• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.23 no.5
• /
• pp.689-695
• /
• 2016

In this study, the drying characteristics of medicinal (Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus linteus) and edible (Pleurotus eryngii, Lentinus edodes) mushrooms were investigated. Their shrinkage ratios, Hunter's color values, and rehydration ratios were evaluated. Mushrooms were cut with rectangular (1 cm) and square ($1{\times}1cm$) shapes, and dried in the room temperature and at $50^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$ using hot-air dryer. Initial moisture contents of edible mushrooms were higher than those of medicinal mushrooms, whereas final moisture contents were vice versa. Drying rate was the highest when drying at $70^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). Moreover the drying rate of square slices was higher than that of rectangular slices (p<0.05). The shrinkage ratios of both medicinal mushrooms and edible mushrooms were the least when drying at $50^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$, respectively (p<0.05). The changes of color values were less in the medicinal mushrooms dried in the room temperature than in the hot-air dried medicinal mushrooms (p<0.05). However, in case of edible mushrooms, the changes of color values were less in the hot-air dried mushrooms (p<0.05). Rehydration ratios of medicinal mushrooms dried at $50^{\circ}C$ was the highest (p<0.05). In contrast, rehydration ratios of edible mushrooms was the highest when drying in the room temperature (p<0.05). Thus, the hot-air drying at $50^{\circ}C$ would be suggested as the efficient drying method for both medicinal mushrooms and edible mushrooms.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.230-251
• /
• 2017

According to the survey on higher fungi from 2009 to 2011 and also in 2015 in Byeonsanbando National Park, a total of 2 division, 6 class, 18 orders, 61 families, 157 genera and 323 species were observed. In case of Agaricales, there were 23 families, 67 genera and 153 species; Boletales, there were 6 families, 27 genera and 45 species; Russulales, there were 3 family, 4 genera and 40 species; Polyporales, there were 6 family, 21 genera, 28 species. Thus, most of them belonged to the following 4 orders: Agaricales, Russulales, Boletales and Polyporales. Dominant species belonged to Boletaceae (37 species), Russulaceae (36 species), Agaricaceae (28 species) and Amamtaceae (25 species). For the habitat environment, the ectomycorrhizal mushrooms were 40.2% (poisonous mushrooms, 46 species; edible & medicinal mushrooms, 51 species; unknown edible & poisonous mushrooms, 26 species), litter decomposing and wood rotting fungi 35.3%(poisonous mushrooms, 10 species; edible & medicinal mushrooms, 52 species; unknown edible & poisonous mushrooms, 46species), grounding Fungi 22.3%(poisonous mushrooms, 8 species; edible & medicinal mushrooms, 31 species; unknown edible & poisonous mushrooms, 29 species). Monthly, most of poisonous mushrooms, edible & medicinal mushrooms and unknown edible & poisonous mushrooms were found in July and August. In terms of altitude, the most species were observed at 1~99m and the populations dropped by a significant level at an altitude of 200m or higher. It seemed that the most diversified poisonous mushrooms, edible & medicinal mushrooms and unknown edible & poisonous mushrooms occurred at climate conditions with a mean air temperature at $24.0{\sim}25.9^{\circ}C$, the highest air temperature at $28.0{\sim}29.9^{\circ}C$, the lowest air temperature at $20.0{\sim}21.9^{\circ}C$, a relative humidity at 77.0~79.9% and a rainfall of 300.0~499.9mm.

• Plant Resources
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.42-48
• /
• 1999

This study was undertaken to examine the feasibility of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) as substrates for several edible mushrooms. For the cultivation of several edible and/or medicinal fungi on black locust, optimum bulk densities, synthetic or semisynthetic additives, natural additives and pretreatment methods were investigated. Fruit body yields of the fungi on various sawdust media composed of different wood species were also analyzed for testing the capability of black locust as a substrate for mushroom production. Mycelial growths decreased proportional when the bulk density increased. The most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources as additives to promote the mycelial growth were sucrose (2%, w/w) and ammonium phosphate (0.2%, w/w) respectively. When corn-powder and beer-waste as natural additives were added to sawdust of black locust showed the significant growth of mycelia. And the optimum mixing ratio was 10:2:1 (sawdust: corn-powder: beer-waste, w/w). Black locust after cold water treatment showed the outstanding mycelial growths. Any significant changes of pH, moisture content (%) and dry-weight losses (%) could not be found among culture substrates (sawdust of black locust, oak and poplar wood) examined before and after harvesting of fruit bodies. Yield of fruit bodies on black locust culture media were comparable with those culture media composed with oak and poplar wood. The present work indicated strongly the potentiality of black locust as raw materials for edible and medicinal mushrooms.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.591-594
• /
• 2012

Effect of pulsed power was investigated on fruit body formation of 10 edible mushrooms, Lentinula edodes, Glifola frondosa, Pholiota nameko, Flammulina velutipes, Hypsizygus marmoreus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus abalonus, Agrocybe cylindracea and Sparassis crispa. Pulsed power of 100-170 kV was directly charged to the substrate just before fructification. The effect of the pulsed power resulted to promote for 10 edible mushrooms fructification. The treatment especially stimulated the fructification on Pleurotus species.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.107-114
• /
• 2020

Fifteen species of wild mushrooms, which are classified as edible, medicinal, poisonous, or unknown types, were analyzed for their free amino acid contents. The average total amino acid content was 1,120.0 mg/kg in the edible type, 1,037.8 mg/kg in the medicinal type, and 1,010.8 mg/kg in the poisonous or unknown type, respectively. The edible type wild mushrooms showed the highest average content of total essential amino acids; conversely, the poisonous or unknown type showed the lowest content. Leucopaxillus giganteus (OK811) showed the highest total amino acid (1,212.4 mg/kg) and essential amino acid (490.2 mg/kg) contents among edible type, while Pycnoporus sanguineus (OK1071) showed the highest total amino acid (1,233.7 mg/kg) and essential amino acid (412.8 mg/kg) contents among the medicinal type. Among the poisonous or unknown type, Hypholoma fasciculare (OK826) showed the highest total amino acid (1,223.4 mg/kg) and essential amino acid (442.8 mg/kg) contents. The amino acid contents of wild mushrooms are fundamental data for the screening of useful genetic resources with nutritionally superior properties.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.42 no.5
• /
• pp.655-662
• /
• 2013

The antioxidant and anticancer effects of the edible mushrooms Lentinus edodes (LE, Pyogo mushroom) and Agaricus blazei (AB, Agaricus mushroom), and the medicinal mushrooms Cordyceps militaris (CM, Dong chunghacho), Ganoderma lucidum (GL, Youngji mushroom), Inonotus obliquus (IO, Chaga mushroom), and Phellinus linteus (PL, Sangwhang mushroom) were studied in vitro. The bioactive components were extracted by methanol. The antioxidant effects were evaluated using the DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. The antioxidant activities of medicinal mushrooms (35~90%) were higher than edible mushrooms (4~23%). The in vitro anticancer effects of the mushrooms were evaluated using the MTT assay in AGS gastric adenocarcinoma cells, HCT-116 colon carcinoma cells, and HepG2 hepatoma cells. The medicinal mushrooms CM, GL, IO, and PL showed 28~91% inhibition, while the edible mushrooms LE and AB exhibited 5~40% inhibition. The medicinal mushrooms, compared to edible mushrooms, effectively down-regulated the gene expression of the anti-apoptosis related gene Bcl-2 and inflammation-related genes iNOS and COX-2, and up-regulated the pro-apoptosis gene Bax (p<0.05). Total polyphenol and flavonoids contents of the medicinal mushrooms were 9.1~35.7 mg/g, while the edible mushrooms showed 0~13.3 mg/g. This study showed that antioxidant activities and anticancer activities in vitro increased in the order LE, AB, GL, CM, IO and PL. LE and AB showed the lowest effects among the samples, GL and CM had medium effects, and IO and PL exhibited the highest effects in the antioxidant and anticancer effect for three different human cancer cells. Taken together, PL resulted in the highest and LE the lowest effects in this study.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.215-220
• /
• 2014

Mushrooms are a recognized component of the human diet, with versatile medicinal properties. Some mushrooms are popular worldwide for their nutritional and therapeutic properties. However, some species are dangerous because they cause toxicity. There are many reports explaining the medicinal and/or toxic effects of these fungal species. Cases of serious human poisoning generally caused by the improper identification of toxic mushroom species are reported every year. Different substances responsible for the fatal signs and symptoms of mushroom toxicity have been identified from various poisonous mushrooms. Toxicity studies of mushroom species have demonstrated that mushroom poisoning can cause adverse effects such as liver failure, bradycardia, chest pain, seizures, gastroenteritis, intestinal fibrosis, renal failure, erythromelalgia, and rhabdomyolysis. Correct categorization and better understanding are essential for the safe and healthy consumption of mushrooms as functional foods as well as for their medicinal use.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 2006.04a
• /
• pp.330-331
• /
• 2006

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.109-116
• /
• 1981

Three edible species and one species utilized as drug were selected from wild mushrooms collected from mountains and fields throughout Korea during 1977 to 1979 for artificial cultivation. The media, MES for G. lucidum, MHS for P. rudis and MSES and MHS for P. adipose and Pluteus sp. were selected. The range of optimum pH was 4.0 to 5.0 in citric acid-sodium phosphate dibasic for the tested species. The range of optimum temperature for the mycelial growth of G. lucidum and P. adiposa was 25 to 3$0^{\circ}C$ and 30 to 35$^{\circ}C$ for P. rudis and Pluteus sp. For the moisture content 75 to 80% (w/w) in the substrates, the mycelial growth of most tested species was rapid. As the spawning substrates, poplar sawdust for G. lucidum and Pluteus sp., oak sawdust for P. rudis and wheat for P. adipose were selected, respectively. In this experiment, the fruit bodies of all tested species were appeared. Among them, G. lucidum for medicinal purpose and P. adiposa and Pluteus sp. for sources of new edible mushrooms seems to be possible. However, the sporophores of P. rudis were not adequate as an edible mushroom for the commercial due to the leathery flesh.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.406-420
• /
• 2021

Gloeostereum incarnatum has edible and medicinal value and was first cultivated and domesticated in China. We sequenced the G. incarnatum monokaryotic strain GiC-126 on an Illumina HiSeq X Ten system and obtained a 34.52-Mb genome assembly sequence that encoded 16,895 predicted genes. We combined the GiC-126 genome with the published genome of G. incarnatum strain CCMJ2665 to construct a genetic linkage map (GiC-126 genome) that had 10 linkage groups (LGs), and the 15 assembly sequences of CCMJ2665 were integrated into 8 LGs. We identified 1912 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci and detected 700 genes containing 768 SSRs in the genome; 65 and 100 of them were annotated with gene ontology (GO) terms and KEGG pathways, respectively. Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) were identified in 20 fungal genomes and annotated; among them, 144 CAZymes were annotated in the GiC-126 genome. The A mating-type locus (MAT-A) of G. incarnatum was located on scaffold885 at 38.9 cM of LG1 and was flanked by two homeodomain (HD1) genes, mip and beta-fg. Fourteen segregation distortion markers were detected in the genetic linkage map, all of which were skewed toward the parent GiC-126. They formed three segregation distortion regions (SDR1-SDR3), and 22 predictive genes were found in scaffold1920 where three segregation distortion markers were located in SDR1. In this study, we corrected and updated the genomic information of G. incarnatum. Our results will provide a theoretical basis for fine gene mapping, functional gene cloning, and genetic breeding the follow-up of G. incarnatum.