• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.407-420
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• 2014

A survey was carried out regarding university students' recognition of high-caffeine energy drinks in an effort to identify and improve problems as well as provide basic data. Most of the subjects had previous experience of energy drink consumption. Studies showed that most students consumed energy drinks when studying. Regarding frequency of energy drink consumption, most students' responded "1~6 times a year"; female students showed lower frequency of energy drink consumption than male students. Both male and female students used convenience stores to purchase energy drinks. In most cases, students became aware of energy drinks through advertisements on TV, radio, newspapers, and magazines. The most important factor affecting their energy drink purchase and consumption status was taste. The most frequent adverse effect they experienced after drinking an energy drink was unusual heart-pounding, whereas the biggest problem caused by energy drink consumption was addiction. This study indicates that students should have a better understanding of the problems associated with excessive and prolonged high-caffeine intake. In addition, instructions for proper purchasing and consumption of high-caffeine energy drinks should be provided as well as education and campaigns concerning symptoms caused by high-caffeine energy drink consumption so that students may refrain from excessive consumption. Further, civil organizations and the government need to devise effective measures for proper regulation of high-caffeine energy drink consumption.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.77-80
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• 1988

The effects of ginseng saponins and some phenolic acids on the in vitro biosynthesis of prostaglandins was examined in order to identify the role of some ginseng components on the regulaion of arachidonic acid metabolism. The productions of prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2).$ prostaglandin $F_2{\alpha}(PGF_2{\alpha}).$ thromboxane $B_2(TxB_2)$ and 6-keto-prostaglandin $F_1{\alpha}(6-keto-PGF_1{\alpha})$ from $[^3H]-arachidonic$ acid were evaluated with rabbit kidney microsome. human platelet homogenate and bovine aortic microsome. The amounts of the total cyclooxy-genase products from arachidonic acid did't show significant changes in the presence of ginseng saponins. Panaxadiol. panaxatriol and all of the ginsenosides used in these experiments reduced the formation of $TxB_2.$ while increased the $6-keto-PGF_1{\alpha}$ production dose dependently. Ginseng saponins did't inhibit the ADP($10{\mu}M$) induced platelet aggregation. but sodium arachidonate (0.5 mM) induced platelet aggregation. but sodium arachidonate (0.5 mM) induced platelet aggregation was signiticantly inhibited. These findings suggest that ginseng saponins seem to playa role in the regulation of the arachidonate metabolism. probably by affecting the divergent biosynthetic pathway of prostaglandins from endoperoxide.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.759-764
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• 2017

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are valuable therapeutic targets for the regulation of diabetic complications. Activity-guided isolation of the ethylacetate (EtOAc)-soluble portion of 70% ethanolic extract from aerial parts of Ainsliaea acerifolia was performed, followed by AGE formation inhibition assay for the characterization of four dicaffeoylquinic acid derivatives of a previously known structure, methyl 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl-epi-quinate (1), 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl-epi-quinic acid (2), 4,5-di-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid (3), and methyl 4,5-di-O-caffeoyl-quinate (4). The structures of these compounds were confirmed by interpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR, $^1H-$, $^{13}C-NMR$, two-dimensional NMR) and mass spectroscopic data. Among the isolates, the major secondary metabolites, 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl-epi-quinic acid (2) and 4,5-di-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid (3) showed the most potent inhibitory effects against AGE formation with $IC_{50}$ values of $0.6{\pm}0.1{\mu}M$ and $0.4{\pm}0.1{\mu}M$, respectively. Furthermore, all isolated dicaffeoylquinic acid derivatives were evaluated for their radical scavenging activities using 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical, and compound 3 exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect in a concentration-dependent manner. This result suggests that the caffeoylquinic acid dimers isolated from A. acerifolia might be beneficial for the prevention of diabetic complications and related diseases.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.187-193
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• 2007

Ethane 1,2-dimethane sulfonate(EDS), a Leydig cell specific toxicant, has been widely used to create the reversible testosterone withdrawal rat model. Though the maintenance of epididymal structure and function is highly dependent on the testosterone secreted from testis, its derivatives, dihydroxytestosterone(DHT) and estrogen, might have crucial roles. The aim of present study was to monitor the expression patterns of sex steroid receptors, cytochrome P450 aromatase(P450arom) and $5{\alpha}$-reductase in the rat epididymis up to 7 weeks after EDS injection. Adult male rats($350{\sim}400g$) were injected with a single does of EDS(75 mg/kg i.p.) and sacrificed on weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. The transcriptional activities of the target genes were evaluated by semi-quantitative RT-PCRs. The transcript level of estrogen receptor alpha($ER{\alpha}$) in EDS group was significantly higher than control level on week 1(P<0.01). After week 2, there was no significant difference in $ER{\alpha}$ levels between EDS group and control. The transcript level of estrogen receptor beta($ER{\beta}$) in EDS group was significantly higher than control level on week 1(P<0.05), lowered on weeks 2 and 3(P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively), fluctuated during weeks 4 and 6, and elevated on week 7(P<0.05). The androgen receptor (AR) message levels increased significantly week 2(P<0.01), then returned to control level on week 3. In contrast, expression of cytochrome P450 aromatase(P450arom) decreased sharply during weeks $1{\sim}3$(P<0.01 on weeks 1 and 2; P<0.05 on week 3), then went back to control level on week 4. The mRNA level of $5{\alpha}$-reductase type 2($5{\alpha}$-RT2) increased significantly on week 4(P<0.01), then returned to control level. The present study indicated that EDS administration could induce reversible alterations in the transcriptional activities of sex steroid hormone receptors and androgenconverting enzymes in rat epididymis. EDS injection model will be useful to clarify the regulation mechanism of mammalian epididymal physiology.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1108-1119
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• 2018

As the interest on the air pollution is gradually rising at home and abroad, automotive and fuel researchers have been studied on the exhaust and greenhouse gas emission reduction from vehicles through a lot of approaches, which consist of new engine design, innovative after-treatment systems, using clean (eco-friendly alternative) fuels and fuel quality improvement. This research has brought forward two main issues : exhaust emissions (regulated and non-regulated emissions, PM particle matter) and greenhouse gases of vehicle. Exhaust emissions and greenhouse gases of automotive had many problem such as the cause of ambient pollution, health effects. In order to reduce these emissions, many countries are regulating new exhaust gas test modes. Worldwide harmonized light-duty vehicle test procedure (WLTP) for emission certification has been developed in WP.29 forum in UNECE since 2007. This test procedure was applied to domestic light duty diesel vehicles at the same time as Europe. The air pollutant emissions from light-duty vehicles are regulated by the weight per distance, which the driving cycles can affect the results. Exhaust emissions of vehicle varies substantially based on climate conditions, and driving habits. Extreme outside temperatures tend to increasing the emissions, because more fuel must be used to heat or cool the cabin. Also, high driving speeds increases the emissions because of the energy required to overcome increased drag. Compared with gradual vehicle acceleration, rapid vehicle acceleration increases the emissions. Additional devices (air-conditioner and heater) and road inclines also increases the emissions. In this study, three light-duty vehicles were tested with WLTP, NEDC, and FTP-75, which are used to regulate the emissions of light-duty vehicles, and how much emissions can be affected by different driving cycles. The emissions gas have not shown statistically meaningful difference. The maximum emission gas have been found in low speed phase of WLTP which is mainly caused by cooled engine conditions. The amount of emission gas in cooled engine condition is much different as test vehicles. It means different technical solution requires in this aspect to cope with WLTP driving cycle.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.117-149
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• 2015

On May 16, 2014 the Supreme Court of Korea rendered its decision with respect to litigation filed by All Nippon Airways Co., Ltd. ("ANA") for revocation of an order of correction and payment of a penalty imposed by the Korea Fair Trade Commission ("KFTC"). On or around September 2002, ANA and various airlines operating air cargo service from Japan to Korea were allegedly to have agree to introduce of fuel surcharge into their rates on cargo fares in an attempt to recoup falling profits from rising of oil price. As this hard core cartel was per se prohibited under Korean competition law (The Monopoly Regulation And Fair Trade Act), KFTC began an investigation and consequently with fruitful results imposed an amount of penalty and issued an order of prohibition. ANA protested against this imposition by filing suit against KFTC under the reasons that (1) their agreement was simply pursuant to the relevant laws and regulations including Air Transport Agreement between Korea and Japan, (2) there was an administrative guidance from Japanese government to allow this agreement, (3) extraterritorial application of Korean competition law to the agreement in this matter was improper as it was made within Japan and targeted only for the shipment from Japan to Korea: accordingly there is not a direct and serious effect between the agreement and any result of anti-competitive. This article aims to review ANA's allegation and the judgement delivered by Korean court under some issues respectively; (1) whether there is an effectively actual anti-competitive cartel between airlines including plaintiff, (2) whether filed rate doctrine is reasonable and applicable in this case for precluding wrongfulness, (3) what is the reasonable limitation of boundaries in extraterritorial application of Korean competition law. Additionally, this article also suggests to concern particular features of air transport business as an regulated industry in judging the unfair restrain on competition.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.141-169
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• 2007

One of the most common feelings in everyday life is anger. Anger plays an important role in activating emotional energy and increasing intolerance when confronted with hardships, frustration and improper treatments. And it provides us with controlling interpersonal behavior, organizing internal, physiological, psychological process and various adaptive functions. If anger is not properly expressed, it brings about offensive attitude, leading to not only physical impairment but also anxiety in interpersonal relations and maladaptive to everyday life. For elementary school students, frequent quarrels, abusive words and defiant attitude toward adults are also caused by students' anger. Therefore, students' anger is one of the most difficult problems to be dealt with not only psychologically but also in elementary schools. In this respect, after investigating frequently experienced anger- inducing situations and inventing anger-inducing situation questionnaire, we postulated specific situations changing irrational belief into rational one. Based on these situations, we accounted for how to cope with anger inducing factors and change irrational belief into rational one, introducing several strategies needed to control anger, invented cognitive behavioral anger control program and tried to clarify the relationship between anger inducing experience and anger regulation ability. In order to derive usual anger-inducing situations, we made 180 students with fifth and sixth grade to record the reason why he/she got angry, mood, thought, behavior and result. Through this process, we could derive 47 situations bringing about anger and prepared anger-inducing situation questionnaire. It can be divided into 3 anger inducing situations by using factor analysis into 500 elementary students of fifth and sixth grade. Cognitive behavioral anger control program used in this study consists of 13 sessions. From first to fifth session, it is composed of 10 anger control methods to make students be aware of and control their anger. From sixth through thirteenth session, the relationship between irrational belief and anger inducing is introduced is focused on how irrational belief is changed into rational one. To examine the effects of the program, high anger students and the students lacking anger control are selected. Thirty students through pre-test using anger-inducing questionnaire and anger control ability questionnaire are taught the goals and procedures. Volunteer students and students with parents' consent allocated to experimental group (12 students) and the rest of the students are control group (12 students). Cognitive Behavioral Anger Control Program are applied every 50 minutes twice a week for 7 weeks and 4 weeks before and after this program, anger-inducing situation questionnaire and anger control ability questionnaire are practiced. Data collected in this study analyzed by SPSS and Kwakstat. In the middle of this program, quarterly reports and satisfaction measuratings were evaluated to examine whether there is verbal and non-verbal behavior change and students feel satisfied with the program. The results of this study are as follows: First, Cognitive-behavioral anger control program used in this study effectively reduced anger experience and lasted for 4 weeks. Second, cognitive behavioral anger control program increased students' ability to control anger inducing situations and also effective for 4 weeks. And its effect on verbal and non-verbal behaviour was very impressive Students come to realize that irrational belief is the cause of their anger and actively apply cognitive-behavioral anger control technique to themselves as well. Students became improved in their peer relations and felt confident in everyday life. The overall evaluation of this program can be listed as follows; "very satisfactory (91.67%)", "satisfactory (8.33%)", "very helpful (91.67%)", "helpful (8.33%). In this study we first investigated several anger-inducing situations and invented anger-inducing situation questionnaire and then applied cognitive behavioral anger control program in order to control their. anger and not to experience it. By creating workbooks and manuals this method can easily be used in school education settings.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.593-600
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• 2006

The effects of breed and sex on individual growth performance and feeding behaviour were studied between 45 and 90 kg BW in two replicates of forty group-housed pigs. The first and the second replicates were carried out during the warm season (i.e. between February and April 2003) and during the hot season (i.e. between August and October 2003), respectively. During the warm season, ambient temperature and relative humidity averaged $25.3^{\circ}C$ and 86.0%. The corresponding values for the hot season were $27.9^{\circ}C$ and 83.6%. The pigs were grouped in pens of 10 animals on the basis of breed (Creole or Large White) and sex (gilt or castrated male) and given ad libitum access to a grower diet (9.0 MJ/kg net energy and 158 g/kg crude protein) via feed intake recording equipment (Acema 48). An ear-tag transponder was inserted into each pig and this allowed the time, duration, and size of individual visits to be recorded. The growth performance and feeding pattern were significantly affected by breed, sex, and season. The Creole pigs (CR) had a lower average daily gain (ADG) (642 vs. 861 g/d, p<0.01) and carcass lean content ($LC_{90kg}$) (35.4 vs. 54.5%; p<0.01) and a higher backfat thickness at 90 kg BW ($BT_{90kg}$) (23.4 vs. 10.4 mm; p<0.01) than Large White pigs (LW) whereas the average daily feed intake (ADFI) was not affected by breed (2.34 vs. 2.22 kg/d, respectively for CR and LW pigs; p>0.10). Consequently, the food:gain ratio was higher in CR than in LW (3.65 vs. 2.58; p<0.01). CR had less frequent meals but ate more feed per meal than LW (5.9 vs. 8.8 meals/d and 431 vs. 279 g/meal; p<0.01). The rate of feed intake was lower (27.6 vs. 33.9 g/min; p<0.01) and the ingestion time per day and per meal were higher in CR than in LW (87.1 vs. 69.7 min/d and 15.8 vs. 8.4 min/meal; p<0.01). The ADFI and BT90 kg were higher (2.38 vs. 2.17 kg/d and 18.1 vs. 15.9 mm; p<0.05) and LC90 kg was lower (43.5 vs. 46.4%; p<0.01) in castrated males (CM) than in gilts (G) whereas ADG was not affected by sex (p = 0.12). The difference in lean content between CM and G was greater in CR than in LW. The ADFI and ADG were reduced during the hot season (2.18 vs.2.38 kg/d and 726 vs. 777 g/d, respectively; p<0.05) whereas feed conversion and carcass lean content were not affected by season (p>0.05). Average feeding time per meal and meal size decreased during the hot season (10.9 vs. 13.2 min/meal and 316 vs. 396 g/meal; p<0.01) whereas the rate of feed intake was not affected by season (p = 0.83). On average, 0.69 of total feed intake was consumed during the diurnal period. However, this partition of feed intake was significantly affected by breed, sex, and season. In conclusion, the breed, sex and season significantly affect performance and feeding pattern in growing pigs raised in a tropical climate. Moreover, the results obtained in the present study suggest that differences observed in BW composition between CR and LW are associated with difference in feeding behaviour, in particular, the short-term regulation of feed intake.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1371-1377
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• 2019

Oxidative stress induced by the over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain is the most common cause of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of flavonoids and their glycosides, namely kaempferol, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercetin, and quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside, against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in the C6 glial cells. The H₂O₂-treated glial cells exhibited decreased cell viability and increased ROS production when compared with normal cells. However, cells treated with each of the four flavonoids/glycosides demonstrated significantly increased viability and suppressed ROS production when compared with the H₂O₂-treated control group. These results indicate that flavonoids/glycosides attenuate oxidative stress induced by H₂O₂ in C6 glial cells. To confirm the protective molecular mechanisms, we measured pro-inflammatory factors such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and interleukin-1β. H₂O₂ treatment was seen to elevate these factors and decrease IκB-α in the C6 glial cells, while the flavonoids/glycosides induced a down-regulation of the pro-inflammatory factors and increased IκB-α, indicating a neuroprotective effects through attenuation of the inflammation. In particular, quercetin and its glycoside showed a higher neuroprotective effect than the kaempferol treatments. These results suggest that these flavonoids and their glycosides could be promising therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative diseases via the attenuation of oxidative stress.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.1149-1155
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• 2011

Myostatin (MSTN) belongs to the transforming growth factor-${\beta}$ superfamily or growth and differentiation factor 8 (GDF-8), and functions as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle development and growth. Previous studies in mammals have suggested that myostatin knock-out increased muscle mass and decreased fat content compared to those of the wide type. Recently, several studies on myostatin have beenconducted on the block myostatin signal pathway with myostatin antagonists and the MSTN regulation with RNAi to control myostatin function. This study was performed to analyze growth and muscle alteration of Oncorhychus masou by treatment with recombinant myostatin prodomains derived from fish. We designed myostatin prodomains derived from P. olivaceus (pMALc2x-poMSTNpro) and S. schlegeli (pMALc2x-sMSTNpro) in a pMALc2x expression vector, and then purified the recombinant proteins using affinity chromatography. The purified recombinant proteins were treated in O. masou through an immersion method. Recombinant protein treated groups did not show a significant difference in weight, protein, or lipid composition compared to the control. However, there was a difference in the average number and area for histological analyses in the muscle fiber. At twelve and twenty-two weeks from the initial treatment, there were differences in averagefiber number and area between the 0.05 mg/l treated-group and the control, but the numbers were similar to those of the control during the same time period. At twelve weeks, however, 0.2 mg/l treated-group had an increase in average fiber number and decrease in average fiber area compared to the control. At twenty-two weeks, the pMALc2x-sMSTNpro 0.2 mg/l treated-group was induced and showed a decrease in average fiber number and increase in average fiber area. The results between twelve and twenty-two weeks showed that the fiber numbers had decreased, whereas average fiberarea had increased due to sMSTNpro. It is understood that the sMSTNpro induced only hyperplasia at twelve weeks, after which it induced hypertrophy. Recombinant myostatin prodomains derived from fish may induce hyperplasia and hypertrophy in O. masou depending upon the time that has elapsed.