• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2004.12a
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• pp.1-16
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate effects of different ratios of sawdust to poultry manure as an earthworm feed on the change of physico-chemical characteristics and earthworm viability during composting, and further to provide the basic information for an efficient vermicomposting using the manure of livestock. Experimental earthworm used in this study was Eisenia foetida and the ratio of sawdust and poultry was determined to 100:0(A), 80:20(B), 70:30(C), 60:40(D) and 50:50(E) on the basis of volume. The results are summarized as follows. Earthworm appeared after 6 wk of aging period, and it was possible for the earthworm to survive in treatments of C. D and E including 30 $^{\sim}$ 50% of sawdust. C/N ratio was significantly higher (P<0.05) in treatments of sawdust mixture (B, C, D, and E) than poultry manure alone (A treatment).Appropriate C/N ratio for earthworm survival was the range of 16.9 to20.7. During period of aging, pH value and electrolyticconductivity (EC) were the highest in the treatment of poultry manure alone. However, as the inclusion of sawdust was increased, pH showed decreasing tendency. Appropriate pH and EC for earthworm survival were 7.69 to 7.79, and 2.77 to 2.87mS/cm, respectively. The results from this study indicated that the mixing of poultry manure with sawdust more improved physico-chemical environment for earthworm growth in comparison with poultry manure alone, and sawdust showed the sufficient possibilityas a bulking agent for an efficient vermicomposting of poultry manure.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1640-1647
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• 2010

Seaweeds have been recognized as a health food, having anti-obesity, anti-constipation and anticoagulation activities, and the use of seaweeds in the food, medicine, and cosmetic industries have recently significantly increased. In this study, methanol extracts were prepared from 35 different seaweeds (17 phaeophyta, 11 rhodophyta and 7 chlorophyta), and thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were determined in order to develop safe and novel anticoagulation agents from natural products. In TT experiments, Ecklonia cava, Ecklonia stolonifera, Eisenia bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell, Ishige foliacea, I. okamurai, Sargassum confusum and S. yamade showed strong thrombin inhibition activity among the 35 different seaweeds. In PT experiments, the inhibitions of prothrombin were identified in the selected seaweeds from TT experiment, with the exception of S. yamade. In aPTT experiments, the seaweeds with blood coagulation inhibition factors were E. cava, E. stolonifera, E. bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell, I. foliacea, I. okamurai, S. confusum and Hixikia fusiforme Okamura. Further anticoagulation assay with the selected 8 seaweeds suggested that S. confusum is most effective in antithrombosis, and E. stolonifera, E. bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell, and I. foliacea have high potential as antithrombosis agents. Based on components-activity correlation analysis, flavonoids are considered as active anticoagulation components of seaweeds These results suggest that edible seaweeds, especially S. confusum, have potential as safe and novel anticoagulants, and S. yamade and H. fusiforme Okamura could be used as a thrombin-specific and coagulation factor-specific inhibitors.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.576-583
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• 2011

In the course of study for the development of functional food ingredients from seaweeds having useful biological activities, the in-vitro antioxidant and nitrite scavenging activities of the methanol extracts prepared from 35 different seaweeds (17 phaeophyta, 11 rhodophyta and 7 chlorophyta) were determined. At $500\;{\mu}g/ml$ concentration of the methanol extracts, Ecklonia cava, Ecklonia stolonifera, Eisenia bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell, Ishige foliacea, I. okamurai, Sargassum confusum, S. fulvellum, S. yamade and Zostera marina showed 60% more DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity. The exceptions were found in I. okamurai and Z. marina, which showed 45% and 53% ABTS scavenging activity, respectively. The correlation coefficient between DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities was 0.855, suggesting that the 9 different seaweeds extracts could scavenge anion and cation radicals concurrently. In reducing power, only E.cava, E.stolonifera and E.bicyclis showed above 0.88 ($Abs_{700}$). In a while, in nitrite scavenging activity at $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ concentration of the methanol extracts, 19 different seaweeds extracts including I. foliacea, I. okamurai, S. confusum, S. fulvellum, and S. yamade showed 60% more activity. Calculation of $IC_{50}s$ of DPPH, ABTS and nitrite scavenging activities of 9 different seaweeds extracts further showed that I. foliacea and S. yamade, besides E.cava, E.stolonifera and E.bicyclis, have strong antioxidant and nitrite scavenging activity. These results suggest that the selected 9 different seaweeds could be developed as functional food ingredients and I. foliacea and S. yamade have potential as novel natural sources of antioxidant and nitrite scavenger.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.191-195
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• 2002

In previous reports the authors have screened the inhibition effects of marine algae extracts on halitosis, and demonstrated that a brown algae, Eisenia bicyclis (' Daehwang') possess not only strong deodorant effect bug also considerable anticariogenic activities. In this study, we screened antibacterial effects of various marine algae, and measured minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of them against mutans streptococci in vitro. Among the 27 species of marine algae, $80\%$ ethanol extract of dried sea-mustard, Laminaria japonica ('Dasima') showed the strongest inhibition activity against Streptococcus mutans KCTC 3300. The extracts of Ulva lactuca ('Galparae'), Codium fragile ('Cheonggak'), Ecklonia cava ('Gamtae'), E. stolonifera ('Gompi') and Undalia Pinnatifida ('Miyeok') showed slightly weaker inhibitory potency than L. japonica. Differences of MIC values in $80\%$ ethanol extract of some species of marine algae were observed depending on test bacterial species, i.e., S. mutans KCTC 3300 or S. sobrinus KCTC 3307. Eighty percent ethanol extract of dried L japonica was fractionated with diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-buthanol and water successively, The ether-soluble fraction had inhibitory effect on S. mutans KCTC 3300, however the inhibitory effects were not found in the other fractions. The MIC values of $80\%$ ethanol extract and ether fraction were 180 and 105 $\mu$g/mL respectively, while no significant inhibition activity of water-soluble fraction was found even when the fraction was added up to 5,500 $\mu$g/mL.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.287-298
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• 2008

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different feed conditions on growth, cast production and conversion efficiency of organic matter to the earthworm. The experiment was tested on cow manure(CM) mixed with rice hulls (RH) or rice straw(RS). The mixture ratios were designed as one time, two times and three times of cow manure volume, respectively. The CM and RH mixtures resulted better on growth rate, reproductive efficiency and wormcast production than those for CM and RS mixtures. Especially on three times of RH mixture showed the highest growth characteristics compared to the other mixtures. Although both were between 20 and 34 on carbon and nitrogen ratio, the result inferred that the difference on the growth might have been caused by feeding conditions. On the mixtures of cow manure with rice hulls(CM+RH) was significantly higher on values on the conversion rate and conversion efficiency of organic matter to earthworm tissues than the mixtures of cow manure with rice straw(CM+RS). The most concerned point of the mixture of earthworm feed is that high contents of volatile solid and total carbon that increases in conversion efficiency of organic matter to earthworm tissues, and also causes the increase in growth rate and reproductive efficiency. The wormcast could be used as a valuable plant growth medium or soil conditioner for sustainable agriculture and it may be due to their high qualities of physico-chemical properties.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.63-74
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• 2012

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different stocking rate on growth, cast production and conversion efficiency of organic matter to tissues of earthworm. The carbon and nitrogen ratio (C/N) of tested Korean cow manure was 25.1, it was estimated an adequate ratio as feed for earthworms. The different stocking rates were 1:8(S-1), 1:16(S-2), 1:32(S-3) 1:64(S-4) 1:128(S-5) and 1:256 (S-6) as the ratios of earthworm fresh weight to biomass of Korean cow manure, respectively. A stocking rate of 1:32(S-3) was obtained a significantly highest values of increasing rate and conversion efficiency of organic matter to earthworm tissues. The mean values of increasin g rate of fresh weight and conversion efficiency of organic matter to earthworm tissues were 10.63 mg/day and 6.65% at the ratio of 1:32(S-3) with a rearing volume was $56.6cm^3$. A stocking rate of 1:8(S-1) was obtained a highest ratio of vermicasts, but showed a negative values of increasing rate and conversion efficiency of organic matter to earthworm tissues, it may due to severely food competition between individuals during the rearing periods. The pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cations of vermicasts tended to increase with stocking rate. Especially, available phosphorus, cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cations of vermicasts tended to increase with rearing progressed. Vermicasts have the potential for improving plant growth when amended to container medium and soil according to increased availability of nutrients and improved physicochemical properties.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.195-213
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to identify novel extracts of brawn algae with the high deodorant capacity and antioxidant activity. To achieves this, an composition, deodorant performance and free radical scavenging activity were analyzed in powder and water extracts of Ecklonia cava(PEC/EEC), Saccharina japonica(PSJ/ESJ), Eisenia bicyclis(PEB/EEB), Sargassum spp.(PSS/ESS) and Hizikia fusiformis(PHF/EHF) using several analytical methods. Major component of five powders was verified as PEC, phlorotannin; PSJ, alginic acid and glutamic acid; PEB, carotenoid, chlorophyll, phlorotannin, tocopherol and fucoxantin; PSS, ${\beta}$-carotene and polyphenol; PHF, tannin. The highest level of DPPH scavenging activity was detected in EEC($IC_{50}=23.018{\mu}g/ml$), followed by EEB, ESJ, EHF and ESS. The deodorizing performance to ammonia was maintained high level in PEC, PSJ, PEB and PSS, while PHF showed low level in the same condition. But, the deodorizing performance to acetic acid was slightly higher in PSJ and PEC than those of PEB, PSS and PHF. Based on the results of DPPH scavenging activity and deodorizing capacity, we selected fractions of S. japonica as leading extracts and further prepared the 70% acetone extract (AESJ) and 70% ethanol extract (EESJ) from PSJ. The contents of total flavonoid, total phenol and total condensed tannin was significantly increased with 112-209% in AESJ and EESJ compared to those of ESJ. Also, a similar enhancement was observed on the level of DPPH scavenging activity and deodorizing performance against ammonia/acetic acid in AESJ and EESJ. Therefore, these results suggest that AESJ and EESJ contained with high total phenol and total condensed tannin contents may exhibit high deodorant capacity and antioxidant activity as well as has the potential for use as a powerful biomaterial for antibacterial deodorant.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: Earthworms are essential detritus feeders that play a vital role in the process of decomposition of organic matter and soil metabolism. The complex process of partial breakdown of organic matter and mixing with mucous and gut microbial flora in the form of earthworm cast results in the reduction of the toxicity. This study focused on the change of cast amount and pollutant contents before and after the eating of the organic waste and upland soil with the two species of earthworm. METHODS AND RESULTS: The two species of earthworms were compared to the cast production. In the upland soil material, the daily amount of worm's cast was 1.42 g in E. andrei and 0.40 g in A. agrestis. In the organic waste material, the cast of E. andrei was 0.78~0.83 g and the cast of A. agrestis. have not been collected because all earthworms died after the treatment. The heavy metals treated in the upland soil were evaluated the impact of the worm excretion. With the E. andrei, the cast production was decreased 0.1~0.8 times in zinc, 0.2~0.5 times in copper, and 0.1~0.7 times in cadmium compared to the control treatment according to the levels of concentration. With A. agrestis, the cast amount was decreased 0.3~1.1 times in zinc, 0.2~0.3 times in copper, and 0.1~2.1 times in cadmium, respectively. The changes of pollutant contents before and after the eating of the organic wastes with E. andrei were studied. In the treatment of the Alcohol Fermentation Processing Sludge and the Fruit Juice Processing Sludge, heavy metal content of the cast was increased 0.7~53.3% compared to the sludge materials. PAHs contents were decreased 50.1% in the cast of the Alcohol Fermentation Processing Sludge and 36.6% in the cast of the Fruit Juice Processing Sludge, respectively. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, although the A. agrestis was bigger than E. andrei in size and weight, the cast amount of A. agrestis was small. The two species of earthworm was less excretion with high concentration of heavy metals. While the heavy metals such as zinc, copper, and cadmium were considerably accumulated in the cast, the total compounds, PAHs were fairly decomposed. There results would provide us for restoring contaminated soil and cleaning organic wastes.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.343-349
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• 2013

Environment-friendly agro-materials tend to be preferred to chemical insecticides recently. For this reason, many studies are conducted to develop environment-friendly insecticides containing natural materials. The purpose of this study was to assess ecotoxicity for pepper extract and cassia oil (11.5+46%, A), pepper extract and cassia oil (23+34%, B), and pepper extract and lavender oil (40+10%, C). They are expected to prevent from pests especially diamondback moth, and can be used for agro-materials. Their formulation was emusifiable concentration (EC). Target species used to assess acute toxicity were aquatic invertebrate (Daphina magna), fish (Cyprinus carpio), honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and earthworm (Eisenia fetida). The $EC_{50}$ value of A, B, and C to aquatic invertebrate were 0.46, 1.9, 0.25 mg $L^{-1}$ respectively and these values were moderately toxic according to standard of USEPA. In case of acute toxicity test to fish, the $LC_{50}$ of A, B, and C were 1.9, 2.9, 3.8 mg $L^{-1}$ respectively. A was category II in acute toxicity of fish and not acceptable to evaluation criteria of environment-friendly agro-materials. B and C were category III and acceptable. Acute contact and oral toxicity test to honeybee were conducted and the $LD_{50}$ of A, B, and C were > 100 ${\mu}g$ a.i. $bee^{-1}$ in both of tests. It indicated they were low toxic to honeybee. In case of acute toxicity test to earthworm, $LC_{50}$ of A, B, and C were 695, 988, and 564 mg $kg^{-1}$. In conclusion, pepper extract+cassia oil 57% EC and pepper extract+lavender oil 50% EC were expected to be used for environment-friendly insecticide materials with low risk against ecosystem and contribute to developing environment-friendly agro-materials.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.130-139
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• 2016

A bacterial strain, producing an excellent lipolytic enzyme, was isolated from the intestinal tracts of an earthworm (Eisenia fetida). The strain was identified as Aeromonas hydrophila by phenotypic, chemotaxonomic characteristics and 16S ribosomal DNA analysis, and was designated as Aeromona hydrophila PL43. The lipolytic enzyme from A. hydrophila PL43 was purified via 35−45% ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-sepharose fast flow ion-exchange, and sephacryl S-300HR gel filtration chromatography. The yield of the purified enzyme was 3.7% and 2.5% of the total activity of crude extracts with p-nitrophenyl butyrate (pNPB) and p-nitrophenyl palmitate (pNPP) as substrates, respectively. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was approximately 74 kDa using gel filtration, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and zymography. The optimal activity of purified enzyme was observed at 50℃ and pH 8.0 using pNPB, and 60℃ and pH 8.0 using pNPP. The purified enzyme was stable in the ranges 20− 60℃ and pH 7.0−10.0. The activity of purified enzyme was inhibited by PMSF, pepstatin A, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Fe²⁺, but was recovered by metal chelating of EDTA. The K_m and V_max values of the purified enzyme were 1.07 mM and 7.27 mM/min using pNPB and 1.43 mM and 2.72 mM/min using pNPP, respectively.