• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.224-230
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• 2006

Japanese Quails were used to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin E (dl-a-tocopheryl-acetate), lycopene, and their combination on egg production, egg quality, concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), vitamin E, A and cholesterol in serum and egg yolk. Quails (n = 120; 55 d old) were divided into four groups (n = 30/group) and fed a basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with lycopene (100 mg/kg diet), vitamin E (250 mg dl-${\alpha}$-tocopheryl-acetate/kg diet) or a combination of lycopene and vitamin E (100 mg/kg lycopene plus 250 mg dl-${\alpha}$-tocopheryl-acetate/kg diet). Vitamin E and lycopene did not affect (p>0.05) body weight, feed intake or egg weight. Egg production and Haugh unit were greater (p<0.05) in each supplemental group compared with the control group (p<0.05). Serum and liver MDA levels were decreased in supplemented groups compared with the control group. Separately or as a combination, supplemental lycopene and vitamin E increased serum and egg yolk vitamin E and A but decreased cholesterol concentrations (p<0.05). In general, when a significant effect was found for a parameter, the magnitude of the responses to vitamin and lycopene supplements was greatest with the combination of the lycopene and vitamin E, rather than that observed with each supplement separately. Results of the present study indicate that supplementing with a combination of dietary lycopene and vitamin E reduced serum and yolk cholesterol concentrations and improved antioxidant status.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1665-1670
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• 2006

The objective of this research was to provide the characterization and method for producing anti-E. coli O157:H7 antibodies in egg-laying hens and to determine if the antibody can restrain the proliferation of E. coli O157:H7 in-vitro. Selected antigenic fractions (whole cell, outer membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) from E. coli O157:H7 were injected to hens in order to produce anti-E. coli O157:H7 antibodies. The immune response and the egg yolk antibodies of laying hens against the whole cell, outer membrane protein and LPS antigens were monitored by ELISA. The level of antibodies against whole cell antigen monitored through ELISA sharply increased after the initial immunization, and it was found to be maximum on day 49 however, the level was maintained up to day 70. Antibodies (5 mg/ml) directed against the whole cell inhibited E. coli proliferation 10-13 times more than outer membrane protein or LPS. The antibody response against the whole cell antigens appeared to have higher activity in restraining the proliferation of E. coli O157:H7 than antibody against outer membrane protein or LPS. Results reflected that increasing the IgY's in the egg yolk could prevent greater economic losses due to human and animal health from pathogenic bacteria i.e. E. coli O157:H7.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to examine the suvival rates of cryopreserved porcine embryos collected on Day 6 (Day 0=onset of estrus) with various cryprotectants. Eighty two embryos at different stages, ranged from expanded blastocyst to hatched blastocyst, were allocated to 6 experimental groups in different combinations of cryoprotectants glycerol, egg yolk and/or trehalose. Porcine embryos were cryopreserved using conventinal slow freezing precedures. The embryos were equilibrated with one of the freezing solutions, cooled from 25 to -7$^{\circ}C$ at 1$^{\circ}C$/min, seeded at -7$^{\circ}C$ frozen to -36$^{\circ}C$ at 0.5$^{\circ}C$/min, and then plunged into liquid nitrogen. The frozen embryos were thawed by immersion in 37$^{\circ}C$ water and the cryoprotectants were removed by dilution with 0.5M sucrose solution. Embryonic survival was estimated from the normal development of embryos for 12, 24 and 48hrs culture. Then the embryos were stained and their cell nuclei was counted. The survival rates of morphological embryos were significantly higher in group I (10% glycerol) or group IV (10% glycerol＋10% egg yolk＋0.5M trehalose) than those in other groups, although the nuclei number was quite higher in embryos treated with 10% glycerol and 0.25M trehalose at expended blastocyst. However, hatched blastocysts showed higher viability and nuclei number treated with either egg york or trehalose, but the survival rates after 48hrs of culture were quite low. These results indicate that egg yolk and trehalos as a supplement to freezing solutions can be useful to the cryopreservation ofn porcine embryos.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.782-788
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• 2009

The genotoxicological safety of gamma-irradiated egg white and yolk was examined to ensure that required safety parameters were met, and in an effort to further apply gamma-irradiation for improvement of the hygienic qualities of eggs. Egg white and yolk were irradiated at 20 kGy, much higher than the legally approved dose (less than 5 kGy), and possible genotoxicity was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo tests. The SOS chromotest employing Escherichia coli PQ37, and a chromosomal aberration test in cultured Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells, were performed in vitro with or without metabolic activation (S9). An in vivo micronucleus development test was conducted using mouse bone marrow cells. Negative results were obtained in the SOS chromotest. The incidence of chromosomal aberration in CHL cells and the frequency of micronuclear developmentin mouse bone marrow cells treated with irradiated samples were not significantly different from those of non-irradiated controls. Thus, it may be concluded that up to 20 kGy of gamma irradiation applied to egg white and yolk did not show any genotoxic effects under our experimental conditions.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.189-196
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• 2011

Histological study on egg envelope and oogenesis of Kichulchoia multifasciata (Pisces, Cobitidae) was carried out by light microscopes and scanning electron microscopes. Various developmental cells appeared in ovary of the specimen catched during November 2010. The cytoplasm of oogonia was acidic and many nucleoli were located at the inner side of nucleus membrane. The size of the oogonia was $103.9{\pm}24.7$ ${\mu}m$ with nucleus size $42.9{\pm}6.9$ (31.1~50.3) ${\mu}m$. Primary oocyte having $277.5{\pm}60.5$ (216.7~354.9) ${\mu}m$ in diameter began to accumulate yolk vesicles. As the developmental stages proceed, secondary oocyte grows larger to $617.6{\pm}85.1$ (503.4~723.6) ${\mu}m$, and eosinophilic yolk granules yolk granules appeared between the yolk vesicles occupying most cytoplasm, and there are some yolk mass formed already. There are some yolk mass formed already. Envelope of fertilized egg investigated by a scanning electron microscope had plenty of microvilli (2~3 ${\mu}m$ in length) over the entire egg surface and a micropyle. Especially, the microvilli surrounding the micropyle were longer than those of egg surface with $5.26{\pm}1.22$ ${\mu}m$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.7
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• pp.999-1008
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• 2014

We evaluated the quality characteristics and antioxidative activities of cookies containing different types of egg yolk (LEY, Liquid Egg Yolk; FEY, Fresh Egg Yolk) and percentages of blueberry powder (5, 10, and 15%). As the amount of blueberry powder increased, the levels of antioxidants based on ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities increased in general. Within the 15% group, contents of polyphenols and flavonoids were higher in the FEY group, whereas content of anthocyanins was higher in the LEY group. Measurement of ABTS radical scavenging activity showed that the FEY group had a higher value within the 10% group, whereas the LEY group scored higher within the 15% group. Comparison of sensory properties showed no significant difference between the two egg yolk types. If commercialized, manufacturing cookies with FEY or LEY will not make a significant difference. Regardless, 15% blueberry powder would be the most appropriate, as it scored the highest in terms of antioxidant activity and sensory characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.398-408
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• 2020

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of metabolic partitioning between oxidization and esterification of liver fatty acids synthesized and secreted by the liver from egg yolk-fed laboratory rats. Animals were divided into four groups and orally administered egg yolk daily for 30 days: CON (control group, 1.0 g of saline solution), T1 (1.0 g of pork belly oil), T2 (1.0 g of egg yolk), and T3 (1.0 g of pork belly oil and 1.0 g of egg yolk, alternatively each week). The accumulation rate of [¹⁴C]-labelled lipid in liver was lowest in T2 among all treatments (P<0.05). Phospholipid secretion was higher in T2 than other treatments (P<0.05). The triglycerol secretion was highest in T1 and higher in the order of CON, T3, and T2 (P<0.05). Metabolic partitioning rate of phospholipid from total glycerolipid was highest in T2, followed by T3, CON and T1 (P<0.05). The ¹⁴CO₂ production from total glycerolipid was the highest in T2 and showed a high oxidation rate compared to CON, T1, and T3 (P<0.05). Metabolic partitioning of glycerolipid from the liver decreased in triglycerol of T2 compared to CON, T1, and T3, whereas phospholipids of T2 increased (P<0.05).

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.5-15
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• 2001

This study was carried out for production of neutral antibody to bee venom $(anti-phospholipase\;A_2IgY)$. Hen layings were injected repeatedly with bee venom and phospholipase $A_2$ with Freund's adjuvant. Specific antibody in egg yolk from immunized hen laying was separated, and purified, also immunological characteristics of anti phospholipase $A_2\;IgY$ was invested. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Phospholipase $A_2$ was showed single band at molecular weight 17,000 in SDS-PAGE and bee venom was showed two band at molecular weight 17,000 and under molecular weight 6,500 in SDS-PAGE. 2. During 70 days after hen immunized with bee venom and phospholipase $A_2$, antibodies(anti-bee venom IgY) to bee venom were showed poor ELISA value in egg yolk, but antibodies$(anti-Phospholipase\;A_2IgY)$ to phospholipase $A_2$ in egg yolk were increased ELISA value from 8 days or 15 days and found maximum ELISA value at 42 days. Also after booster at 49 days, ELISA value of anti Phospholipase $A_2\;IgY$ in egg yolk was supported at optical density(O.D) 1.0 level, continuously. 3. Titer of phospholipase $A_2\;IgY$ was showed 1: 32,000. 4. In double immunodiffusion test to phospholipase $A_2$ after double dilution of anti-phospholipase $A_2\;IgY$, only precipitation line was made in 1:1 dilution well of anti-Phospholipase $A_2\;IgY$. But In immunodiffusion test to anti-phospholipase $A_2\;IgY$ after double dilution of phospholipase $A_2$, Precipitation line to 250ul/ml well of phospholipase $A_2$ was showed. In double immunodiffusion test to bee venom(1mg/ml) after double dilution anti-phospholipase $A_2\;IgY$, all well without 1:32 dilution well were showed strong precipitation line. 5. In dot bloting test to anti-phospholipase $A_2\;IgY$ after diluting bee venom(0.5mg/ml), dot bloting color was showed clearly to $1/100(5{\mu}g/ml)$ in bee venom.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.144-147
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• 2006

Egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) is much widely used in medical fields, but its use in serology of plant viruses is much limited. We produced an IgY against pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and applied it to several serological tests. Polyclonal antibodies were obtained from the egg yolk of chicken immunized with a total of 2mg of purified PMMoV over 2 months. The titers of antibodies were measured with the ring-test over six months after the first injection. The highest.titers of IgY was 1/2,560 at 2 months after the first injection. Approximately 60-80 mg of IgY were obtained from one egg yolk. Using the IgY, 1ng/ml of purified PMMoV was detected with the indirect ELISA. Gelrite gel double diffusion test, ELISA and tissue immuno-binding assay employing IgY gave similar sensitivity and specificity to those of IgG developed in rabbit. Therefore, the IgY which can be obtained in large quantities from a chicken, might be useful for the antibody production and the serology of plant viruses.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.444-451
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• 2024

This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of protein hydrolysates derived from defatted egg yolk using various proteolytic enzymes and compare the antioxidant activity of the resulting hydrolysates. The defatted egg yolk powder was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using four different proteases (alcalase, bromelain, flavourzyme and neutrase), and the resulting hydrolysates were evaluated for their antioxidant properties. Through analysis of available amino group contents and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was observed that the defatted egg yolk powder treated with alcalase, flavourzyme, and neutrase for 12 h exhibited a high degree of hydrolysis value. Based on the RC₅₀ values obtained from two different antioxidant analyses, all hydrolysates showed comparable antioxidant activity, except for the alcalase hydrolysate, which demonstrated notably higher scavenging activity against hydrogen peroxide than the other hydrolysates. These findings suggest the potential of protein hydrolysates from defatted egg yolk, a by-product of lecithin extraction, as natural antioxidants.