oxidant gases, progressive epithelial and interstitial damages develop. Type I epithelial cells become thicker and cover a smaller average alveolar surface area while thee II cells proliferate instead. Under acute damages, the extent of loss of the alveolar epithelial cell lining, especially type II cells appears to be a good predictor of the ensuing irreversible damage to alveolar compartment. Interstitial matrix undergo remodeling during chronic exposure with increased collagen fibers and interstitial fibroblasts. However, Inany of these changes can be reversed after cessation of exposure. Among chronic lung injuries, genetic damages and repair responses received particular attention in view of the known increased lung cancer risks from exposure to several air pollutants. Heavy metals from foundry emission, automobile traffics, and total suspended particulate, especially polycystic aromatic hydrocarbons have been positively linked with the development of lung cancer. Asbestos in another air pollutant with known risk of lung cancer and mesothelioma, but asbestos fibers are nonauthentic in most bioassays. Studies using the electron spin resonance spin trapping method show that the presence of iron in asbestos accelerates the production of the hydroxy, radical in vitro. Interactions of these reactive oxygen species with particular cellular components and disruption of cell defense mechanisms still await further studies to elucidate the carcinogenic potential of asbestos fibers of different size and chemical composition. The distribution of inhaled pollutants and the magnitude of their eventual effects on the respiratory tract are determined by pollutant-independent physical factors such as anatomy of the respiratory tract and level and pattern of breathing, as well as by pollutant-specific phyco-chemical factors such as the reactivity, solubility, and diffusivity of the foreign gas in mucus, blood and tissue. Many of these individual factors determining dose can be quantified in vitro. However, mathematical models based on these factors should be validated for its integrity by using data from intact human lungs.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.10-21
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the electrochemical characteristics of nanotubular Ti-25Nb-xZr ternary alloys for dental implant materials. Materials and Methods: Ti-25Nb-xZr alloys with different Zr contents (0, 3, 7, and 15 wt.%) were manufactured using commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti), niobium (Nb), and zirconium (Zr) (99.95 wt.% purity). The alloys were prepared by arc melting in argon (Ar) atmosphere. The Ti-25Nb-xZr alloys were homogenized in Ar atmosphere at $1,000^{\circ}C$ for 12 hours followed by quenching into ice water. The microstructure of the Ti-25Nb-xZr alloys was examined by a field emission scanning electron microscope. The phases in the alloys were identified by an X-ray diffractometer. The chemical composition of the nanotube-formed surfaces was determined by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Self-organized $TiO_2$ was prepared by electrochemical oxidation of the samples in a $1.0M\;H_3PO_4+0.8wt.%$ NaF electrolyte. The anodization potential was 30 V and time was 1 hour by DC supplier. Surface wettability was evaluated for both the metallographically polished and nanotube-formed surfaces using a contact-angle goniometer. The corrosion properties of the specimens were investigated using a 0.9 wt.% aqueous solution of NaCl at $36^{\circ}C{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ using a potentiodynamic polarization test. Result: Needle-like structure of Ti-25Nb-xZr alloys was transform to equiaxed structure as Zr content increased. Nanotube formed on Ti-25Nb-xZr alloys show two sizes of nanotube structure. The diameters of the large tubes decreased and small tubes increased as Zr content increased. The lower contact angles for nanotube formed Ti-25NbxZr alloys surfaces showed compare to non-nanotube formed surface. The corrosion resistance of alloy increased as Zr content increased, and nanotube formed surface showed longer the passive regions compared to non-treatment surface. Conclusion: It is confirmed that corrosion resistance of alloy increased as Zr content increased, and nanotube formed surface has longer passive region compared to without treatment surface.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.192-201
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 PET/CT 시스템에서 CT 영상을 이용한 감쇠 보정 시 조영제가 PET 영상에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위해 팬텀실험과 모의실험을 수행하였다. 다양한 농도로 희석한 조영제를 채운 플라스틱 병을 스티로폼을 이용하여 전신 팬텀 내에 고정시킨 후 투과 영상을 획득하였다 모의실험을 위해 인체 기관 중간을 가진 수학적 방출 맵과 투과 맵을 각각 생성하였다. 조영제의 비균일 증강, 조영제의 다양한 농도 및 분포 크기, 잡음 정도, 영상의 해상도, 재구성 알고리듬, 조영제의 저-감쇠, 그리고 각각 다른 시간상에 대한 조영제의 분포의 차이와 같은 다양한 인자들에 대하여 평가하였다. 팬텀실험으로부터 CT의 Hounsfield 값이 조영제의 농도 및 전압 값에 의존함을 확인할 수 있었다. 모의실험으로부터 조영제가 감쇠 보정한 PET 영상에서 인공산물을 생성하고 영상의 질을 떨어뜨리는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 조영제의 영향은 조영제의 농도 및 분포 크기, 잡음 정도, 영상의 해상도 등에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과들은 임상적 PET/CT 영상에서 조영제로 인해 발생할 수 있는 잠재적 문제를 충분히 이해하고 이를 고려해야 함을 보여 주었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2016

The objective was to evaluate the effect of fodder tree species (FTS) with condensed tannin contents: Cordia elaeagnoides, Platymiscium lasiocarpum, Vitex mollis, and Haematoxylon brasiletto, on in vitro methane ($CH_4$) production at 24 h post incubation. The analysis was performed using the in vitro gas production technique, with three levels of inclusion/species: 600, 800, and 1,000 mg and with 4 replicates/species/level of inclusion. The substrate was incubated at $39^{\circ}C$, and the gas and $CH_4$ production were recorded at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h post incubation. The data collected was analyzed through Pearson correlation, polinomial regression and fixed effects models. There were negative correlations between FTS-total gas volume (r = -0.40; p<0.001); FTS-volume of $CH_4$ produced (r = -0.40; p<0.001) and between the inclusion level-volume of $CH_4$ produced (r = -0.20; p<0.001). As well as a positive correlation between hours post incubation-total gas volume (r = 0.42; p<0.001) and between hours post incubation-volume of $CH_4$ produced (r = 0.48; p<0.001). The FTS: C. elaeagnoides, V. mollis, and H. brasiletto have potential, in the three inclusion levels analyzed, to reduce $CH_4$ emission on in vitro trials (>32.7%), taking into account the total $CH_4$ production at 24 h of the forage used as reference (Avena sativa). It's suggested that C. elaeagnoides-according to its crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and condensed tannins content- is the best alternative within the FTS analyzed, for feeding ruminants and for the control of $CH_4$ emissions during the dry season.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.658-663
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• 2018

현재 대기질 관측 방법은 지상관측망과 인공위성 자료를 기반으로 실시되고 있다. 그러나 현재 방법은 국소지역 및 특정 사업장에 대한 불법 대기오염 물질 배출 증거를 채집하는데 한계가 있으므로 첨단센서를 이용한 증거 채집 방법 개발이 필요한 실정이다. 이 연구에서는 이산화질소와 아황산가스 농도 측정에 있어 자외선 초분광센서의 활용 가능성을 분석하였다. 사용한 스펙트럼은 두 가지 종류로 복사전달모델을 이용하여 모의한 농도별 스펙트럼과 초분광센서를 이용하여 측정한 각 가스의 한 개 농도에 대한 스펙트럼이다. 초분광센서의 활용 가능성을 파악하기 위하여 모의한 스펙트럼과 초분광센서를 이용한 관측 스펙트럼의 차이를 분석하고, 모의 스펙트럼을 이용하여 가스의 농도에 따른 스펙트럼의 변화를 분석하였다. 그 결과 초분광센서로 관측한 스펙트럼과 복사전달모델로 모의한 스펙트럼이 매우 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 모의한 스펙트럼에서 특정 파장의 흡수 깊이가 가스의 농도와 매우 높은 상관관계를 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 초분광 센서를 이용하여 대기오염물질인 이산화질소와 아황산가스의 농도 추정 가능성이 높은 것으로 판단된다. 향후 연구에서는 초분광센서를 이용하여 다양한 농도에 대한 이산화질소와 아황산가스에 대한 스펙트럼을 관측하고, 농도 추정 가능성을 검증할 필요가 있다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.479-485
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• 2006

이중게이트 MOSFET는 스케일링 이론을 확장하고 단채널효과를 제어 할 수 있는 소자로서 각광을 받고 있다. 단 채널효과를 제어하기 위하여 저도핑 초박막 채널폭을 가진 이중게이트 MOSFET의 경우, 20nm이하까지 스케일링이 가능한 것으로 알려지고 있다. 이 논문에서 는 20m이하까지 스켈링된 이중게이트 MOSFET소자에 대한 분석학석 전송모델을 제시하고자 한다. 이 모델을 이용하여 서브문턱스윙(Subthreshold swing), 문턱전압변화(Threshold voltage rolloff) 드레인유기장벽저하(Drain induced barrier lowering)와 같은 단채널효과를 분석하고자 한다. 제안된 모델은 열방출 및 터널링에 의한 전송효과를 포함하고 있으며 이차원 포아슨방정식의 근사해를 이용하여 포텐셜 분포를 구하였다. 또한 터널링 효과는 Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin 근사를 이 용하였다. 이 모델을 사용하여 초박막 게이트산화막 및 채널폭을 가진 5-20nm 채널길이의 이중게이트 MOSFET에 대한 서브문턱영역의 전송특성을 해석하였다. 또한 이 모델의 결과값을 이차원 수치해석학적 모델값과 비교하였으며 게이트길이, 채널두께 및 게이트산화막 두께에 대한 관계를 구하기 위하여 사용하였다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.293-293
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• 2014

Over last decade InGaN alloy structures have become the one of the most promising materials among the numerous compound semiconductors for high efficiency light sources because of their direct band-gap and a wide spectral region (ultraviolet to infrared). The primary cause for the high quantum efficiency of the InGaN alloy in spite of high threading dislocation density caused by lattice misfit between GaN and sapphire substrate and severe built-in electric field of a few MV/cm due to the spontaneous and piezoelectric polarizations is generally known as the strong exciton localization trapped by lattice-parameter-scale In-N clusters in the random InGaN alloy. Nonetheless, violet-emitting (390 nm) conventional low-In-content InGaN/GaN multi-quantum wells (MQWs) show the degradation in internal quantum efficiency compared to blue-emitting (450 nm) MQWs owing higher In-content due to the less localization of carrier and the smaller band offset. We expected that an improvement of internal quantum efficiency in the violet region can be achieved by replacing the conventional low-In-content InGaN/GaN MQWs with ultra-thin, high-In-content (UTHI) InGaN/GaN MQWs because of better localization of carriers and smaller quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE). We successfully obtain the UTHI InGaN/GaN MQWs grown via employing the GI technique by using the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. In this work, 1 the optical and structural properties of the violet-light-emitting UTHI InGaN/GaN MQWs grown by employing the GI technique in comparison with conventional low-In-content InGaN/GaN MQWs were investigated. Stronger localization of carriers and smaller QCSE were observed in UTHI MQWs as a result of enlarged potential fluctuation and thinner QW thickness compared to those in conventional low-In-content MQWs. We hope that these strong carrier localization and reduced QCSE can turn the UTHI InGaN/GaN MQWs into an attractive candidate for high efficient violet emitter. Detailed structural and optical characteristics of UTHI InGaN/GaN MQWs compared to the conventional InGaN/GaN MQWs will be given.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.240-245
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• 2013

Electrochemical surface treatment is commonly used to form a thin, rough, and porous oxidation layer on the surface of titanium. The purpose of this study was to investigate the formation of nanotubular titanium oxide arrays during short anodization processing. The specimen used in this study was 99.9% pure cp-Ti (ASTM Grade II) in the form of a disc with diameter of 15 mm and a thickness of 1 mm. A DC power supplier was used with the anodizing apparatus, and the titanium specimen and the platinum plate ($3mm{\times}4mm{\times}0.1mm$) were connected to an anode and cathode, respectively. The progressive formation of $TiO_2$ nanotubes was observed with FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy). Highly ordered $TiO_2$ nanotubes were formed at a potential of 20 V in a solution of 1M $H_3PO_4$ + 1.5 wt.% HF for 10 minutes, corresponding with steady state processing. The diameters and the closed ends of $TiO_2$ nanotubes measured at a value of 50 cumulative percent were 100 nm and 120 nm, respectively. The $TiO_2$ nanotubes had lengths of 500 nm. As the anodization processing reached 10 minutes, the frequency distribution for the diameters and the closed ends of the $TiO_2$ nanotubes was gradually reduced. Short anodization processing for $TiO_2$ nanotubes of within 10 minutes was established.