• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.169-184
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• 2022

The importance of seismicity in developing countries and the strengthening of buildings is a topic of major importance. Therefore, the study of several solutions with the development of new technologies is of great importance to investigate the damage on retrofitted structures by using probabilistic methods. The Federal Emergency Management Agency considers three types of performance levels by considering different scenarios, intensity and duration. The selection and scaling of ground motions mainly depends on the aim of the study. Intensity-based assessments are the most common and compute the response of buildings for a specified seismic intensity. Assessments based on scenarios estimate the response of buildings to different earthquake scenarios. A risk-based assessment is considered as one of the most effective. This research represents a practical method for developing countries where exists many active faults, tall buildings and lack of good implementable approaches. Therefore, to achieve the main goal, two high-rise steel buildings have been modeled and assessed. The contribution of buckling-restrained braces in the elastic design of both buildings is firstly verified. In the nonlinear static range, both buildings presented repairable damage at the central top part and some life safety hinges at the bottom. The nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis was applied by 15 representative/scaled accelerograms to obtain levels of performance and fragility curves. The results shown that by using probabilistic methods, it is possible to estimate the probability of collapse of retrofitted buildings by buckling-restrained braces and tuned mass dampers, which are practical retrofitting options to protect existing structures against earthquakes.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제34권6_4호
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• pp.1479-1488
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• 2018

2017년 9월 3일 북한에서 발생한 인공지진 신호가 기상청 지진관측망에 관측되었다. 진앙은 풍계리 핵실험 지역으로 지금까지의 실험 중 가장 강력한 실험이었다. 직접적 접근이 제한되는 상황에서 6차 핵실험에 의한 주변 지표변화 연구를 위해 고해상도 위성 자료를 활용하였다. 우선, 지표변위 관측을 위해 ALOS-2 위성 자료를 활용하여 레이더 간섭기법(InSAR: SAR Interferometry)을 적용하였다. 하지만 6차 핵실험 주변 지역의 대규모 지표변위와 강한 진동으로 인해 낮은 긴밀도(coherence) 값을 지니며 레이더 간섭도가 생성되지 않았다. 이는 강한 진동으로 인한 표면의 변화와 레이더 간섭도가 생성 가능한 최대 지표변위 관측 범위보다 큰 변위가 발생했기 때문으로 추정되며 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위해 오프셋 트래킹(Offset Tracking) 방법을 활용하였다. 오프셋 트래킹 방법은 6차 핵실험 전 후 위성 영상레이더의 강도 영상(Intensity)에 대한 교차상관기법(Cross-Correlation)을 이용하는 것으로 상관관계 추정을 위해 사용된 윈도우 크기에 따라 결과가 달라지는 단점이 존재한다. 본 연구에서는 32부터 224까지 16단계로 윈도우 크기를 변화시키고 그 결과의 통계적 처리 후 지표변위를 생성하였다. 그 결과, 6차 핵실험 장소를 기준으로 만탑산 서쪽 지역에서 최대 3 m의 지표변위를 관측하였다. 또한, 고해상도 광학 영상을 활용하여 6차 핵실험에 의한 산사태 및 함몰지역으로 추정되는 지역을 확인하였다. 이러한 현상은 매우 강력한 지하 핵실험에 의한 것으로 판단되며 기존 음파 및 지진파를 이용한 핵실험 분석뿐만 아니라 고해상도 위성영상을 활용하여 비접근 지역에 대한 보조 분석 자료로 활용이 가능 할 것이다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.649-660
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• 2002

Experimental results are presented from tests conducted on reinforced concrete beam-column joints with lap splices under reversed cyclic loading simulating earthquake action. Response curves are compared for twenty-four specimens designed according to Eurocode 2. The main parameters of the investigation are, the geometry of the reinforcing bar extension, the applied axial load (normalized), the available cover over lap splice region extended as length required from Eurocode 2, as well as the shape and the volumetric percentage of the stirrups confining the lap splice zone. The results are evaluated with regards to the load intensity, the energy absorption capacity and the characteristics of the load deflection curve.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.207-223
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• 2013

Practical seismic assessment and design of retrofit for the multitude of small ecclesiastical monuments that abound in the Balkans is the subject of this work. Application of the proposed procedures and methodologies are illustrated in an example case study, a small byzantine church located in Western Greece, which is the region with the highest seismicity in Europe. The church, known as the Fragavilla Monastery, had remained almost undamaged for 800 years, until 1993 when the Pyrgos earthquake caused critical damage mainly in the vaults. Linear elastic analysis to the recorded ground motion, capped by a biaxial failure criterion reproduced the developed damage. The same modelling and analysis procedure was subsequently used for assessment of the intended retrofitting measures. Proposed retrofitting measures included mitigation of the undesirable implications of past interventions along with a combination of strengthening schemes with externally bonded AFRPs strategically placed in the structure. The effectiveness of the proposed solutions is gauged by successful reduction of stress intensity in the critical regions and mitigation of stress localization throughout the structure.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.97-102
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• 1988

한반도(韓半島)에서 역사지진(歷史地震)과 계기지진(計器地震) 기록(記錄)에 의한 변형(變形)에너지 방출량(放出量)이 산정되었다. 또한, 지진발생진도(地震發生震度)와 누적빈도(累積頻度)의 관계를 산출하였다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)의 주(主)된 목적으로서 한반도(韓半島)의 지진위험도(地震危險圖)를 작성하였다. 그리하여 지진위험도(地震危險圖)의 각 구역(區域)에서 두 종류 구조물(構造物)의 내진설계(耐震設計)를 위한 최대지반가속도(最大地盤加速度)를 결정하였다. 첫번째 형태는 건물이나 교량과 같은 일반(一般) 구조물(構造物)이고 두번째 형태는 원자력발전소(原子力發電所)와 같은 특수구조물(特殊構造物)이다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.445-468
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• 2014

The objective in this research is to determine the feasibility of using changes on the dynamic properties of a reinforced concrete (RC) structure to identify different levels of seismic induced damage. Damping ratio and natural frequency changes in a RC bridge column are analyzed using different signal processing techniques like Hilbert Transforms, Random Decrement and Wavelet Transforms. The data used in the analysis was recorded during a full-scale RC bridge column shake table test. The structure was subjected to ten earthquake excitations that induced different levels of inelastic demand on the column. In addition, low-intensity white noises were applied to the column in-between earthquakes. The results obtained show that the use of the damping ratio and natural frequency of vibration as damage indicators is arguable.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2000년도 가을 학술발표회논문집(I)
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• pp.229-234
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• 2000

As the level of earthquake intensity in Korea is considered to be moderate, some structures or structural elements may be subjected to the reduced ductility demand, in contrast to the structures in high seismicity, due to the large inherent strength induced by gravity loads. New Zealand Standard(NZS) deals with there structures within the category of structures of limited ductility. This paper briefly reviews the applicability of the code, regarding limited ductility, for frame strucures which are commonly used as the office building structural system. The difference of the loading condition is considered. Details of the plastic hinge region are compared between NZS and Korean standard.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.895-908
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• 2014

The main objective of critical excitation methods is to reveal the worst possible response of structures. This goal is accomplished by considering the uncertainties of ground motion, which is subjected to the appropriate constraints, such as earthquake power and intensity limit. The concentration of this current study is on the theoretical optimization aspect, as is the case with the majority of conventional critical excitation methods. However, these previous studies on critical excitation lead to a discontinuous power spectral density (PSD). This paper introduces some critical excitations which contain proper continuity in frequency domain. The main idea for generating such continuous excitations stems from the combination of two continuous functions. On the other hand, in order to provide a non-stationary model, this paper attempts to present an appropriate envelope function, which unlike the previous envelope functions, can properly cover the natural earthquakes' accelerograms based on multi-peak conditions. Finally, the proposed method is developed into the multiple-degree-of-freedom (M.D.O.F) structures.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.591-598
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• 2019

The most recent shaking experiences have demonstrated that the predictions of the seismic models are not always in agreement with the registered responses, especially in the face of extreme earthquakes. Records collected from 1960 to 2011 at a rock-like site are used to develop a neural network that permits to estimate peak ground accelerations via the magnitude, the focal depth, the site-source distance and a seismogenic zone. The neural model is applied to the 8th and 19th September 2017 events that hit Mexican territory and the obtained results show that the network is flexible enough to work appropriately to various conditions of intensity and sites-sources with remarkably predictive capacity. The neural-attenuation curves are compared with those obtained from Ground Motion Prediction Equations and their performance is assessed for events, in addition to the devastating Mexican events, from Japan, Taiwan, Chile and USA.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.267-283
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• 2011

Although earthquakes generate random cyclic lateral loading on structures, a quasi-static cyclic loading pattern with gradually increasing amplitude has been commonly used in the laboratory tests because of its relatively low cost and simplicity compared with pseudo-dynamic and shake table tests. The number, amplitudes and sequence of cycles must be chosen appropriately as important parameters of a quasi-static cyclic loading pattern in order to account for cumulative damage matter. This paper aims to reach a new cyclic displacement pattern to be used in quasi-static tests of well-confined, flexure-dominated reinforced concrete (RC) columns. The main parameters of the study are sectional dimensions, percentage of longitudinal reinforcement, axial force intensity and earthquake types, namely, far-fault and near-fault.