Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.11003/JPNT.2022.11.3.181

Performance Analysis of the Anti-Spoofing Array Antenna with Eigenvector Nulling Algorithm  

Lee, Kihoon (Satellite Navigation Team, Agency for Defense Development)
Song, Min Kyu (Satellite Navigation Team, Agency for Defense Development)
Lee, Jang Yong (Satellite Navigation Team, Agency for Defense Development)
Publication Information
Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing / v.11, no.3, 2022 , pp. 181-189 More about this Journal
Abstract
The public open signals from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) including Global positioning system (GPS) are used widely by many peoples in the world except for the public regulated restriction signals which are encrypted. Nowadays there are growing concerns about GNSS signal spoofing which can deceive the GNSS receivers by abusing these open services. To counter these spoofing threats, many researches have been studied including array antenna techniques which can detect the direction of arrival by means of Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm. Originally the array antenna techniques were developed to countermeasure the jamming signal in electronic warfare by using the nulling or beamforming algorithm toward a certain direction. In this paper, we study the anti-spoofing techniques using array antenna to overcome the jamming and spoofing issues simultaneously. First, we will present the theoretical analysis results of spoofing signal response of Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) algorithm in array antenna. Then the eigenvector algorithm of covariance matrix is suggested and verified to work with the existing anti-jamming method. The modeling and simulation are used to verify the effectiveness of the anti-spoofing algorithm. Also, the field test results show that the array antenna system with the proposed algorithms can perform the anti-spoofing function. This anti-spoofing method using array antenna is very effective in the view point of solving both the jamming and spoofing problems using the same array antenna hardware.
Keywords
GNSS; spoofing; anti-spoofing; jamming; eigenvector; array antenna;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 2  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Di, A. & Tian, L. 1984, Matrix Decomposition and Multiple Source Location, in ICASSP '84. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, San Diego, CA, USA, 19-21 Mar 1984. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.1984.1172651   DOI
2 Jafarnia-Jahromi, A., Broumandan, A., Nielsen, J., & Lachapelle, G. 2012, GPS vulnerability to spoofing threats and a review of antispoofing techniques, International Journal of Navigation and Observation, 2012, Article ID 127072, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/127072   DOI
3 Haefner, B., Naylor, J., & Sorber, S. 2003, G-STAR, Lockheed Mar tin's Advanced GPS Anti-Jam Technology, Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of The Institute of Navigation and CIGTF 22nd Guidance Test Symposium, Albuquerque, NM, June 2003, pp.301-307
4 Konovaltsev, A., Caizzone, S., Cuntz, M., & Meurer, M. 2014, Autonomous spoofing detection and mitigation with a miniaturized adaptive antenna array, Proc. Of the 27th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Tampa, FL, September 2014, pp.2853-2861.
5 Lee, K., So, H., Song, M., Choi, J., & Lee, J. 2021, Performance analysis of Spoofing Signal Cancellation Using Array Antenna, 2021 IPNT Conference, Gangneung, Korea, 3-5 Nov 2021, pp.341-343. http://ipnt.or.kr/2021proc/79
6 Monzingo, R. A. & Miller, T. W. 2004, Introduction to Adaptive Arrays (Raleigh, NC: SciTech Publishing)
7 Park, K. & Seo, J. 2020, Performance Analysis of MUSIC-Based Jammer DOA Estimation Technique for a Misaligned Antenna Array, Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing, 9, 7-13. https://doi.org/10.11003/JPNT.2020.9.1.7   DOI
8 Pullen, S., Gao, G., Tedeschi, C., & Warburton, J. 2012, The Impact of Uninformed RF Interference on GBAS and Potential Mitigations, International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, Newport Beach, CA, USA, Jan 2012, pp.780-789
9 Seo, S., Park, Y., & Song, K. 2020, An Iterative MUSIC-Based DOA Estimation System Using Antenna Direction Control for GNSS Interference, Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing, 9, 367-378. https://doi. org/10.11003/JPNT.2020.9.4.367   DOI
10 Spilker Jr., J. J., Axelrad, P., Parkinson, B. W., & Enge, P. 1996, The Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, Volume1 (Washington: AIAA)
11 Fante, R. L. & Vaccaro, J. J. 2000, Wideband Cancellation of Interference in a GPS Receive Array, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic systems, 36, 549-564. https://doi.org/10.1109/7.845241   DOI
12 Vo, A., Falchetti, C. R., & Morrison, A. W. 2007, ADAP: Enhancing GPS Protection for Navwar, Proceedings of the 2007 National Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, San Diego, CA, January 2007, pp. 990-997. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=7193
13 Akos, D.M. 2012, Who's afraid of the spoofer? GPS/GNSS spoofing detection via automatic gain control (AGC), NAVIGATION, 59, 281-290. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.19   DOI
14 Berefelt, F., Boberg, B., Eklof, F., Malmstrom, J., Paajarvi, L., et al. 2003, INS/GPS Integration with Adaptive Beamforming, Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Portland, OR, September 2003, pp.1096-1106
15 Broumandan, A. & Curran, J. T. 2017, GNSS spoofing detection in covered spoofing attack using antenna array, Proc. International Technical Symposium on Navigation and Timing (ITSNT), ENAC, Toulouse, France, 14-17 Nov 2017, pp.1-9
16 Broumandan, A. & Lachapelle, G. 2018, Spoofing Detection Using GNSS/INS/Odometer Coupling for Vehicular Navigation, Sensors, 18, 1305-1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051305   DOI
17 Humphreys, T. E., Ledvina, B. M., Psiaki, M. L., O'Hanlon, B. W., & Kintner, Jr., P. M. 2008, Assessing the spoofing threat: Development of a portable GPS civilian spoofer, Proc. Of the 21st International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Savannah, GA, September 2008, pp.2314-2325
18 Kaplan, E. D. & Hegarty, C. J. 2006, Understanding GPS: Principles and Applications, 2nd ed. (Boston: Artech House Inc.)
19 Konovaltsev, A., Marcos, E. P., Cuntz, M., Meurer, M., Wong, R., et al. 2019, Development of Array Receivers with Anti-Jamming and Anti-Spoofing Capabilities with Help of Multi-Antenna GNSS Signal Simulators, ION GNSS+2019, Miami, Florida, 16-20 Sept 2019, pp.953-966. https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16988   DOI
20 Li, J., Li, W., Fu, Q., & Liu, B. 2019, Research Progress of GNSS Spoofing and Spoofing Detection Technology, 2019 IEEE 19th International Conference on Communication Technology, Xi'an, China, 16-19 October 2019, pp.1360-1369. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCT46805.2019.8947107   DOI
21 Psiaki, M. L. & Humphreys, T. E. 2016, GNSS spoofing and detection, Proc. Of the IEEE, 104, 1258-1270. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2016.2526658   DOI
22 Schmidt, R. 1986, Multiple Emitter Location and Signal Parameter Estimation, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 34, 276-280. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.1986.1143830   DOI
23 Dempster, A. G. & Cetin, E. 2016, Interference Localization for Satellite Navigation Systems, Proceedings of the IEEE, 104, 1318-1326. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2016.2530814   DOI
24 De Lorenzo, D. S., Gautier, J., Rife, J., Enge, P., & Akos, D. 2005, Adaptive Array Processing for GPS Interference Rejection, ION GNSS 18th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2005), Long Beach, CA, September 2005, pp.618-627. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=6256
25 Moore, T. D. 2002, Analytic study of space-time and space-frequency adaptive processing for radio frequency interference suppression, PhD Dissertation, The Ohio State University.
26 Appel, M., Konovaltsev, A., & Meurer, M. 2015, Robust Spoofing Detection and Mitigation based on Direction of Arrival Estimation, Proceedings of the 28th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2015), Tampa, Florida, September 2015, pp.3335-3344
27 Bhatti, J. & Humphreys, T. E. 2017, Hostile Control of Ships via False GPS Signals: Demonstration and Detection, NAVIGATION: Journal of The Institute of Navigation, 64, 51-66. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.183   DOI
28 Broumandan, A., Jafarnia-Jahromi, A., Daneshmand, S., & Lachapelle, G. 2016, Overview of Spatial Processing Approaches for GNSS Structural Interference Detection and Mitigation, Proceedings of the IEEE, 104, 1246-1257. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2016.2529600   DOI