• Title/Summary/Keyword: EDCs

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Effects of 4-Nonylphenol on the Induction of Plasma Vitellogenin (VTG), Alkaline-Labile Protein Phosphorus (ALPP), Calcium (Ca), Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (GPT) and Hepatosomatic Index (HSI) in the Immature Rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (4-NP가 미성숙 조피볼락, Sebastes schlegeli의 혈장 VTG, ALPP, Ca, GPT 및 HSI에 미치는 영향)

  • Hwang, Un-Ki;An, Kyoung-Ho;Jin, Hyoun-Kook;Park, Seung-Youn;Kim, Pyoung-Joong;Lee, Seung-Min
    • Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.321-327
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    • 2007
  • 4-nonylphenol (4-NP)이 해산어류인 조피볼락, Sebastes schlegeli의 혈장 vitellogenin (VTG), alkaline-labile protein phosphorus (ALPP), calcium(Ca), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) 및 hepatosomatic index (HSI)에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 실험어에 3일간격으로 $estradiol-17{\beta}$ ($E_2$, 5 mg/kg B.W.) 또는 4-NP(0, 10, 50, 100및 200 mg/kg B.W.)을 복강에 2번 주사한 후, 7일째에 채혈과 적출을 통해 혈장과 간장을 수집해 분석이 실시되었다. 대조 실험어에는 용매로 사용된 70% 에탄올만이 투여되었다. $E_2$ 투여 실험어의 혈장 단백질을 전기 영동상으로 분석한 결과 약 170 kDa의 위치에서 짙은 VTG 밴드가 관찰되었으나, 용매만 투여한 대조 실험어의 혈장에서는 동일 밴드가 관찰되지 않았다. 4-NP 투여한 모든 실험어의 혈장 단백질에서는 $E_2$ 투여 실험어와 동일한 VTG 밴드가 관찰되었다. 혈장 ALPP와 Ca 농도도 4-NP 투여 실험어에서 $E_2$ 투여 실험어와 유사하게 증가하였으며, 이들 농도 변화는 VTG 합성과 더불어 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 혈장 전위효소인 GPT와 HSI도 $E_2$ 투여 실험어와 유사하게 4-NP가 투여된 모든 실험어에서 급격히 증가하였다. 이상의 결과로부터 연안생태계 내에서 서식하는 어류가 4-NP과 같은 내분비 장애물질(Endocrine Disrupting compounds, EDCs)에 의해 영향을 받는지를 규명하기 위한 생물학적 지표로서 VTG와 더불어 혈장 ALPP와 Ca이 사용가능 할 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 조피볼락과 같은 해산어가 EDCs에 노출되어 VTG가 합성될 때 간장 기능의 손상으로 혈장 전위효소인 GPT가 일시적으로 종가하고 간장도 비대해져 HSI가 높아지는 것으로 판단된다.

Application of Freezing Filtration Method to the Analysis of Alkylphenols, Chlorophenols and Bisphenol a in Korean Aquatic Biological Samples Using GC/MS-SIM (GC/MS-SIM을 이용한 우리나라 수중 생물시료 중 알킬페놀, 클로로페놀과 비스페놀 A의 분석을 위한 냉동필터법의 응용)

  • Kim, Hyub;Jang, Cheol-Hyeon
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.29 no.6
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    • pp.689-698
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    • 2007
  • A new technique was proposed for the determination of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A in korean aquatic biological samples. The alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A in korean aquatic biological samples were extracted with acetonitrile and then acetonitrile layer was refrigerated at $-60^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours(freezing filtration method). Also, solid-phase extraction(SPE) was used to XAD-4 and subsequent conversion to isobutoxycarbonyl(isoBOC) or tert-butyldimethylsilyl(TBDMS) derivatives for sensitive analysis with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring(GC/MS-SIM) mode. For isoBOC derivatization and TBDMS derivatization the recoveries were $70.1\sim150.6%$ and $93.8\sim108.3%$, the method detection limit(MDLs) of bisphenol A for SIM were $0.062{\mu}g/kg$ and $0.010{\mu}g/kg$, and the SIM respectively. When these methods were applied to korean aquatic biological samples, the concentrations of the 11 phenolic EDCs were $0.675\sim1.970{\mu}g/kg$.

Adverse Reproductive Effects on Plasma Vitellogenin and Sex Steroid Levels, and Gonadosomatic Index in Juvenile Common Carps (Cyprinus carpio) Exposed to 17$\beta$-Estradiol and D-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate

  • Seo, Jinwon;Park, Kyung-Seo;Moon, Woon-Gi;Lee, Sung-Kyu
    • Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Biology Conference
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    • 2002.11a
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    • pp.141-144
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    • 2002
  • Environmental estrogens are natural or synthetic substances present in the aquatic environment, especially in effluent from sewage treatment. However, the adverse effects of these estrogenic substances on fish reproduction are unknown. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is the most common phthalate, which Ps used as a plasticizer in polyvinylchloride (PVC), and it is widespread in the environment and has been found in aquatic organisms and sediments. Therefore, juvenile common carps (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to nominal concentrations of 17$\beta$-estradiol (E2) (0.5, 5, 50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) and DEHP (10, 100, 500 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) for 21 days, to determine the adverse reproductive effects of these compounds on plasma vitellogenin (VTG) induction, sex steroid level, and gonad weight. Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed that much of VTG was induced in fish exposed to 5 and 50 E$_2$ $\mu\textrm{g}$/L, but none of DEHP exposure showed induction. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that VTG was significantly induced in fish exposed to 5 and 50 E$_2$ $\mu\textrm{g}$/L, and combination of 50 E$_2$ $\mu\textrm{g}$/L with 10 and 500 DEHP $\mu\textrm{g}$/L, but none of DEHP exposure showed induction. Analysis of sex steroid levels in some fish revealed that testosterone (T) was detected in both male and female fish of the control and DEHP exposures, but none of fish exposed to 22 concentrations had detectable testosterone level. On the other hand, E$_2$ exposure induced 17$\beta$-estradiol in plasma of male fish, but there was no induction of 17$\beta$-estradiol in plasma of male fish exposed to DEHP. Comparison of gonadosomatic index (GSI) revealed that maximal E$_2$ exposure inhibited ovarian growth, but maximal DEHP exposure stimulated testicular growth. The results indicated that those comparisons can be a useful bio-indicator for determining adverse reproductive effect of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs).

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Gene Expression of Chironomus riparius Heat Shock Protein 70 and Developmental Retardation Exposure to Salinity (염분 노출에 따른 Chironomus riparius의 성장지연과 Heat shock protein 70 유전자 발현)

  • Kim, Won-Seok;Im, Byeong-Hyeon;Hong, Cheol;Choi, Seung-Won;Park, Kiyun;Kwak, Ihn-Sil
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.50 no.3
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    • pp.305-313
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    • 2017
  • We investigate that the impact of freshwater organism exposed to the salinity environment by the frequent rainfall following climate change. To evaluate the stress response following salinity exposure, we assessed the survival rate, molting success rate, the developmental period and mouthpart deformities in Chironomus riparius. In addition, we measured the molecular responses of biomarker gene, gene expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in C. riparius exposed to salinity after 96 hour. The C. riparius survival rates were showed on time dependent manner and not observed survival organisms above 15 psu at day 4. The pupation and emergence of C. riparius were not seen above 15 psu, and the molting success rate was less than 20% at 10 psu. The developmental retardation of C. riparius was well observed in the pupation and emergence period and was delayed by 4 days at 10 psu compared to the control and 5 psu. The mouthpart deformities after salinity exposure at 96 or 72 hour were observed at 10 psu and 15 psu. The expression of C. riparius HSP70 level was significantly increased exposure to 5 psu and 10 psu. Thus, salinity has been caused to be various ecotoxicological and molecular stress responses on freshwater organisms similar to harmful substances such as EDCs and so on.

Numerical Simulation of PFOA in Tokyo Bay using EMT-3D (EMT-3D 모델을 이용한 동경만의 PFOA 시뮬레이션)

  • Kim, Dong-Myung
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.173-181
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    • 2007
  • A three-dimensional ecological model (EMT-3D) was applied to Tokyo Bay for the simulation of PFOA. EMT-3D was calibrated with seawater analysis data obtained from the study area in 2004. The simulated results of dissolved PFOA were in good agreement with the observed values, with a correlation coefficient(R) of 0.7115${\sim}$0.8759 and a coefficient of determination $(R^2)$ of 0.5062${\sim}$0.7672. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that partition rate, adsorption rate and settling rate were important factors for PFOA in particulate organic matter. In the case of PFOA in phytoplankton, bioconcentration factor, uptake rate and partition rate were important factors. Therefore, the parameters must be carefully considered in the modeling. In the case of 50% and 80% total loads reduction, concentration of dissolved PFOA was shown to be lower than 20ng/L and 10ng/L, respectively. In the case of reduction of loads from rivers in each prefecture, Tokyo prefecture was found to have the most influence on the change of dissolved PFOA in surface water while Chiba prefecture was found to have the most influnce on the change of dissolved PFOA in bottom water.

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Change of Reproductive Indicator of the Crucian Carp, Carassius auratus (Teleostei:Cyprinidae) Long-term Exposed to Nonylphenol (Nonylphenol의 장기간 노출에 의한 붕어, Carassius auratus의 생식지표 변화)

  • Cho, Nam-Guk;Jin, Young-Guk;Lee, Chul-Woo;Kim, Hyun-Mi;Choi, Kyung-Hee;Chung, Kyu-Hyuck;Kang, Ju-Chan;Lee, Jung-Sick
    • Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.235-245
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    • 2007
  • Toxicity of nonlyphenol (NP) one of EDCs was studied with focus on reproduction of the crucian carp, Carassius auratus. Fishes were cultured under control and nonylphnol exposure conditions for 32 weeks. Experimental group was composed of total of 4 groups, 1 control condition and 3 nonylphenol exposure condition ($18\;{\mu}g\;NP\;L^{-1},\;37\;{\mu}g\;NP\;L^{-1}\;and\;83\;{\mu}g\;NP\;L^{-1}$). Survival rate was found to be similar in control and $18\;{\mu};NP\;L^{-1}$. However, it is lower In the $37\;{\mu};NP\;L^{-1}$ and $83\;{\mu};NP\;L^{-1}$ in comparison to the control group. Deformation of gonads was the highest in the exposure condition of $18{\mu};NP\;L^{-1}$ with the female illustrating higher ratio than the male. GSI was not much different in the male but in the female, NP exposure group illustrated lower value compared to the control group. HSI and GI did not illustrate any clear differences between the control and exposure group for both male and female. Intersex was 0% in the wild group, 4.16% in the laboratory control group, and 25.67% in the NP exposure condition with female illustrating higher compared to male. Concentration of blood vitellogenin in female illustrated no clear differences between the control and NP exposure group. However, in the male, it was higher in the NP exposure group in comparison to the control group, and illustrated higher values of vitellogenin compared to the figures found in the female of same con-centration condition.

Quantitative Analysis and Qualification of Amitrole Using LC/ESI-MS (LC/ESI-MS를 이용한 아미트롤의 정성확인 및 정량분석)

  • Park, Chan-Koo;Eo, Soo-Mi;Kim, Min-Young;Sohn, Jong-Ryeul;Mo, Sae-Young
    • Analytical Science and Technology
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.117-129
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    • 2004
  • Amitrole in environment, difficult to be analyzed by GC or GC/MS due to high polarity and low volatility, was analyzed by LC/ESI/MS in the study. Maximum peak intensity of amitrole in LC/MS/ESI mass spectrum is m/z 85 of protonated molecular ion $(M+H)^+$ with 30V of cone voltage at SIR mode. It was confirmed that ratios between main ion of amitrole, 85 of protonated molecular ion, and m/z 58 fragmented ion of amitrole, had increased corresponding with the increment of cone voltage from 20V to 70V. The isotope molecular weight of amitrole was $86([M+H])^+$ at LC/MS analysis and the mass spectrum ratio between 85 mass and 86 mass was not different by the change of concentration but similar to theoretical ratio(less than 10% standard deviation).The linearity of standard calibration curve under same condition with sample treatment method had $y=1.09354e^6X+26947.2$ and $r^2=0.99$. Recovery rates in water and soil samples were 77.64~83.44% and 71.11~79.44%, respectively. Reliability of the analysis was performed with 5 repeated measurements at each level of standard concentration and the result showed that relative standard deviation was less than 10%; therefore, the extraction and analysis method in the study suggested that it would be reliable to measure amitrole in water and soil media.

Effects of Bisphenol A and Nonylphenol on In Vitro Steroid Production in Matured Oocyte of Greenlings, Hexagrammos agrammus (Bisphenol A와 Nonylphenol이 노래미, Hexagrammos agrammus 성숙기 난모세포의 스테로이드 생성과정에 미치는 영향)

  • Hwang, In Joon;Kim, Hyung Bae;Baek, Hea Ja
    • Development and Reproduction
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    • v.12 no.3
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    • pp.275-281
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    • 2008
  • Endocrine disrupting chemiclas (EDCs) such as bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol (NP) have estrogenic activity and can alter reproduction in fish. In the present study, the effects of BPA and NP on in vitro steroid production from oocytes of maturation stage (oocyte diameter$\fallingdotseq$1.88 mm) from the greenling (Hexagrammos agrammus) were evaluated. Oocytes were incubated with different concentrations of BPA and NP (0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1,000 ng/$m{\ell}$) in the presence or absence of 50 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) for 48 hours. After incubation, levels of $17{\alpha},\;20{\beta}$-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one ($17{\alpha}20{\beta}OHP$), estradiol-$17{\beta}(E_2)$ and testosterone (T) from incubated media were quantified by radioimmunoassay (RIA). In BPA treatment, 100 ng/$m{\ell}$ of BPA stimulated $E_2$ production regardless HCG supplement. Every concentration of BPA inhibited T production without HCG although 0.1 ng/$m{\ell}$ of BPA stimulated T production with HCG. In NP treatment, 10 ng/$m{\ell}$ of NP stimulated $17{\alpha}20{\beta}OHP$ and T production without HCG. 1 ng/$m{\ell}$ of NP inhibited $E_2$ production. Taken toghther, these results suggest that BPA might have weak estrogen-agonistic effect and NP has estrogenantagonistic effect at final oocyte maturation stage of H. agrammus.

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Global DNA Methylation Patterns and Gene Expression Associated with Obesity-Susceptibility in Offspring of Pregnant Sprague-Dawley Rats Exposed to BDE-47 and BDE-209 (임신 중 BDE-47 및 BDE-209에 노출된 어미와 새끼 Sprague-Dawley 랫드의 Global DNA 메틸화 양상과 비만 감수성과 연관된 유전자 발현)

  • Park, Byeong-Min;Yoon, Ok-Jin;Lee, Do-Hoon
    • Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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    • v.49 no.1
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    • pp.28-39
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    • 2017
  • Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can affect epigenetic mechanisms and obesity development. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)-widely used to make flames-are one of the important POPs. Prenatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as POPs, may affect global DNA methylation in long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE-1), increasing the risk of obesity later in life. Therefore, pregnant Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used to elucidate whether BDE-47 and BDE-209 transferred through placenta and breast milk cause epigenetic changes in LINE-1 and increase genetic susceptibility to obesity as obesogen during the developmental periods. Global DNA methylation in LINE-1 and gene expression related to obesity were measured in dams and offspring, using a methylation-sensitive high resolution melting analysis (MS-HRM) and direct bisulfite sequencing and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), respectively. The results of MS-HRM showed global DNA hypomethylation patterns in LINE-1 of exposed offspring (2 of total 4) at PND 4, but bisulfite sequencing showed no difference in both the exposed and non-exposed groups. Gene expression in dams related to ${\beta}$-oxidation pathway and those related to adipokines showed different patterns between the two groups. On the contrary, gene expressions of offspring showed a similar pattern. Gene expressions related to ${\beta}$-oxidation pathway and obesity were significantly increased when compared with 'at birth', but not $PPAR-{\alpha}$. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the possibility that co-exposure to BDE-47 and BDE-209-via the placenta and breast milk-may affect epigenetic changes and modulate gene expression levels related to obesity.

Effects of Bisphenol A on the Hatching of fertilized Eggs and Spawning of Adult Fish in Songsari, Oryzias latipes (Bisphenol A가 송사리, Oryzias latipes의 수정란 부화와 어미의 산란에 미치는 영향)

  • NA Oh Soo;OH Seong Rip;LEE Young Don;BAEK Hea Ja;KIM Hyung Bae
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.33 no.5
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    • pp.378-382
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    • 2000
  • The effects of bisphenol A (BPA), known as one of the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), on the hatching of fertilized eggs (FE) and the spawning of adult fish in songsari, Oryzias latipes were investigated. In condition of the experimental groups, incubated water temperature was $25.0{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ and photoperiod was 16 h (light) : 8 h (dark). fE were exposed to aqueous solutions of BPA at nominal concentration of 50, 100 and $200 {\mu}g/l$. The time required in hatching of FE was long in the BPA $50 and 100 {\mu}g/l$ treatment groups when compared to the controls, and in the BPA $200 {\mu}g/l$ treatment group, FE failed to hatch. And also hatching rate was decreased in the BPA treatment groups in comparison to the controls, Adult fishes were reared to oral administration via a diet of 50, 100 and $200 {\mu}g/g$ body weight BPA concentration for 3 weeks, Number of total eggs spawned in the adult fish were fewer in the BPA 100 and 200 treatment groups than in the controls and BPA 50 treatment group. Frequency of abnormal eggs in the total eggs spawned was 11.8 and $16.2{\%}$ in the control and acetone carrier control lower than 36.8, 46,8 and $74.1{\%}$ in the BPA 50, 100 and 200 treatment groups, respectively. And hatching rate of FE decreased in the BPA treatment groups in comparison to the controls. In these results, inhibition of the hatching of FE and the quantity and quality of spawned eggs in adult fish were observed from BPA treatment groups when compared to the controls.

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