• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2012

This study introduces a methodology to evaluate different types of non-nuclear technologies to see how they are competitive to the nuclear technology for quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) in soil condition measurement for highway pavement construction. The non-nuclear methods including the Electrical Density Gauge (EDG) and the Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD) were tested for their performance against a nuclear gauge, and traditional methods were used as baselines. An innovative way of comparing a deflection gauge to a density gauge was introduced. Results showed that the nuclear gauge generally outperformed the non-nuclear gauge in accuracies of soil density and moisture content measurements. Finally, a framework was developed as a guideline for evaluating various types of non-nuclear soil gauges. From other perspectives rather than accuracy, it was concluded that the non-nuclear gauges would be better alternative to the nuclear gauge when the followings are considered: (1) greater life-cycle cost savings; (2) elimination of intense federal regulations and safety/security concerns; and (3) elimination of licensing and intense training.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.2135-2138
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• 2014

A kinetic study is reported for the SNAr reaction of 1-Y-substituted-phenoxy-2,4-dinitrobenzenes (1a-1h) with OH- in 80 mol % $H_2O$/20 mol % DMSO at $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$. The second-order rate constant ($k_{OH^-}$) increases as the substituent Y in the leaving group changes from an electron-donating group (EDG) to an electronwithdrawing group (EWG). The Br${\o}$nsted-type plot for the reactions of 1a-1h is linear with ${\beta}_{lg}$ = -0.16, indicating that the reactivity of substrates 1a-1h is little affected by the leaving-group basicity. A linear Br${\o}$nsted-type plot with ${\beta}_{lg}=-0.3{\pm}0.1$ is typical for reactions reported previously to proceed through a stepwise mechanism in which formation of a Meisenheimer complex is the rate-determining step (RDS). The Hammett plot correlated with ${\sigma}_Y{^{\circ}}$ constants results in a much better correlation than that correlated with ${\sigma}_Y{^-}$constants, implyng that no negative charge is developing on the O atom of the leaving group (or expulsion of the leaving group is not advanced at all in the TS). This excludes a possibility that the $S_NAr$ reaction of 1a-1h with $OH^-$ proceeds through a concerted mechanism or via a stepwise pathway with expulsion of the leaving group being the RDS. Thus, the current reactions have been concluded to proceed through a stepwise mechanism in which expulsion of the leaving group occurs rapidly after the RDS.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.230-238
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• 2020

한우에서의 도체형질은 경제적으로 가장 중요한 형질이다. 최근 유전체학의 발달로 인해 DNA 표지인자 이용하여 소의 도체 및 육질형질을 규명하고 선발하는 방법이 주목 받고 있다. 본 연구는 한우의 도체형질 관련 분자표지의 현장 검증에 의한 유전적 효과를 평가하기 위해 수행하였다. TG g.371T>C, APM1 g.1454G>A, FABP4 g.2834C>G, FABP4 g.3533T>A, FABP4 g.3691G>A, SCD g.10153A>G, SCD g.10329T>C, CPE g.601T>C, EDG1 g.166A>G, NPY g.4271T>C, GPD1 g.2766C>T, PDE1B g.17122A>G, PDE1B g.17507A>C, TNNT1 g.6650C>T 및 RORC g.20152A>G 등 총 15개의 도체형질 관련 분자표지들에 대해 대규모 상업축 한우 집단(총 1,536두)을 대상으로 SNP 유전자형 분석을 수행하고, 분자표지와 도체형질과의 연관성을 조사하였다. PCR-RFLP 분석을 통해 SNP 유전자형과 도체형질과의 연관성을 분석한 결과 APM1 g.1454G>, FABP4 g.3691G>A, SCD g.10153A>G, CPE g.601T>C, PDE1B g.17122A>G, TNNT1 g.6650C>T 및 RORC g.20152A>G 등 총 7개의 SNP가 한우의 도체형질 가운데 근내지방도, 등지방두께, 배최장근단면적, 도체중, 육질등급, 육색 및 성숙도 등과 유의적으로 연관되어 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구 결과는 이들 SNP가 육질이 우수한 한우 선발을 위한 분자표지로 활용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.2271-2276
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• 2014

Second-order rate constants ($k_N$) have been measured spectrophotometrically for the reaction of 4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl X-substituted-benzoates (6a-6h) with a series of primary amines including hydrazine in 80 mol % $H_2O$/20 mol % DMSO at $25.0^{\circ}C$. The Br${\o}$nsted-type plot for the reaction of 4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl benzoate (6d) is linear with ${\beta}_{nuc}$ = 0.74 when hydrazine is excluded from the correlation. Such a linear Br${\o}$nsted-type plot is typical for reactions reported previously to proceed through a stepwise mechanism in which expulsion of the leaving group occurs in the rate-determining step (RDS). The Hammett plots for the reactions of 6a-6h with hydrazine and glycylglycine are nonlinear. In contrast, the Yukawa-Tsuno plots exhibit excellent linear correlations with ${\rho}_X$ = 1.29-1.45 and r = 0.53-0.56, indicating that the nonlinear Hammett plots are not due to a change in RDS but are caused by resonance stabilization of the substrates possessing an electron-donating group (EDG). Hydrazine is ca. 47-93 times more reactive than similarly basic glycylglycine toward 6a-6h (e.g., the ${\alpha}$-effect). The ${\alpha}$-effect increases as the substituent X in the benzoyl moiety becomes a stronger electron-withdrawing group (EWG), indicating that destabilization of the ground state (GS) of hydrazine through the repulsion between the nonbonding electron pairs on the two N atoms is not solely responsible for the substituent-dependent ${\alpha}$-effect. Stabilization of transition state (TS) through five-membered cyclic TSs, which would increase the electrophilicity of the reaction center or the nucleofugality of the leaving group, contributes to the ${\alpha}$-effect observed in this study.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권10호
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• pp.2877-2882
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• 2013

Second-order rate constants ($k_{Ox^-}$) have been measured spectrophotometrically for nucleophilic substitution reactions of 4-nitrophenyl X-substituted-cinnamates (7a-7e) and Y-substituted-phenyl cinnamates (8a-8e) with butane-2,3-dione monoximate ($Ox^-$) in 80 mol % $H_2O$/20 mol % DMSO at $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$. The Hammett plot for the reactions of 7a-7e consists of two intersecting straight lines while the Yukawa-Tsuno plot exhibits an excellent linearity with ${\rho}_X$=0.85 and r=0.58, indicating that the nonlinear Hammett plot is not due to a change in the rate-determining step but is caused by resonance stabilization of the ground state (GS) of the substrate possessing an electron-donating group (EDG). The Br${\o}$nsted-type plot for the reactions of Y-substituted-phenyl cinnamates (8a-8e) is linear with ${\beta}_{lg}$ = -0.64, which is typical of reactions reported previously to proceed through a concerted mechanism. The ${\alpha}$-nucleophile ($Ox^-$) is more reactive than the reference normal-nucleophile ($4-ClPhO^-$). The magnitude of the ${\alpha}$-effect (i.e., the $k_{Ox^-}/k_{4-ClPhO^-}$ ratio) is independent of the electronic nature of the substituent X in the nonleaving group but increases linearly as the substituent Y in the leaving group becomes a weaker electron-withdrawing group (EWG). It has been concluded that the difference in solvation energy between $Ox^-$ and $4-ClPhO^-$ (i.e., GS effect) is not solely responsible for the ${\alpha}$-effect but stabilization of transition state (TS) through a cyclic TS structure contributes also to the Y-dependent ${\alpha}$-effect trend (i.e., TS effect).

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.31-32
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• 2010

In our previous reports [1-3], electron transport for the switching and memory devices using alkyl thiol-tethered Ru-terpyridine complex compounds with metal-insulator-metal crossbar structure has been presented. On the other hand, among organic memory devices, a memory based on the OFET is attractive because of its nondestructive readout and single transistor applications. Several attempts at nonvolatile organic memories involve electrets, which are chargeable dielectrics. However, these devices still do not sufficiently satisfy the criteria demanded in order to compete with other types of memory devices, and the electrets are generally limited to polymer materials. Until now, there is no report on nonvolatile organic electrets using nano-interfaced organic monomer layer as a dielectric material even though the use of organic monomer materials become important for the development of molecularly interfaced memory and logic elements. Furthermore, to increase a retention time for the nonvolatile organic memory device as well as to understand an intrinsic memory property, a molecular design of the organic materials is also getting important issue. In this presentation, we report on the OFET memory device built on a silicon wafer and based on films of pentacene and a SiO2 gate insulator that are separated by organic molecules which act as a gate dielectric. We proposed push-pull organic molecules (PPOM) containing triarylamine asan electron donating group (EDG), thiophene as a spacer, and malononitrile as an electron withdrawing group (EWG). The PPOM were designed to control charge transport by differences of the dihedral angles induced by a steric hindrance effect of side chainswithin the molecules. Therefore, we expect that these PPOM with potential energy barrier can save the charges which are transported to the nano-interface between the semiconductor and organic molecules used as the dielectrics. Finally, we also expect that the charges can be contributed to the memory capacity of the memory OFET device.[4]

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.42-51
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• 2006

We investigated the mechanism of contraction induced by S1P in esophageal smooth muscle cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated that $S1P_1$, $S1P_2$, $S1P_3$, and $S1P_5$ receptors existed in the cat esophagus. Only penetration of EDG-5 ($S1P_2$) antibody into permeabilized cells inhibited S1P-induced contraction. Pertussis toxin (PTX) also inhibited contraction, suggesting that it was mediated by $S1P_2$ receptors coupled to a PTXsensitive $G_i$ protein. Specific antibodies to $G_{i2}$, $G_q$ and $G_{\beta}$ inhibited contraction, implying that the S1P-induced contraction depends on PTX-insensitive $G_q$ and $G_{\beta}$ dimers as well as the PTX-sensitive $G_{i2}$. Contraction was not affected by the phospholipase $A_2$ inhibitor DEDA, or the PLD inhibitor ${\rho}$-chloromercuribenzoate, but it was abolished by the PLC inhibitor U73122. Incubation of permeabilized cells with $PLC{\beta}3$ antibody also inhibited contraction. Contraction involved the activation of a PKC pathway since it was affected by GF109203X and chelerythrine. Since $PKC{\varepsilon}$ antibody inhibited contraction, $PKC{\varepsilon}$ may be required. Preincubation of the muscle cells with the MEK inhibitor PD98059 blocked S1P-induced contraction, but the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB202190 did not. In addition, co-treatment of cells with GF 109203X and PD98059 did not have a synergistic effect, suggesting that these two kinases are involved in the same signaling pathway. Our data suggest that S1P-induced contraction in esophageal smooth muscle cells is mediated by $S1P_2$ receptors coupled to PTX-sensitive $G_{i2}$ proteins, and PTX-insensitive $G_q$ and $G_{\beta}$ proteins, and that the resulting activation of the $PLC{\beta}3$ and $PKC{\varepsilon}$ pathway leads to activation of a p44/p42 MAPK pathway.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권12호
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• pp.3588-3592
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• 2010

Second-order rate constants ($k_N$) have been measured spectrophotometrically for nucleophilic substitution reactions of 2-pyridyl X-substituted benzoates 8a-e with a series of alicyclic secondary amines in $H_2O$ at $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$. The $k_N$ values for the reactions of 8a-e are slightly smaller than the corresponding reactions of 4-nitrophenyl X-substituted benzoates 1a-e (e.g., $kN^{1a-e}/k_N^{8a-e}$ = 1.1 ~ 3.1), although 2-pyridinolate in 8a-e is ca. 4.5 $pK_a$ units more basic than 4-nitrophenolate in 1a-e. The Br$\o$nsted-type plot for the aminolysis of 8c (X = H) is linear with $\beta_{nuc}$ = 0.77 and $R^2$ = 0.991 (Figure 1), which is typical for reactions reported previously to proceed through a stepwise mechanism with breakdown of a zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate $T^{\pm}$ being the rate-determining step (RDS), e.g., aminolysis of 4-nitrophenyl benzoate 1c. The Hammett plot for the reactions of 8a-e with piperidine consists of two intersecting straight lines (Figure 2), i.e., $\rho$ = 1.71 for substrates possessing an electron-donating group (EDG) while $\rho$ = 0.86 for those bearing an electron-withdrawing group (EWG). Traditionally, such a nonlinear Hammett plot has been interpreted as a change in RDS upon changing substituent X in the benzoyl moiety. However, it has been proposed that the nonlinear Hammett is not due to a change in RDS since the corresponding Yukawa-Tsuno plot exhibits excellent linear correlation with $\rho$ = 0.85 and r = 0.62 ($R^2$ = 0.995, Figure 3). Stabilization of substrates 8a-e in the ground state has been concluded to be responsible for the nonlinear Hammett plot.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2008

전국에서 1977년부터 1985년까지 수집된 생태형 오차드그라스 몇 계통들 중에서 생육특성 및 내재해성이 우수한 5계통을 집단 교배하여 생산된 합성종자를 2001년부터 2002년까지 수원에서 생산력 검정시험이 수행되었고, 2003년부터 2005년까지 3년동안 지역적응성 시험으로 수원, 평창, 영주, 익산 및 제주를 포함한 5개 지역에서 생육특성 및 수량성을 조사하여 2005년 직무육성 신품종 선정심의회에서 생육특성과 수량성이 우수한 합성계통을 신품종 "코디투"로 명명하였는데 코디투의 주요 특성은 다음과 같다. 오차드그라스 신품종 "코디투"는 월동전 및 봄의 초형은 중간형이며, 엽의 색은 농녹색이고, 출수기에 지엽의 길이가 16 cm로 길며, 상부절간장의 길이도 짧고 풍엽성이 양호하였다. 출수기는 5월 14일로 표준품종 Ambassador가 5월 10일로 4일정도 늦었으며, 출수기에 초장은 72 cm로서 Ambassador와 비슷하였다. 또한 내한성과 도복에서는 코디투가 Ambassador에 비하여 강하고 재생력은 코디투가 Ambassador에 비하여 우수하였고, 엽부병 및 녹병은 코디투가 Ambassador와 같이 강한 편 이었다. "코디투"의 ha 당 생초수량은 52.9ton으로 Ambassador 보다 13% 많았으며, 또한 건물수량 역시 11.3 ton으로 Ambassador 보다 10% 많았고, 수원, 평창, 영주, 익산, 제주 등 모든 지역에서 증수되었다. 코디투의 사료가치는 Ambas- sador와 비슷하였고, 이와 같은 결과를 요약하면 코디투는 한해나 도복에 강한 중생종 계통으로 특히 내병성이 강한 청예나 건물적인 측면에서 다수성 품종으로 초지 조사료 생산을 위한 예취용으로 적합한 품종이라 할 수 있다.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.15-27
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• 2004

내음성 지피식물의 생리, 생태학적 특성을 구명하기 위하여 3월 부터 10월 까지 참비비추를 재료로 하여 차광을 달리한 상태에서 이들 인공군락의 물질생산과 생장특징을 분석하였다. 3반복 완전임의배열법에 의하여 각 시험구 공히 식물별 전일광(비교구) 30%, 50%, 70% 차광율의 시험구를 설치하였으며 10일 간격으로 주변효과(Edg effect)를 고려한 Sampling을 실시하였다. 이상의 방법에 의한 연구결과를 다음과 같이 요약 하였다. 1. 8월 초순이후부터 9월 말경까지의 생육과정 차광조절구가 비교구에 비하여 엽수의 높은 증가율을 보였으며, 전시험기간 중 30%차광구에서 9월 10일경 생엽수가 평균 10.1로서 최고치를 보였다. 2. Cont.구는 조절구에 비하여 시험기간 중엽의 신장과 신장율도 공히 낮은 경향을 보였다. 30% 차광구에서 9월 20일경에 엽장이 25.87cm로서 최고치를 보였다. 3. 시험기간중 생육경과에 따른 엽폭의 증가는 각 조절구 공히 8월 중순경까지는 완만한 경향을 보였으나, 8월 22일경부터 9월 10일경의 생육과정에서 엽폭의 증가율이 현저히 높게 나타났다. 4. 엽병길이의 증가는 8월 초순경에서 8월 말경 사이의 생육과정에서 현저히 높은 신장율을 나타냈다. 6. 참비비추의 생육경과에 따른 엽수, 엽장 및 엽폭, 엽병길이의 생장은 30%, 50% 구에서 시험기간중 생육과정에서 비교구와 70%의 조절구에 비하여 현저하게 높은 경향을 보였고, 비교적 적은 광조건에서도 안정된 생육이 이루어 질 수 있는 음지식물로서의 특성을 나타내었다.