• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.429-438
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• 2021

The mandatory installation of the ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System) became an important navigational equipment for navigation officer. In addition, ECDIS is a key component of the ship's digitalization in conjunction with various navigational equipment. Meanwhile, cyber-attacks emerge as a new threat along with digitalization. Damage caused by cyber-attacks is also reported in the shipping sector, and IMO recommends that cybersecurity guidelines be developed and included in International Security Management (ISM). This study analyzed the cybersecurity hazards of ECDIS, where various navigational equipment are connected. To this end, Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) was conducted on navigation officer using ECDIS. As a result, the development of technologies for cyber-attack detection and prevention should be priority. In addition, policies related to 'Hardware and Software upgrade', 'network access control', and 'data backup and recovery' were analyzed as contents to be maintained. This paper is significant in deriving risk factors from the perspective of ECDIS users and analyzing their priorities, and it is necessary to analyze various cyber-attacks that may occur on ships in the future.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.181-189
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• 2022

The public open signals from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) including Global positioning system (GPS) are used widely by many peoples in the world except for the public regulated restriction signals which are encrypted. Nowadays there are growing concerns about GNSS signal spoofing which can deceive the GNSS receivers by abusing these open services. To counter these spoofing threats, many researches have been studied including array antenna techniques which can detect the direction of arrival by means of Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm. Originally the array antenna techniques were developed to countermeasure the jamming signal in electronic warfare by using the nulling or beamforming algorithm toward a certain direction. In this paper, we study the anti-spoofing techniques using array antenna to overcome the jamming and spoofing issues simultaneously. First, we will present the theoretical analysis results of spoofing signal response of Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) algorithm in array antenna. Then the eigenvector algorithm of covariance matrix is suggested and verified to work with the existing anti-jamming method. The modeling and simulation are used to verify the effectiveness of the anti-spoofing algorithm. Also, the field test results show that the array antenna system with the proposed algorithms can perform the anti-spoofing function. This anti-spoofing method using array antenna is very effective in the view point of solving both the jamming and spoofing problems using the same array antenna hardware.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.19
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• pp.225-244
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• 2009

Electronic security system is composed mainly of electronic-information-communication device, so system technology, configuration and management of the electronic security system could be affected by the change of information-communication environment. This study is to propose the future prospect on the development of technique for electronic security system through the analysis of the trend and the actual condition on the development of technique. This study is based on literature study and interview with user and provider of electronic security system, also survey was carried out by system provider and members of security integration company to come up with more practical result. Hybrid DVR technology that has multi-function such as motion detection, target tracking and image identification is expected to be developed. And 'Embedded IP camera' technology that internet server and image identification software are built in. Those technologies could change the configuration and management of CCTV system. Fingerprint identification technology and face identification technology are continually developed to get more reliability, but continual development of surveillance and three-dimension identification technology for more efficient face identification system is needed. As radio identification and tracking function of RFID is appreciated as very useful for access control system, hardware and software of RFID technology is expected to be developed, but government's support for market revitalization is necessary. Behavior pattern identification sensor technology is expected to be developed and could replace passive infrared sensor that cause system error, giving security guard firm confidence for response. The principle of behavior pattern identification is similar to image identification, so those two technology could be integrated with tracking technology and radio identification technology of RFID for total monitoring system. For more efficient electronic security system, middle-ware's role is very important to integrate the technology of electronic security system, this could make possible of installing the integrated security system.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.46 no.8
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• pp.95-101
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• 2009

Random numbers are used in many sorts of applications. Some applications, like simple software simulation tests, communication protocol verifications, cryptography verification and so forth, need various levels of randomness with various process speeds. In this paper, we propose a fast pseudorandom generator module for embedded systems. The generator module is implemented in hardware which can run in two modes, one of which can generate random numbers with higher randomness but which requires six cycles, the other providing its result within one cycle but with less randomness. An ASIP (Application Specific Instruction set Processor) was designed to implement the proposed pseudorandom generator instruction sets. We designed a processor based on the MIPS architecture,, by using LISA, and have run statistical tests passing the sequence of the Diehard test suite. The HDL models of the processor were generated using CoWare's Processor Designer and synthesized into the Dong-bu 0.18um CMOS cell library using the Synopsys Design Compiler. With the proposed pseudorandom generator module, random number generation performance was 239% faster than software model, but the area increased only 2.0% of the proposed ASIP.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1163-1170
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• 2016

A hardware implementation of ultra-lightweight block cipher algorithm PRESENT which was specified as a standard for lightweight cryptography ISO/IEC 29192-2 is described. The PRESENT crypto-processor supports two key lengths of 80 and 128 bits, as well as four modes of operation including ECB, CBC, OFB, and CTR. The PRESENT crypto-processor has on-the-fly key scheduler with master key register, and it can process consecutive blocks of plaintext/ciphertext without reloading master key. In order to achieve a lightweight implementation, the key scheduler was optimized to share circuits for key lengths of 80 bits and 128 bits. The round block was designed with a data-path of 64 bits, so that one round transformation for encryption/decryption is processed in a clock cycle. The PRESENT crypto-processor was verified using Virtex5 FPGA device. The crypto-processor that was synthesized using a $0.18{\mu}m$ CMOS cell library has 8,100 gate equivalents(GE), and the estimated throughput is about 908 Mbps with a maximum operating clock frequency of 454 MHz.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.26-32
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• 2008

Video compression schemes have been developed and used for many years. Currently, H.264/AVC is the most efficient video coding standard. The H.264/AVC baseline profile adopts CAVLC(Context-Adaptive Variable Length Coding) method as an entropy coding method. CAVLC gives better performance in compression ratios than conventional VLC(Variable Length Coding). However, because CAVLC decoder uses a lot of VLC tables, the CAVLC decoder requires a lot of area in terms of hardware. Conversely, since it must look up the VLC tables, it gives a worse performance in terms of software. In this paper, we propose a new hierarchical grouping method for the VLC tables. We can obtain an index of codes in the reconstructed VLC tables by simple arithmetic operations. In this method, the VLC tables are accessed just once in decoding a symbol. We modeled the proposed algorithm in C language, compiled under ARM ADS1.2 and simulated it with Armulator. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm reduces execution time by about 80% and 15% compared with the H.264/AVC reference program JM(Joint Model) 10.2 and the arithmetic operation algorithm which is recently proposed, respectively.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.545-554
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• 2011

In this study, the parameters of Polysomnography (PSG) test, such as total sleep time, snoring time, had been analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of a developed anti-snore pillow. The developed anti-snore pillow is made up of two polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) vibration sensors, pumps, valves, and air bladders. The two PVDF sensors inside the pillow can acquire the sound signals and the algorithm was perfectly designed to extract snoring by removing unwanted noise accurately and automatically. Once the pillow recognizes snore, a pump inside the hardware activates, and a bladder under the neck area inside the pillow will be inflated. The PSG test was used and two volunteers were participated for the study. The parameters of the PSG results were analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of the anti-snore pillow. The total sleep time of each volunteer was similar on each phase of test, but the snoring time and the longest snoring episode were significantly decreased with the use of anti-snore pillow. The overall results showed excellent possibilities for reducing snoring for the person who snores during sleep by using the anti-snore pillow. The effectiveness of the anti-snore pillow can be evaluated by the PSG test. Moreover, the relationship between each parameter of PSG test and the quality of sleep will be used for further researches.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2020

Recently, the development of image processing technology, as well as hardware performance, has been continuing the research on 3D point processing technology that provides users with free viewing angle and stereoscopic effect in various fields. Point cloud technology, which is a type of representation of 3D point, has attracted attention in various fields because it can acquired/expressed point precisely. However, since Hundreds of thousands, millions of point are required to represent one 3D point cloud content, there is a disadvantage that a larger amount of storage space is required than a conventional 2D content. For this reason, the MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group), an international standardization organization, is continuing to research how to efficiently compress, store, and transmit 3D point cloud content to users. In this paper, a V-PCC bitstream generated by a V-PCC (Video-based Point Cloud Compression) encoder proposed by the MPEG-I (Immersive) group is composed of an MPU (Media Processing Unit) defined by the MMT. In addition, by extending the signaling message defined in the MMT standard, a parameter for a segmented transmission method of the 3D point cloud content by area and quality parameters considering the characteristic of the 3D point cloud content, so that the quality parameters can be selectively determined according to the user's request. Finally, in this paper, we verify the result through design/implementation of the verification platform based on the proposed technology.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.701-705
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• 2002

This paper describes implementation of IPv6-IPv4 transition toolbox named as 6TALK(IPv6 TrAansLator of Krv6) and some scenarios using 6TALK which enables IPv6 island to connect other IPv6 island or IPv4 island seamlessly. 6TALK implements some transition mechanisms suggested in NGTrans Working Group of IETF. Those mechanisms are composed of basic mechanism, tunneling, and applied mechanism such as DSTM. 6TALK provides functions which enable IPv6 network at the edge of existing network to communicate with IPv4 network by using these transition mechanisms. As major transition mechanisms in 6TALK we adopt NAT-PT/SIIT and DSTM/DSTM options and as implementation environment we use Linux Kernel 2.4.18 and Netfilter framework. Software modules implemented in Linux kernel was ported to hardware box using Motorola MPC 8260 processor. The transition mechanisms used in 6TALK are the ones predicted to be used in initial transition step to IPv6.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.436-450
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• 2005

Existing B2B, B2C computer systems and applications that executed business trans-actions were the client- server based architecture which consists of heterogeneous hardware and software including personal computers and mainframes. Due to the active boom of electronic business, integration and compatibility of exchanged data, applications and hardwares have emerged as hot issue. This paper designs and implements a message transport system and a document transformation system in order to solve the interoperability problem of integrated logistics system in e-Business when doing electronic business. Message transport system integrated ebMS 2.0 which is standard business message exchange format of ebXML, the international standard electronic commerce framework, and JMS of J2EE enable to ensure reliable messaging. The document transformation system could convert non-standard XML documents into standard XML documents and provide the web services after integrating message system. Using suggested business scenario and various test data, our message oriented system preyed to be interoperable and stable. We participated ebXML messaging interoperability test organized by ebXML Asia Committee ITG in oder to evaluate and certify the suitability for message system.