• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.269-276
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• 2011

Purpose: To determine the incidence, risk factors, and clinical characteristics of pelvic insufficiency fracture (PIF) in patients with cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: Between July 2004 and August 2009, 235 patients with non-metastatic cervical cancer were treated with definitive chemoradiation or postoperative radiotherapy. Among 235 patients, 117 (49.8%) underwent the first positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) within 1 year after radiotherapy. The median radiation dose was 55 Gy (range, 45 to 60 Gy). Medical charts and imaging studies, including PET/CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CT. bone scintigraphy were reviewed to evaluate the patients with PIF. Results: Among 235 patients, 16 developed PIF. The 5-year detection rate of PIF was 9.5%. The 5-year detection rate of PIF in patients who underwent the first PET/CT within a year was 15.6%. The median time to development of PIF was 12.5 months (range, 5 to 30 months). The sites of fracture included 12 sacroiliac joints, 3 pubic rami, 3 iliac bones, and 1 femoral neck. Eleven of 16 patients having PIF complained of hip pain requiring medications. One patient required hospitalization for pain control. The significant risk factors of PIF were old age, body mass index less than 23, bone mineral density less than -3.5 SD, and the first PET/CT within a year after radiotherapy. Radiation dose and concurrent chemotherapy had no impact on PIF rate. Conclusion: PIFs were not rare after pelvic radiotherapy in cervical cancer patients in the era of PET/CT. Timely diagnosis and management of PIF can improve quality of life in patients with cervical cancer, in addition to reducing unnecessary medical expenses.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.650-661
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• 2005

Statement of problem: It could be hypothesised that attachments, which provide more retention against vortical and horizontal dislodgement, will be associated with more favorable parameters of oral function. Purpose: This study was to provide data of initial retentive force and retention loss of different bar attachment systems recommended for use with maxillary implant overdentures. Material and method: 4 implants were placed in the anterior region of edentulous maxilla, five different systems of bar attachment were fabricated as follows: cantilevered Hader bar using clips (Type 1), Hader bar using clips without cantilever (Type 2), Hader bar using clip and ERA attachment orange male (Type 3), Hader bar using clip and ERA attachment white male (Type 4), and Bar using magnets (Type 5). Each samples were placed in the universal testing machine for determination of retentive forces(at initial and after every 200 cycles up to 1,000 cycles). Results and Conclusion 1. Attachment type 1 showed the biggest initial retentive force followed by type 3, type 2, type 4, and lastly type 5(P<0.001). 2. After 1,000 cycles of repeated removals of attachments, significant loss of retentive forces was taken place except for attachment type 5. 3. After 1,000 cycles of repeated removals, the loss of retentive force between type 1 and type 2, which used Hader bar and clip attachments. was greater in type 1 that had wider clip formation. And between type 3 and type 4, which used ERA attachments, the loss of retentive force was greater in type 4 that had white male attached (P<0.001). 4. After 1.000 cycles of repeated removals, attachment type 3 showed the biggest retentive force followed by type 2, type 4, type 1 and lastly type. 5. There was no significant difference between attachment type 3 and 4, and type 4 and 1(P<0.001).

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-18
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• 1994

This study is designed to delve into the measuring systems of different periods so as to help with more exact representations of cultures of different periods. The basis of the measuring system in china stems from the huangjong (Huangzhong : the yellow bell) of the period of Huangdi, the length of the bell being the width of 90 black millet grains. Do (Du : width) ; 1 bun=the width of one black millet grain, 1 Chon=10 Buns, 1 Chuk=10 Chons, 1 Jang=10 Cheoks, 1 In=10 Jangs. Ryang (Lyang : volume) ; 1 Yak=the weight of 1,200 grains in the yellow bell, 1 Hab=2 Yaks, 1Seung=10 habs, 1 Du=10 Seungs, 1 Gok=10 Dus. Hyung (Hung : weight) ; 12 Jus=the weight of 1 Yak, 1Yang=24 Jus are equal 1 Hab in weight, 1 Geun=16 Ryangs, 1 Jo=30 Geuns, 1 Seo=4 Jo. In the era of Eun (In) it was decided that the 9-chon length of the Yellowbell shall be 1 Cheok. The Cheok of Ju was set at 4/5 of the length of the yellow bell. The Cheok of Ju breaks into Yongjocheok, Joryegicheok, Pogeumcheok. Yongjocheok, arising from Rohbancheok of the Ju period, is part of Gokcheok also used as a measuring tool for wooden works. The Han cheok has the same length as the yellow bell. The Sang Cheok is 4/5 of the length of the yellow bell. The Tang Cheok was originally the same as the Sang cheok but became longer and longer to be the Long cheok (31.3cm). The length-measuring system used in the three-nation era of Korea includes the gijeom cheil (35.52cm), Ju cheok (25.45cm), sunje Cheok (23.5cm), the Long Tang Cehok (29.706 cm), making 10 Bun 1 Chon and 10 Chon 1 Cheok. The volume-measuring system(Seung) was 198.81 ㎤ before 681 BC in the shilla Dynasty and was 596.42 ㎤ after that. In the seventh year of Kng Munjong of the Koryo dynasty the standard measuring system with the Long Tang Cheok as its basis was adopted, and the standard volume-measuring tools were used under the name of Migok, Daesodugok, Mijangdu, (29.706 cm), making 10 Bun 1 Chon and 10 Chon 1 Cheok. The volume-measuring system(Seung) was 198.81㎤ before 681 BC in the shilla dynasty and was 596.42 ㎤ after that. In the seventh year of King Munjong of the Koryo dynasty the standard measuring system with the Long Tang Cheok as its basis was adopted, and the standard volume-measuring tools were used under the name of Migok, Daesodugok, Kijangdu, Habseung and gokseok. The 1 Seung volumes of theses toolas were 596,447,927 and 1053㎤, respectively. were called Migok, Daesodugok, Mijangdu, Habseung and Gokseok, being respectively 596,447,927, 1053 ㎤, respectively. In the Chosun Dynasty the length of the Yeongjocheos was 27.6 cm or 31.220 in the Sejong era, 29.8 from Heonjong through Gojong, and 30.3 cm after the 6th year of King Kwangmu, and the volume of Du(Mal) also changed like 4.121 or 5.964, 5.187, 23.08 $\ell$, and the 1-Jeonjung also changed like 2.66 or bout 4, 3.45, 3.75 in line with the changes of the length system.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.307-312
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• 2000

As the first assembly of the human genome was announced on June 26, 2000, we have entered post genome era. The genome sequence represents a new starting point for science and medicine with possible impact on research across the life sciences. In this review I tried to offer brief summaries of history and progress of the Human Genome Project and two major challenges ahead, functional genomics and DNA sequence variation research.

• 동굴
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• 제5호
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• pp.5-14
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• 1997

This research is to survey the possibility of developing Yoryang coral cave as the local tour site uitable for local self-government era of Kangwon province, with relation to the tour development of Odaesan and Tebagsesan. This cave is only coral one founded in Asia and has very high speleological, and academic values. The people in the mining village can live a safe and rich life by getting two more jobs through developing the tour site in Yoryang coral cave round. The tour train running between Kangnung and Wonju makes coral cave as the local tour site, the beneficial condition of developing Yoryang.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제9권
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• pp.432-552
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• 1996

The influence of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era(金元代) on the completion of the medicine in the Chosun dynasty(朝鮮朝) can be summarized as follows. 1. The four noted physicians of Geum-Won era were Yoo-Wan-So(劉完素), Jang-Jong-Jung(張從正), Lee-Go(李杲), Ju-Jin-Heung(朱震亨). 2. Yoo-Wan-So(劉完索) made his theory on the basic of Nae-Kyung("內經") and Sane-Han-Lon("傷寒論"), his idea of medicine was characterized in his books, for exemple, application of O-Oon-Yuk-Ki(五運六氣), Ju-Wha theory(主火論) and hang-hae-seng-je theory(亢害承制論). from his theory and method of study, many deviations of oriental medicine occurred. He made an effort for study of Nae-Kyung, which had been depressed for many years, on the contrary of the way old study that Nae-Kyung had been only explained or revised, he applied the theory of Nae-Kyung to clinical care. The theory of Yuk-Gi-Byung-Gi(六氣病機) and On-Yeul-Byung(溫熱病) had much influenced on his students and posterities, not to mention Jang-Ja-Wha and Ju-Jin-Heung, who were among the four noted physicians therefore he became the father of Yuk-Gi(六氣) and On-Yeul(溫熱) schools. 3. Jang-Jong-Jung(張從正) emulated Yoo-Wan-So as a model, and followed his Yuk-Gi-Chi-Byung(六氣致病) theory, but he insisted on the use of the chiaphoretic, the emetic and the paregoric to get rid of the causes, specially he insisted on the use of the paregoric, so they called him Gong-Ha-Pa(攻下派). He insisted on the theory that if we would strenthen ourselves we should use food, id get rid of cause, should use the paregoric, emetic and diaphoretic. Jang-Jong-Jung'S Gang-Sim-Wha(降心火) theory, which he improved Yoo-Wan-So's Han-Ryang(寒凉) theory influenced to originate Ju-Jin-Heung'S Ja-Eum-Gang-Wha(滋陰降火) theory. 4. Lee-Go(李杲) insisted on the theory that Bi-Wi(脾胃) played a loading role in the physiological function and pathological change, and that the internal disease was originated by the need of Gi(氣) came from the disorder of digestive organs, and that the causes of internal disease were the irregular meal, the overwork, and mental shock. Lee-Go made an effort for study about the struggle of Jung-Sa(正邪) and in the theory of the prescription he asserted the method of Seung-Yang-Bo-Gi(升陽補氣), but he also used the method of Go-Han-Gang-Wha(苦寒降火). 5. The authors of Eui-Hak-Jung-Jun("醫學正傳"), Eui-Hak-Ib-Moon("醫學入門"), and Man-Byung-Whoi-Choon("萬病回春") analyzed the medical theory of the four noted physicians and added their own experiences. They helped organizing existing complicated theories of the four noted physicians imported in our country, and affected the formation of medical science in the Choson dynasty largely. Eui-Hak-Jung-Jun("醫學正傳") was written by Woo-Dan(虞槫), in this book, he quoted the theories of Yoo-Wan-So, Jang-Jong-Jung, Lee-Go, Ju-Jin-Heung, especially, Ju-Jin-Heung was respected by him, it affected the writing of Eui-Lim-Choal-Yo("醫林撮要"). Eui-Hak-ib-Moon("醫學入門"), written by Lee-Chun(李杲), followed the medical science of Lee-Go and ju-jin-heung from the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era. Its characteristics of Taoism, idea of caring of health, and organization affected Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑"). Gong-Jung-Hyun(龔延賢) wrote Man-Byung-Whoi-Choon("萬病回春") using the best part of the theories of Yoo-Wan-So, Jang-Jong-Jung, Lee-Go, Ju-Jin-Heung, this book affected Dong-Eui-Soo-Se-Bo-Won("東醫壽世保元") partly. 6. our medical science was developed from the experience of the treatment of disease obtained from human life, these medical knowledge was arranged and organized in Hyang-Yak-Jib-Sung-Bang("鄕藥集成方"), medical books imported from China was organized in Eui-Bang-Yoo-Chwi("醫方類聚"), which formed the base of medical development in the Chosun dynasty. 7. Eui-Lim-Choal-Yo("醫林撮要") was written by Jung-Kyung-Sun(鄭敬先) and revised by Yang-Yui-Soo(楊禮壽). It was written on the base of Woo-Dan's Eui-Jung-Jun, which compiled the medical science of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era. It contained confusing theories of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era and organized medical books of Myung era, therefore it completed the basic form of Byun-Geung-Non-Chi (辨證論治) influenced the writing of Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑"). 8. Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑") was written on the base of basic theory of Eum-Yang-O-Haeng(陰陽五行) and the theory of respondence of heaven and man(天人相應說) in Nae-Kyung. It contained several theories and knowledge, such as the theory of Essence(精), vitalforce(氣), and spirit(神) of Taoism, medical science of geum-won era, our original medical knowledge and experience. It had established the basic organization of our medical science and completed the Byun-Geung-Non-Chi (辨證論治). Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham developed medical science from simple medical treatment to protective medical science by caring of health. And it also discussed human cultivation and Huh-Joon's(許浚) own view of human life through the book. Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham adopted most part of Lee-Go(李杲) and Ju-Jin-Heung's(朱震亨) theory and new theory of "The kidney is the basis of apriority. The spleen is the basis of posterior", so it emphasized the role of spleen and kidney(脾腎) for Jang-Boo-Byung-Gi(臟腑病機). It contained Ju-Jin-Heung's theory of the cause and treatment of disease by colour or fatness of man(black or white, fat or thin). It also contained Ju-Jin-Heung's theory of "phlegm break out fever, fever break out palsy"(痰生熱 熱生風) and the theory of Sang-Wha(相火論). Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham contained Lee-Go's theory of Wha-Yu-Won-Bool-Yang-Lib (火與元氣不兩立論) quoted the theory of Bi-Wi(脾胃論) and the theory of Nae-Oi-Sang-Byun(內外傷辨). For the use of medicine, it followed the theory by Lee-Go. lt used Yoo-Wan-So'S theory of Oh-Gi-Kwa-Keug-Gae-Wi-Yul-Byung(五志過極皆爲熱病) for the treatment of hurt-spirit(傷神) because fever was considered as the cause of disease. It also used Jang-Jons-Jung's theory of Saeng-Keug-Je-Seung(生克制勝) for the treatment of mental disease. 9. Lee-je-ma's Dong-Eui-Soo-Se-Bo-Won("東醫壽世保元") adopted medical theories of Song-Won-Myung era and analyzed these theories using the physical constitutional theory of Sa-Sang-In(四象人). It added Dong-Mu's main idea to complete the theory and clinics of Sa-Sang-Eui-Hak(四象醫學). Lee-Je-Ma didn't quote the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era to discuss that the physical constitutional theory of disease and medicine from Tae-Eum-In(太陰人), So-Yang-In(少陽人), So-Eum-In(少陰人), and Tae-Yang-In(太陽人) was invented from their theories.

• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.31-47
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• 2020

Recently, as the COVID-19 has spread and prolonged worldwide, the 'Untact' society is becoming routinized, and various smart technologies are leading to the spread of the 'Ontact' culture. This is because the desire of consumers to purchase a product and use the service has increased while minimizing the direct contact. In order to quickly respond to this circumstance, the percentage of the companies which are adopting Chatbot in various fields such as orders, delivery, and inquiries is increasing and they are getting a positive result. However as the demand for building Chatbot increases dramatically, there are many confusions among the companies which want to introduce Chatbot to their system, due to the lack of professional technicians and difficulties in understanding AI technologies and how to build them effectively. I believe that in the post COVID-19 era, much more companies will adopt Chatbot, and this will intensify the problem. The purpose of this study was to derive the needs for a guide on the method of buiilding a Chatbot through considering the prior research on Chatbot and analysis of the recent surge in the use of Chatbot services related to COVID-19. There are implications to presenting 5 phases of universal Chatbot implementation methodology using the platform to the stakeholders who want to introduce Chatbot to their customer so that they can understand and build Chatbot more easily and use AI Chatbot actively in response to the POST COVID-19 era.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.35-48
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• 2006

The purpose of the study is to examine how housing consciousness has been changed through various discourse on ideal housing from opening ports to the present. Reviews of literature including newspapers, magazines, novels, advertising materials, research papers, books, and so on are mainly utilized in accomplishing the purpose. This study covers four periods such as the enlightenment era, the Japanese colonial nile, before and after the Korean war, and after the economic development to present. During the enlightenment period in which foreign culture and housing were introduced, with reconsideration on traditional housing basic physiological housing value including health and hygiene was appeared. The desires of Munhwa housing with western styles and housing improvement were emphasized due to the new cultural improvement during the Japanese colonial rule. Before and after the Korean war which was chaotic times with rehabilitation, the provision of a large amount of public housing with minimum conditions for the basic human needs was the most important. After 1960s, due to the housing policy focusing on the mass-provision of apartments and the discourse on apartment as an ideal housing for the ordinary households in Korea, apartment dwellings become structure type norms in Korea.

• 복식
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• 제31권
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• pp.189-202
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• 1997

Movie is one of the most popular culture ac-tivities in modern society and the composite rt of science and art born in the 20th century. Movie became the great source of setting the fashion. Especially movie costume brought into relief and was accepted by the mass. As a movie stimulates imitation psychology and identification of the general public in fashion. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of the movie costume to a modern mass fashion. The times was defined the movies from the early Silent era to the modern Hollywood movie from the late of 1910 to 1990. The way of study were to analyze on the changes and roles of movie costume through documentary records and the influence of set-ting the fashion to the mass fashion and classi-fied it five times-silent era classics neo-classics new look and modern times. The summary of result is as follows, 1, Movie costume affected the dress and the fashion of women is Silent era. That fashion was accelerated by actors' costumes in the mode of 1920. 2. Holloywood movies in the Classics show the essence of the fashion movie costume played a role of a fashion leader and commanded the trend of mass fashion. 3. Practical style was shown because of the war in the Neo-classics. Movie industry was prosperous after the war. But the consequences of the movie costume to the mass fashion were more and more weaken 4. Couture designer's costume had an effect on the mass fashion in the early of New look. But it was behind the fashion for the rise of young fashion. 5. The tastes of the fashion were diversified in Modern times. So the movie fashion was not imitated or popular. The costume of "Pret-a-porter" was used in the movies in the 1980. Spectators became to wear the same style of the actors. The times fashion and movie interacted each other. Movie costume is playing a role of a fashion leader guiding the mass fashion.s fashion.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.89-93
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• 2008

"Personalized medicine," the goal of which is to provide better clinical care by applying patient's own genomic information to their health care is a global challenge for the $21^{st}$ century "genomic era." This is especially true in Korea, where provisions for clinical genetic services are inadequate for the existing demand, let alone future demands. Genomics-based knowledge and tools make it possible to approach each patient as a unique biological individual, which has led to a paradigm-shift in medical practice, giving it more of a predictive focus as compared with current treatment oriented approach. With recent advancements in genomics, many genetic tests, such as susceptibility genetic tests, have been developed for both rare single gene diseases and more common multifactorial diseases. Indeed, genetic tests for presymtomatic individuals and genetic tests for drug response have become widely available, and personalized medicine will face the challenge of assisting patients who use such tests to make appropriate and wise use of genetic risk assessment. A major challenge of genomic medicine lies in understanding and communicating disease risk in order to facilitate and support patients and their families in making informed decisions. Establishment of a health care system with provisions for genetic counseling as an integral part of health care service, in addition to genomic literacy of health care providers, is vital to meet this growing challenge. Realization of the promise of personalized medicine in the era of genomics for improvement of health care is dependent on further development of next generation sequencing technology and affordable sequencing test costs. Also necessary will be policy development concerning the ethical, legal and social issues of genomic medicine and an educated and ready medical community with clinical practice guidelines for genetic counseling and genetic testing.