• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.195-205
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• 2011

Objectives : Ecklonia cava is brown alga(Laminariaceae) which grows is sea, it has antioxidant, diarrhea and anticoagulant effect. In this study, the effect of ethanol extract of Ecklonia cava (EC) on peptidoglycan(PGN) -induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells was investigated. Methods : In the present study, IL-6 production was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), prostaglandin $\E_2$($\PGE_2$) production was measured using the EIA kit, and inducible NO synthase(iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), and mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) activation, as determined by western blot analysis and reverse transcription -polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). Results : EC inhibited PGN-induced NO and IL-6 production. Consistent with these observations, the protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 were inhibited by EC. Moreover, EC suppressed the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK) 1/2 in PGN-induced RAW 264.7. Conclusions : These results suggest that EC has inhibitory effects on PGN-induced $\PGE_2$, NO, and IL-6 production, as well as the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in the murine macrophage. These inhibitory effects occur through blockades on the MAPKs phosphorylation.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.431-437
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• 2016

본 연구는 전통약재로 주로 사용되는 구절초에서 분리한 다당류(CZPS)가 선천 및 적응면역에서 중추적인 역할을 수행하는 대식세포의 활성화에 미치는 영향에 관하여 관찰하였다. 구절초에서 분리한 다당류를 마우스 유래 대식세포주인 RAW 264.7 cell에 처리하였을 때, iNOS의 발현을 조절하여 NO의 생성이 증가되었으며, 또한 면역활성 물질인 TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ 및 IL-6 등의 cytokine의 분비능이 증가되었으며, 이러한 면역활성 매개자인 NO 및 cytokine의 증가의 원인에 관한 정확한 면역세포내 신호전달에 관하여 알아본 결과, CZPS 처리는 MAPKs(ERK, p38)의 인산화를 촉진시키며, 이로 인한 전사인자인 NF-${\kappa}B$의 인산화를 증가시켜, 대식세포의 활성화를 유도시키는 것으로 관찰되었다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.337-344
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• 2002

조골 세포의 분화에 중요한 역할을 하는 전사 인자인 Runx2는 그 역할은 많이 알려져 있지만, 이를 조절하는 신호 전달체계에 대해서는 많이 알려지지 않았다. 이에 본 연구에서는 조골 세포의 분화 및 증식에 영향을 미친다고 알려진 PKC 및 MAPK pathway가 Runx2에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. PKC활성화에 따른 Runx2의 전사 활성 및 발현 양상을 관찰하기 위해 6XOSE2-C2C12 cell에 PKC 활성제를 처리하여 luciferase assay와 Northern blot analysis를 시행하였다. MAPK 활성화에 따른 Runx2의 전사 활성을 관찰하기 위해 MAPK 활성제를 6XOSE2-C2C12 cell에 처리하여 luciferase assay를 시행하였다. 두 신호 전달 체계의 활성화에 따른 골 표지 유전자의 전사 양상을 관찰하기 위해 osteocalcin과 osteopontin을 transient transfection한 C2C12 cell에 각 신호 전달 체계의 활성제를 처리하여 luciferase assay를 시행하였다. 또한 각 신호 전달 체계가 상호 작용하는지 알아보기 위하여 MAPK 억제제를 전처리하여 MAPK pathway를 차단한 1 시간 뒤 PKC 활성제를 처리하고 luciferase assay를 시행하여 Runx2의 전사 활성을 관찰하였다. 이상의 실험으로 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. - PKC pathway의 활성화는 Runx2의 전사 활성 및 발현을 증가시키고 이로 인해 그의 영향을 받는 골 표지 유전자 (osteopontin, osteocalcin)의 전사도 증가한다. - MAPK pathway의 활성화는 Runx2 및 골 표지 유전자 (osteopontin, osteocalcin)의 전사활성을 증가시킨다. - PKC pathway는 MAPK pathway를 경유하여 Runx2의 전사 활성을 조절한다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.127-134
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• 2008

Objectives : The present study was designed to investigate whether Ostericum koreanum (OK) could regulate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo. Methods : To evaluate of anti-inflammatory effect of OK, we examined Nitric oxide (NO), proinflammatory cytokines production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, we checked molecular mechanism especially in the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the degradation of inhibitory kappa B a ($Ik-B{\alpha}$) using western blot and also investigated survival of mice in LPS-mediated endotoxin shock. Results : 1. Extract from OK itself have weak cytotoxic effect on RAW264.7 cells. Extract from OK inhibited LPS-induced NO, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and IL-10 production in RAW264.7 cells. 2. OK inhibited the phosphorylation of MAPKs, such as p38, extracelluar signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and also the degradation of $I{\kappa}-B{\alpha}$ in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells 3. OK did not inhibit LPS-induced endotoxin shock. Conclusions : OK down-regulated LPS-induced NO and cytokines production through suppressing activation of MAPKs and degradation of $I{\kappa}-B{\alpha}$. Our results suggested that OK may be a beneficial drug against inflammatory diseases.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this paper was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of extract from Teucrium veronicoides (TV) on the RAW 264.7 cells. Methods : To evaluate of anti-inflammatory of TV, we examined the cytokine productions on lipopolysacchride (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells and also inhibitory mechanisms using Western blot. Furthermore, We examined LPS-induced endotoxin shock. Results : 1. Extract from TV itself does not have any cytotoxic effect. 2. Extract from TV reduced LPS-induced Nitric oxide (NO),interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6 and IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) production in RAW 264.7 cells. 3. TV inhibited the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as p38, extracelluar signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and also the degradation of inhibitory kappa B a (Ik-Ba) in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. 3. TV slightly increased the duration of survival after LPS-induced endotoxin shock. Conclusions : TV down-regulated LPS-induced NO and cytokines production, which could provide a clinical basis for anti-inflammatory properties of TV.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.582-590
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• 2018

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs) play a pivotal role in vascular regeneration in ischemic tissues; however, their therapeutic application in clinical settings is limited due to the low quality and quantity of patient-derived circulating EPCs. To solve this problem, we evaluated whether three priming small molecules (tauroursodeoxycholic acid, fucoidan, and oleuropein) could enhance the angiogenic potential of EPCs. Such enhancement would promote the cellular bioactivities and help to develop functionally improved EPC therapeutics for ischemic diseases by accelerating the priming effect of the defined physiological molecules. We found that preconditioning of each of the three small molecules significantly induced the differentiation potential of $CD34^+$ stem cells into EPC lineage cells. Notably, long-term priming of OECs with the three chemical cocktail (OEC-3C) increased the proliferation potential of EPCs via ERK activation. The migration, invasion, and tube-forming capacities were also significantly enhanced in OEC-3Cs compared with unprimed OECs. Further, the cell survival ratio was dramatically increased in OEC-3Cs against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress via the augmented expression of Bcl-2, a pro-survival protein. In conclusion, we identified three small molecules for enhancing the bioactivities of ex vivo-expanded OECs for vascular repair. Long-term 3C priming might be a promising methodology for EPC-based therapy against ischemic diseases.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1392-1398
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of aqueous extract from Sophora Japonica (SJ) on the RAW 264.7 cells. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of SJ, we examined the cytokine productions including nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells and also inhibitory mechanisms such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa b (NF-kB) using Western blot. SJ inhibited LPS-induced production of NO, TNF-a but not of IL-1b and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells. SJ inhibited the activation of MAPKs such as extracelluar signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 but not of NF-kB in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, SJ down-regulated LPS-induced NO and TNF-a productions via MAPKs, which could be a clinical basis for inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.365-372
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• 2015

Aripiprazole (ARI) is a commonly prescribed medication used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. To date, there have been no studies regarding the molecular pathological and immunotoxicological profiling of aripiprazole. Thus, in the present study, we prepared two different formulas of aripiprazole [Free base crystal of aripiprazole (ARPGCB) and cocrystal of aripiprazole (GCB3004)], and explored their effects on the patterns of survival and apoptosis-regulatory proteins under acute toxicity and cytotoxicity test conditions. Furthermore, we also evaluated the modulatory activity of the different formulations on the immunological responses in macrophages primed by various stimulators such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), pam3CSK, and poly(I:C) via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), TLR2, and TLR3 pathways, respectively. In liver, both ARPGCB and GCB3004 produced similar toxicity profiles. In particular, these two formulas exhibited similar phospho-protein profiling of p65/nuclear factor $(NF)-{\kappa}B$, c-Jun/activator protein (AP)-1, ERK, JNK, p38, caspase 3, and bcl-2 in brain. In contrast, the patterns of these phospho-proteins were variable in other tissues. Moreover, these two formulas did not exhibit any cytotoxicity in C6 glioma cells. Finally, the two formulations at available in vivo concentrations did not block nitric oxide (NO) production from activated macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS, pam3CSK, or poly(I:C), nor did they alter the morphological changes of the activated macrophages. Taken together, our present work, as a comparative study of two different formulas of aripiprazole, suggests that these two formulas can be used to achieve similar functional activation of brain proteins related to cell survival and apoptosis and immunotoxicological activities of macrophages.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2016

Objectives : Gamisoyosan (GMS) is a useful prescription for treating insomnia, dysmenorrhea and infertility induced by a stress. Also, GMS has been used traditionally to improve systemic circulation and biological energy production. The purpose of this study was to assess the anti-oxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects of Gamisoyosan Formulation (Soft extract, GMS-SE). Methods : The biological activities such as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were measured through cell line-based in vitro assay. We investigated the anti-oxidant properties of GMS-SE on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, contents of total flavonoid and polyphenol. GMS-SE compared to butyl hydroxy anizole (BHA). Furthermore, based on this result the anti-inflammatory effects of GMS-SE have verified by mechanism from LPS- treated Raw264.7 macrophages. Results : The anti-oxidant activities of GMS-SE increased markedly, in a dose-dependent manner. The GMS-SE showed significant scavenging activity (GMS-SE $500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ : $32.77{\pm}1.65%$, GMS-SE $1000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ : $45.06{\pm}1.04%$ and BHA $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ : $39.25{\pm}2.41%$ for DPPH assay). and, The total phenolic compound and flavonoids contents of GMS-SE were $73.93{\pm}6.87{\mu}g/mg$ and $698.75{\pm}6.78{\mu}g/mg$. GMS-SE which is LPS has diminished in the LPS-induced release of inflammatory mediators (NO, iNOS, COX2 and PGE2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and IL-$1{\beta}$) from the RAW264.7 macrophages. Moreover, GMS-SE inhibited the activation of phosphorylation of p38 and ERK MAPKs by induced LPS. Conclusion : The present results indicate that GMS-SE has an anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, therefore may be beneficial in diseases which related to oxidative stress-mediated inflammatory disorders.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.401-412
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• 2013

Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is an oriental herbal preparation obtained from Panax ginseng Meyer (Araliaceae). To expand our understanding of the action of KRG on central nervous system (CNS) function, we examined the effects of KRG on tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)/plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in rat primary astrocytes. KRG extract was treated in cultured rat primary astrocytes and neuron in a concentration range of 0.1 to 1.0 mg/mL and the expression of functional tPA/PAI-1 was examined by casein zymography, Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. KRG extracts increased PAI-1 expression in rat primary astrocytes in a concentration dependent manner (0.1 to 1.0 mg/mL) without affecting the expression of tPA itself. Treatment of 1.0 mg/mL KRG increased PAI-1 protein expression in rat primary astrocytes to $319.3{\pm}65.9%$ as compared with control. The increased PAI-1 expression mediated the overall decrease in tPA activity in rat primary astrocytes. Due to the lack of PAI-1 expression in neuron, KRG did not affect tPA activity in neuron. KRG treatment induced a concentration dependent activation of PI3K, p38, ERK1/2, and JNK in rat primary astrocytes and treatment of PI3K or MAPK inhibitors such as LY294002, U0126, SB203580, and SP600125 (10 ${\mu}M$ each), significantly inhibited 1.0 mg/mL KRG-induced expression of PAI-1 and down-regulation of tPA activity in rat primary astrocytes. Furthermore, compound K but not other ginsenosides such as Rb1 and Rg1 induced PAI-1 expression. KRG-induced up-regulation of PAI-1 in astrocytes may play important role in the regulation of overall tPA activity in brain, which might underlie some of the beneficial effects of KRG on CNS such as neuroprotection in ischemia and brain damaging condition as well as prevention or recovery from addiction.