• 펄프종이기술
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.24-33
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• 2015

This study aims to suggest wastewater treatment options for diaper recycling by identifying characteristic analysis of wastewater from diaper recycling process and efficiency evaluation of wastewater treatment units. The wastewater characteristic analysis showed that the concentration of organic pollutants and ionic materials were very high comparing to seawater. Through the investigation of similar wastewater treatment, six treatment units were identified to reduce pollutants. It is found UF(ultra-filtration), DAF(dissolved air flotation), fenton oxidation, electro-coagulation and chemical-coagulation are effective in reducing organic pollutants while membrane system and ion exchanger are effective in reducing ionic materials. Even though the target of water quality should be secured in terms of managing organic pollutants level, the application of treatment unit for reducing ionic material needs lots of considerations. This result suggests that reuse of pulping wastewater after controlling organic pollutants is better than direct discharge of pulping wastewater. To select the appropriate wastewater treatment unit, an economic analysis about operation condition, wastewater flow, cost, efficiency should be considered.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.235-238
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• 2007

과산화수소의 발생은 일반적으로 유기 산화제를 포함한 산업적 프로세스의 넓은 분야에 응용된다. 과산화수소는 펄프와 제지 공업의 기계적, 화학적 처리를 위하여 사용되고 염소를 기초로 둔 화학제품에 알칼리 처리로 사용된다. 본 연구에서는 Nafiom과 러시아 양이온 교환막인 MK-40, 제조된 SPEEK막을 가스확산전극이 포함된 과산화수소 발생용 전해 셀에서 비교 실험한다. 다른 양성자 교환막에 효과에 따른 과산화수소 발생의 전기화학적 셀의 전압과 전류 효율, 에너지 소모를 연구한다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.700-704
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• 2003

This paper describes on characteristics of 2" 3C-SiC wafer bonding using PECVD (plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition) oxide and HF (hydrofluoride acid) for SiCOI (SiC-on-Insulator) structures and MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical system) applications. In this work, insulator layers were formed on a heteroepitaxial 3C-SiC film grown on a Si (001) wafer by thermal wet oxidation and PECVD process, successively. The pre-bonding of two polished PECVD oxide layers made the surface activation in HF and bonded under applied pressure. The bonding characteristics were evaluated by the effect of HF concentration used in the surface treatment on the roughness of the oxide and pre-bonding strength. Hydrophilic character of the oxidized 3C-SiC film surface was investigated by ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflection Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy). The root-mean-square suface roughness of the oxidized SiC layers was measured by AFM (atomic force microscope). The strength of the bond was measured by tensile strength meter. The bonded interface was also analyzed by IR camera and SEM (scanning electron microscope), and there are no bubbles or cavities in the bonding interface. The bonding strength initially increases with increasing HF concentration and reaches the maximum value at 2.0 ％ and then decreases. These results indicate that the 3C-SiC wafer direct bonding technique will offers significant advantages in the harsh MEMS applications.ions.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.577-584
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• 2005

Thin Ni-B layer, $1{\mu}m$ thick, was electrolessly deposited on Cu electrode fabricated by electro-deposition. The purpose of the layer is to encapsulate Cu electrodes for preventing Cu oxidation and to serve as a diffusion barrier. The layers were annealed at $580^{\circ}C$ with and without pre-annealing at $300^{\circ}C$ for . 30minutes. In the layer with pre-annealing, the amount of Cu diffusion was lower about 5 times than the layer without pre-annealing. The difference in Cu concentration may be attributed to $Ni_3B$ formation prior to Cu diffusion. However, the difference in Cu concentration decreased during the annealing time of 5 h due to the grain growth of Ni.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2021

미세화 되고 있는 PCB 솔더 범프 접합을 위해 종래 마이크로 볼에 의한 PCB 솔더 범프의 제조를 대신하여 주석 전기도금을 통한 패턴을 제작하기 위한 도금액을 제작하고 도금공정 조건을 찾는 실험을 진행하였다. SR 패터닝 후에 Cu 씨드층을 형성하고, 다시 DFR 패터닝을 통해 PCB 기판상에 선택성장이 가능한 패턴을 제작하였다. 도금액은 메탄술폰산을 기본액으로 하는 주석도금액을 사용하였으며, 2가의 주석이온의 산화를 방지하기 위해 hydroquinone을 첨가하였다. 표면활성제로는 Triton X-100를 사용하고, 결정립 미세화를 위해 gelatin을 첨가하여 시료를 제작하였다. 전기화학적 분극곡선을 측정함으로써, Triton X-100 및 gelatin 첨가제의 작용 특성을 비교하였으며, gelatin이 -0.7 V vs. NHE까지 수소발생을 억제하는 것에 비해 Triton X-100을 첨가하게 되면 -1 V vs. NHE까지 수소발생이 억제되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 결정립의 크기는 전류밀도가 증가하면서 미세화되는 일반적 경향을 나타내었으며, gelatin을 첨가하는 경우에 보다 더 미세해지는 것이 관찰되었다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제46권12호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 $0.35{\mu}m$ Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS(BCD)공정으로 설계한 스마트 파워 IC 내의 가드링 코너 영역에서 발생하는 비정상적인 정전기 불량을 관측하고 이를 분석하였다. 칩내에서 래치업(Latch-up)방지를 위한 고전압 소자의 가드링에 연결되어 있는 Vcc단과 Vss 사이에 존재하는 기생 다이오드에서 발생한 과도한 전류 과밀 현상으로 정전기 내성 평가에서 Machine Model(MM)에서는 200V를 만족하지 못하는 불량이 발생하였다. Optical Beam Induced Resistance Charge(OBIRCH)와 Scanning Electronic Microscope(SEM)을 사용하여 불량이 발생한 지점을 확인하였고, 3D T-CAD 시뮬레이션으로 원인을 검증하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과를 통해 Local Oxidation(LOCOS)형태의 Isolation구조에서 과도한 정전기 전류가 흘렀을 때 코너영역의 형태에 따라 문제가 발생하는 것을 검증하였다. 이를 통해 정전기 내성이 개선된 가드링 코너 디자인 방법을 제안하였고 제품에 적용한 결과, MM 정전기 내성 평가에서 200V이상의 결과를 얻었다. 통계적으로 Test chip을 분석한 결과 기존의 결과 대비 20%이상 정전기 내성이 향상된 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 이 결과를 바탕으로 BCD공정을 사용하는 칩 설계 시, 가드링 구조의 정전기 취약 지점을 Design Rule Check(DRC) 툴을 사용하여 자동으로 찾을 수 있는 설계 방법도 제안하였다. 본 연구에서 제안된 자동 검증방법을 사용하여, 동종 제품에 적용한 결과 24개의 에러를 검출하였으며, 수정 완료 제품은 동일한 정전기 불량은 발생하지 않았고 일반적인 정전기 내성 요구수준인 HBM 2000V / MM 200V를 만족하는 결과를 얻었다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2014

Usage of heavy metal element (Pb, Hg and Cd etc.) in electronic devices have been restricted due to the environmental banning of the European Union, such as WEEE and RoHS. Therefore, it is needed to develop the Pb-free solder plated ribbon in photovoltaic (PV) module. This study described that degradation characteristics of PV module under damp heat (DH, $85^{\circ}C$ and 85% R.H.) condition test for 1,000 h. Solar cell ribbons were utilized to hot dipping plate with Pb-free solder alloys. Two types of Pb-free solder plated ribbons, Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) and Sn-48Bi-2Ag, and an electroless Sn-40Pb solder hot dipping plated ribbon as a reference sample were prepared to evaluate degradation characteristics. To detect the degradation of PV module with the eutectic and Pb-free solder plated ribbons, I-V curve, electro-luminescence (EL) and cross-sectional SEM analysis were carried out. DH test results show that the reason of maximum power (Pm) drop was mainly due to the decrease fill factor (FF). It was attributed to the crack or oxidation of interface between the cell and the ribbon. Among PV modules with the eutectic and Pb-free solder plated ribbon, the PV module with SAC305 ribbon relatively showed higher stability after DH test than the case of PV module with Sn-40Pb and Sn-48Bi-2Ag solder plated ribbons.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.416-423
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• 2019

A novel non-enzymatic oxalic acid (OA) sensor based on the platinum/carbon black-nickel-reduced graphene oxide (Pt/CBNi-rGO) nanocomposite is reported. The nanocomposites were prepared by the ethylene glycol reduction method. Their morphology and chemical composition were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results clearly demonstrated the formation of the Pt/CB-Ni-rGO nanocomposite. The electrocatalytic activity of the Pt/CB-Ni-rGO electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. It was determined that the appropriate amount of Pt enhanced the catalytic activity of Pt for oxalic acid electro-oxidation. Moreover, the modified electrode was determined to be highly selective for oxalic acid without interference from compounds commonly found in urine including uric acid and ascorbic acid. The chronoamperometric signal gave a wide linearity range of 20 μM-60 mM and the detection limit (3σ) was found to be 2.35 μM. The proposed method showed high selectivity, stability, and good reproducibility and could be used with micro-volumes of sample for the detection of oxalic acid. Finally, the oxalic acid content in artificial and control urine samples were successfully determined by our proposed electrode.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1235-1245
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to investigate electro-generation of free Cl, $ClO_2$, $H_2O_2$ and $O_3$ and degradation of Rhodamine B in solution using Ru-Sn-Sb electrode. Electrolysis was performed in one-compartment reactor using a dimensionally stable anode(DSA) of Ru-Sn-Sb/Ti as the working electrode. The effect of applied current (0.5-3 A), electrolyte type (NaCl, KCl, HCl, $Na_2SO_4$ and $H_2SO_4$) and concentration (0.5-2.5 g/L), air flow rate (0-3 L/min) and solution pH (3-11) was evaluated. Experimental results showed that concentration of 4 oxidants was increased with increase of applied current, however optimum current for RhB degradation was 2 A. The generated oxidant concentration and RhB degradation of the of Cl type-electrolyte was higher than that of the sulfate type. The oxidant concentration was increased with increase of NaCl concentration and optimum NaCl dosage for RhB degradation was 1.75 g/L. Optimum air flow rate for the oxidants generation and RhB degradation was 2 L/min. $ClO_2$ and $H_2O_2$ generation was decreased with the increase of pH, whereas free Cl and $O_3$ was not affected by pH. RhB degradation was increase with the pH decrease.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1143-1152
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB, dye) and N, N-Dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline (RNO, indicator of the electro-generation of OH radical) in solution using boron doped diamond (BDD) electrode. The effects of applied current (0.2~1.0 A), electrolyte type (NaCl, KCl, and $Na_2SO_4$) and electrolyte concentration (0.5~3.0 g/L), solution pH (3~11) and air flow rate (0~4 L/min) were evaluated. Experimental results showed that RhB and RNO removal tendencies appeared with the almost similar thing, except of current. Optimum current for RhB degradation was 0.6 A, however, RNO degradations was increased with increase of applied current. The RhB and RNO degradation of Cl type electrolyte were higher than that of the sulfate type. The RhB and RNO degradation were increased with increase of NaCl concentration and optimum NaCl dosage was 2.5 g/L. The RhB and RNO concentrations were not influenced by pH under pH 7. Optimum air flow rate for the oxidants generation and RhB and RNO degradation were 2 L/min. Initial removal rate of electrolysis process was expressed Langmuir - Hinshelwood equation, which is used to express the initial removal rate of UV/$TiO_$2 process.