• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 1998

EM tomography technique has been developed. The algorithm used the extended Born approximations for forward modeling and reconstructed a conductivity image by a smoothness constraint least squares inversion method. Observed data, the vertical components of secondary magnetic fields, were simulated with the 3-D integral equation code. The results showed that the location of anomalous body could be imaged very well, but conductivity of the body was lower than real one and the vertical resolution was much higher than the horizontal resolution.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.163-170
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• 2014

Development of a modeling technique for accurately interpreting electromagnetic (EM) data is increasingly required. We introduce finite difference (FD) and finite-element (FE) methods for three-dimensional (3D) frequency-domain EM modeling. In the controlled-source EM methods, formulating the governing equations into a secondary electric field enables us to avoid a singularity problem at the source point. The secondary electric field is discretized using the FD or FE methods for the model region. We represent iterative and direct methods to solve the system of equations resulting from the FD or FE schemes. By applying the static divergence correction in the iterative method, the rate of convergence is dramatically improved, and it is particularly useful to compute a model including surface topography in the FD method. Finally, as an example of an airborne EM survey, we present 3D modeling using the FD method.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2002.07d
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• pp.2846-2849
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• 2002

본 논문은 뉴로-퍼지 시스템에서의 규칙 선택 및 모델 학술에 대하여 EM 알고리즘을 기반으로 하는 구조 동정을 제안한다. 뉴로-퍼지 모델링에서의 초기 파라미터가 학습과정에서의 모델 성능에 큰 영향을 주고 있다. 주어진 데이터에 근거한 파라미터 추정에는 다양한 방법들이 소개되고 응용되어져 왔는데 이전 연구들에서 볼 수 있는 HCM, FCM 등은 데이터와의 유클리디언 거리를 최소화하는 중심점을 파라미터로 선택하는 등의 방법과 퍼지 균등화 등은 데이터의 확률 밀도함수를 이용하여 파라미터를 추정하였다. 제안된 방법에서는 데이터에서의 Maximum Likelihood Estimator를 기반으로 하는 방법으로 EM 알고리즘을 이용하였다. 초기 파라미터의 결정에서 EM 알고리즘을 이용하여 뉴로-퍼지 모델의 전제부 소속함수 파라미터 추정을 실시한다. EM 알고리즘을 이용한 퍼지 모델의 특징으로는 전제부가 클러스터링에 의하여 생성되므로 입력의 차원이나 소속함수의 수가 증가하여도 규칙의 수는 증가하지 않는다. 이를 자동차 MPG 예제를 통하여 제안된 방법의 유용성을 보이고자 한다.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2000

We describe the concept of the singularity in the integral equation of electromagnetic (EM) modeling in comparison with that in the integral representation of electric fields in EM theory, which would clarify the singular integral problems of the Green's tensor. We have also derived and classified the singular integrals of the Green's tensors in 3-D, 2.5-D and 2-D as well as in the thin sheet integral equations of the EM scattering problem, which have the most important effect on the accuracy of the numerical solution of the problems.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.70-79
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• 2001

The integral equation method is a powerful tool for numerical electromagnetic modeling. But the difficulty of this technique is the size of the linear equations, which demands excessive memory and calculation time to invert. This limitation of the integral equation method becomes critical in inverse problem. The conventional Born approximation, where the electric field in the anomalous body is approximated by the background field, is very rapid and easy to compute. However, the technique is inaccurate when the conductivity contrast between the body and the background medium is large. Quasi-linear, quasi-analytical and extended Born approximations are novel approaches to 3-D EM modeling based on the linearization of the integral equations for scattered EM field. These approximation methods are much less time consuming than full integral equation method and more accurate than conventional Born approximation. They we, however, still approximate methods for 3-D EM modeling. Iterative series methods such as modified Born, quasi-linear and quasi-analytical can be used to increase the accuracy of various approximation methods. Comparisons of numerical performance against a full integral equation and various approximation codes show that the iterative series methods are very accurate and almost always converge. Furthermore, they are very fast and easy to implement on a computer. In this study, extended Born series method is developed and it shows more accurate result than that of other series methods. Therefore, Iterative series methods, including extended Born series, open principally new possibilities for fast and accurate 3-D EM modeling and inversion.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.207-217
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• 2005

We present a new approximate formulation of the integral equation (IE) method for models with variable background conductivity. This method overcomes the standard limitation of the conventional If method related to the use of a horizontally layered background only. The new approximate IE method still employs the Green's functions for a horizontally layered 1-D model. However, the new method allows us to use an inhomogeneous background with the IE method. The method was carefully tested for modeling the EM field for complex structures with a known variable background conductivity. It can find wide application in modeling EM data for multiple geological models with some common geoelectrical features, like a known inhomogeneous overburden, or salt dome structures.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.280-290
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• 2002

Three-dimensional (3-D) electromagnetic (EM) modeling algorithm has been developed using finite element method (FEM) to acquire more efficient interpretation techniques of EM data. When FEM based on nodal elements is applied to EM problem, spurious solutions, so called 'vector parasite', are occurred due to the discontinuity of normal electric fields and may lead the completely erroneous results. Among the methods curing the spurious problem, this study adopts vector element of which basis function has the amplitude and direction. To reduce computational cost and required core memory, complex bi-conjugate gradient (CBCG) method is applied to solving complex symmetric matrix of FEM and point Jacobi method is used to accelerate convergence rate. To verify the developed 3-D EM modeling algorithm, its electric and magnetic field for a layered-earth model are compared with those of layered-earth solution. As we expected, the vector based FEM developed in this study does not cause ny vector parasite problem, while conventional nodal based FEM causes lots of errors due to the discontinuity of field variables. For testing the applicability to high frequencies 100 MHz is used as an operating frequency for the layer structure. Modeled fields calculated from developed code are also well matched with the layered-earth ones for a model with dielectric anomaly as well as conductive anomaly. In a vertical electric dipole source case, however, the discontinuity of field variables causes the conventional nodal based FEM to include a lot of errors due to the vector parasite. Even for the case, the vector based FEM gave almost the same results as the layered-earth solution. The magnetic fields induced by a dielectric anomaly at high frequencies show unique behaviors different from those by a conductive anomaly. Since our 3-D EM modeling code can reflect the effect from a dielectric anomaly as well as a conductive anomaly, it may be a groundwork not only to apply high frequency EM method to the field survey but also to analyze the fold data obtained by high frequency EM method.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.308-313
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• 2007

The small-loop electromagnetic technique has been used successfully for many geophysical qualitative investigations, particularly for shallow engineering and environmental surveys. Recently, various geophysical imaging methods based on numerical modeling and inversion have been tried in order to get more quantitative subsurface structure. However, conventional 2.5D small loop EM modeling takes a lot of time because responses should be calculated for several wave numbers and transformed into space domain. In this study, we developed a 2.5D HCP small loop EM modeling algorithm using extended Born approximation, which does not require transformation. Also, we checked its validity by comparison with other numerical results.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2011.06b
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• pp.222-225
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• 2011

이전에 수행된 연구에서 인간의 이동 패턴은 Levy flight 행동을 보인다고 알려져있다. 그러나 우리의 경험적 지식을 바탕으로 생각해 볼 때 인간의 이동 패턴을 Levy flight 행동만 가지고 나타내기에는 한계가 있어 보인다. 인간의 이동 패턴은 주위환경, 시간, 개인의 습관, 그리고 사회적 지위 등에 따라 서로 다른 모양을 보인다. 즉, 인간 이동의 형태를 파악하기 위해서는 좀 더 다양한 정보가 있어야만 인간 이동의 패턴을 사실적으로 모델링 할 수 있다. 인간의 이동 패턴을 사실적으로 모델링하기에 필요한 정보를 얻기 위해서 상향식 방법(Bottom up)으로 우선 실제 이동 패턴을 분석하여 모델링에 필요한 정보를 추출하고 다시 그 정보를 검증하는 과정으로 모델링에 필요한 정보가 구체적으로 나타나게 될 것이다. 이에 실제 인간의 이동 패턴을 분석하기 위해 아무런 매개변수 없이 개인의 GPS 데이터를 바탕으로 위치정보만을 가지고 군집화(Clustering)를 하게 되면 특정 위치에 대한 군집이 생성된다. 이러한 군집이 나타내는 것은 자주 머무는 지역, 이동 경로 등이 될 것이다. 본 논문에서는 인간의 이동 정보인 GPS 데이터를 가지고 EM 군집화를 통하여 생성된 군집을 통해 인간의 이동 패턴을 분석할 것이다.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.361-366
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• 2009

Layered-earth Green's functions in electormagnetic (EM) surveys play a key role in modeling the response of exploration targets. They are computed through the Hankel transforms of analytic kernels. Computational precision depends upon the choice of algebraically equivalent forms by which these kemels are expressed. Since three-dimensional (3D) modeling can require a huge number of Green's function evaluations, total computational time can be influenced by computational time for the Hankel transform evaluations. Linear digital filters have proven to be a fast and accurate method of computing these Hankel transforms. In EM modeling for 3D inversion, electric fields are generally evaluated by the secondary field formulation to avoid the singularity problem. In this study, three components of electric fields for five different sources on the surface of homogeneous half-space were derived as primary field solutions. Moreover, reflection coefficients in TE and TM modes were produced to calculate EM responses accurately for a two-layered model having a sea layer. Accurate primary fields should substantially improve accuracy and decrease computation times for Green's function-based problems like MT problems and marine EM surveys.