• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.109-119
• /
• 2019

Background : Germany is the first country in the world to introduce modern systems of public health insurance, and the country which most widely uses complementary alternative medicine(CAM) in Europe. In early 21^st century, a large evaluation studies were conducted to include acupuncture in health insurance payments, which were eventually decided. Objectives : This study is to investigate and analyze the process of public policy determination on insurance coverage for acupuncture in German health insurance system. Methods : We collected the data and information through the literature search and from the websites of German government departments and health insurance organizations. To obtain contextual information, German experts of health insurance and acupuncture clinical study were interviewed. Results : As use of acupuncture had been growing, German public health insurers wanted to evaluate the validity of acupuncture coverage and sponsored three evaluation projects for clinical effectiveness of acupuncture using randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews, and pragmatic trials from 2001 to 2005. For some pain condition, acupuncture was founded not to be effective than sham acupuncture, but more effective than standard care. The federal joint committee of health insurance decided to cover acupuncture for chronic pain of lumbar spine and chronic pain in at least one knee joint due to gonarthrosis. Conclusions : Considering the controversial subject matter in the process of acupuncture's health insurance coverage in Germany, expanding the benefits of Korean medicine in Korea needs to come up with ways to overcome the difficulties of placebo effect, standardization and lack of literature evidence.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.51 no.3
• /
• pp.399-412
• /
• 2024

This study aimed to analyze consumers' behaviors and reactions to the use-by date labeling system and provide policy implications for its efficient implementation, by utilizing 213 consumers data conducted via an Internet survey using the Google online form. We refer "pure consumption date" as the period that have passed sell-by date yet have not passed use-by date. Consumers' willingness to accept (WTA) for pure consumption date food was surveyed, which means the discount ratio of pure consumption date food compared to the original price by sell-by date. Setting the expected effects of use-by date labeling system as five: food waste reduction (waste), food purchasing cost reduction (cost), and international standardization (standard), etc., Tobit regression result showed waste had the greatest (negative) impact on consumer's WTA, while cost and standard had positive impact on consumer's WTA. The logistic regression result revealed that consumers trying to reduce grocery costs have higher probability to purchase use-by date labeling food, and further expect higher WTA. Also consumers valuing the importance of environmental protection or food quality are more likely to purchase use-by date food. Conversely consumers valuing food safety importance tend to have negative impact on purchasing use-by date food, hence expect higher WTA. It is noteworthy that consumers valuing the importance of promoting the use-by date labeling system have significantly higher probability of purchasing use-by date food. Additionally, consumers' WTA averaged 54.3%, implying that consumers are willing to purchase use-by date food when it is discounted more than 54.3% from the original price, where women expect higher WTA, the aged over 60 expect higher WTA, furthermore single-parent households expect 21.3% higher than the average WTA. However, old-aged, unmarried women, higher educated and higher income groups were negative in purchasing use-by date food. These results suggest that customized sales policy and effective promotion strategies reflecting socio-demographic characteristics of consumers would be necessary to achieve effective implementation of the newly introduced system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
• /
• 2006.06b
• /
• pp.363-366
• /
• 2006

In the port, Yard Crane is very important. If container crane or transfer crane broke down, it costs much money for delaying of work during the period of repair or reorder. But, we can not have enough spare parts for its high cost. It is necessary for having the reliability of crane through the effective preventive maintenance and failure analysis. In this paper, we analysed the system's function and failure mechanism of transfer crane which is main equipment in the yard. Also, we standardized the failure and maintenance work using the historical data of failure and maintenance. This study which is the basic work for IT of equipment operation and maintenance is going to be new attempt for optimal design of next generation equipment and operation policy of equipment.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.16 no.11
• /
• pp.159-166
• /
• 2018

The ICT convergence and intelligence information technology has many influences on the whole smart society in the $4^{th}$ industrial revolution era. However, preparations degree of our country is not high as for the intelligence information technology. It is not easy to adopt a new technology on education for cultivating the creative future human resources to match a pace with intelligent smart society. In addition, it is hard work to find and derive the appropriate technology for education because proper and effective proof includes much difficulties. Therefore, this study develop the e-learning standard technology framework through the derivation of educational standard technology element and the suggestion of medium and long term standardization framework for the intelligence information society.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.53-61
• /
• 2009

With the Government's policy of increasing the supply of residential houses in 1970s, the number of apartments have increased dramatically, and as the result, the number of old aged apartment are increasing too. Therefore remodeling is being executed to improve the residential environment. The rate of remodeling is increasing instead of rebuilding because rebuilding takes more resource and because of the realestate issue. There are many uncertainties in construction progress of remodeling such as communication between personnel, demolition and repair work. There are no standard for remodeling construction so such problems have been causing more problems. It has been found that BIM (Building Information Modeling) may be effective for resolving issues of standardization of remodeling construction. Therefore this study wishes to develop a standard process for remodeling work through BIM to estimate the possibility of its use at remodeling sites. Based on this, I wish to contribute to the issue of achieving construction efficiency pursued by BIM.

• Industry Promotion Research
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.9-15
• /
• 2022

This study tried to analyze the growth background of Starbucks, a competitive company in the Korean coffee industry. Therefore, by using the STEEP analysis technique, each company's competitiveness was analyzed and the results were used to derive competitive factors. And the research results are as follows. Looking at the social aspect, economic activity has been a catalyst for women as the standard of living has increased due to economic growth. In addition, in the case of coffee culture in the past, Starbucks' response strategy, which has seen the transformation from vending machine mixed coffee culture to a consumer market that emphasizes cultural and spatial aspects, was effective. Looking at the technical aspect, the deviation has been reduced by securing uniform standardization of the taste of coffee beans at franchise stores, and the operation of a standardized operating system was possible by operating the store directly. And looking at the economic aspect, as the coffee consumption market continues to expand, the overall size of the market has also grown proportionally, creating a stable growth environment. Lastly, looking at the environmental and policy aspects, it is that the marketing strategy direction based on the policy activities as an eco-friendly company as a market leader has been the main focus of the recent policy direction emphasizing eco-friendliness.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.11 no.6
• /
• pp.175-185
• /
• 2013

For effective information sharing, data provenance semantics need to be managed effectively. Based on a scheme to represent data provenance semantics, we propose a model to calculate information sharing costs. Information sharing costs are derived from probabilities of type I and type II errors that occur in organizational information sharing, costs related to these errors, and information sharing distances between organizational units which are determined by information sharing workflows. We apply the model to various types of information sharing workflows including departmental information systems, hierarchical information systems, a hub and a stand-alone system. The calculated information sharing costs show that the hub with data standardization is best in information sharing; however without standardization its information sharing cost deteriorates to that of a departmental information system. And, any information sharing workflow is better than a stand-alone system. It is proved that the model is useful in analyzing effectiveness of information sharing workflows and their characteristics.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.59 no.3
• /
• pp.316-325
• /
• 2021

Human-made plastics takes more than 500 years to break down and have been introduced into the ecosystem, threatening terrestrial and aquatic organisms. By 2025, there will be more than 250 million tons of plastics in the ocean. Although studies regarding microplastics have been exponentially increasing since 2015, international standards for defining the size classification for microplastics, as well as methods for qualitative/quantitative analysis have not been concluded yet. Thus, in this study, the latest trends in analytical methodologies have been reviewed. Further, the study suggests directions for future research approaches can be taken to analyze aquatic microplastics, which could be as useful information for establishing effective microplastic management policy via standardization in microplastic analysis.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.12 no.10
• /
• pp.329-335
• /
• 2014

With the spread of mobile phones and wireless networks, medical imaging needs to be accessible outside the hospital for patients. We develop the mobile PACS platform that allows doctors or patients to store, search, query and transfer medical images for their convenience. This system is a mobile based platform that patients DICOM images can be viewed from the hospital PACS server, then they can be converted according to smart standardization. For this, we designed the platform to transfer the data between PACS, mPACS and users. Also we suggest to use DICOM transformation processing to display DICOM images in PACS server.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.692-702
• /
• 2011

For more effective indoor radon reduction policy and technique, we researched radon data analysis for some buildings in Seoul. Those buildings were categorized as dwelling, underground and office space and the variations of radon concentration and its sources were evaluated. The variations of radon concentrations of indoor space of buildings for a day were patterned specifically by dwelling habits and different environment. As for the new built apartments which were not yet moved in, their indoor radon concentrations were showed more than 3 times after applying interior assembly, and were 5 times higher than ones of rather old residences. As for the subway stations, the radon concentrations during off-run times were about 15% higher than run-times. 10% of radon seemed to be reduced by installation of platform screen doors. As for office space, radon concentrations during working hours were about 2.5 times higher than non-working hours. Plaster board are expected as a main source of radon for them. By radon measurement method for long-term, its data can be over estimated because it covers non-active time in office or public space. Therefore combination of short and long-term measurement method is required for effective and economic reduction. Furthermore importance of ventilation is requested as public information service for all dwelling space. And also standardization for radium content or radiation of radon is necessary.