• Korean Security Journal
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• no.36
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• pp.93-109
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• 2013

This research is mainly based on the experimental result due to seek different outcomes whena certain security motion with a paticular gear is applied in a plausible confrontational situation. For the purpose of this research an Expandable Baton, which is one of the most commonsecurity equipments, was chosen to be applied in a situation of hitting a person's head. Alsothe results will be studied in the view of Kinematic theory. To demonstrate, 10 students who were majeored in Escort Crane studies at 'H' university werechosen as testees. The participants were grouped into two-one is practiced with the 'expanadable baton use program' and the other is pre-practiced. In this report two groups abovewill be reffered as 'group A' and 'group B' for conveniency. There were a number of differences and changes between two groups. Group B took more timethan the other group did. Group A spent about 0.428sec in section 'e2' and 0.230sec in section'e3' while Group B took 0.435sec, 0.232sec in each sections.To add on, more distinctive results were out when it was more focused on physical movements. Two gropus presented considerable changes- in an 'left-right' moving displacement-Group A;$2.16{\pm}0.9cm$ (left side), $3.78{\pm}1.42cm$ (right side), total $5.94{\pm}2.03cm$. Group B; $2.97{\pm}1.01cm$ (left side),$4.56{\pm}1.57cm$ (right side), total $7.53{\pm}2.13cm$.Continuously, different outcomeswere shown between two groups in a 'back and forth' moving displacement-Group A;$32.48{\pm}3.86cm$, $35.21{\pm}4.64cm$, total $69.36{\pm}5.72$. Group B; $34.50{\pm}6.12cm$, $37.04{\pm}3.70cm$, total $71.46{\pm}7.17cm$. Furthermore, changes in an 'up and down' moving displacement were - GroupA; $5.62{\pm}2.41cm$, $4.54{\pm}1.87cm$, total $10.11{\pm}1.57cm$. Group B; $6.33{\pm}1.78cm$, $4.86{\pm}1.85cm$,total $10.68{\pm}1.81cm$. To continue, there were few modifications of degree on participants' joints, espcially on 'Wristjoint', 'Elbow joint' and 'Shoulder joint', depend on different sections -Wrist joint;Group A; e1 $114.62{\pm}7.13$, e2 $68.27{\pm}6.37$, e3 $131.64{\pm}6.27$. Group B; e1 $112.62{\pm}6.13$, e2 $66.28{\pm}7.38$, e3$137.42{\pm}4.28$ and Elbow joint ; Group A e1 $132.31{\pm}6.55$, e2 $117.92{\pm}8.42$, e3 $144.41{\pm}6.32$. Group B; e1 $133.58{\pm}8.56$, e2 $114.45{\pm}8.21$, e3 $139.89{\pm}4.38$. Lastly, degree changes ofshoulder joint were; Group A; e1 $13.55{\pm}3.85$, e2 $131.42{\pm}11.24$, e3 $78.32{\pm}6.28$. Group B; e1$9.45{\pm}1.23$, e2 $136.74{\pm}13.21$, e3 $79.75{\pm}4.24$.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.420-424
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• 1997

By human intestinal bacteria, saikosaponin c was transformed to four metabolites, prosaikogenin E1 (E1) prosaikogenin E2 (E2), prosaikogenin E3 (E3) and saikogenin E. Metabolic time course of saikosaponin c was as follows; in early time, saikosaponin c was converted to E1 and E2, and then these were transformed to saikogenin E via E3. Also, this metabolic pathway was similar to the metabolism of saikosaponin c by rat intestinal bacteria. Bacteroides JY-6 and Bacteroides YK-4, the bacteria isolated from human intestinal bacteria, could transform saikosaponin c to E via E1 (or E2) and E3. However, these bacteria were not able to directly transform El and E2 to saikogenin E. Naringin was mainly transformed to naringenin by human intestinal bacteria. The minor metabolic pathway transformed naringin to naringenin via prunin. By JY-6 or YK-4, naringin was metabolized to naringenin only via prunin.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.159-164
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• 1990

Absolute configuration of optically active [Co(EDDS)]- (EDDS = ethylenediaminedisuccinate) complex was determined as Λ-form by octant rule and spectroscopic data, and the stereoselective ionic association of Λ-[Co(EDDS)]- and racemic-$[Co(en)^3]_{3+}$ occurs preferrentially between Λ$-[Co(EDDS)]-$ and Δ$-[Co(en)3]3+$. The stereoselective electron-transfer reaction between Λ-[Co(EDDS)]- and racemic-$[Co(en)_3]^{2+}$ has produced 14% e.e (e.e = enantiomeric excess) of Δ$[Co(en)_3]^{3+}$ through the stereoselective ion pairing.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.241-246
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• 2016

In the present study, ethanol extracts and their subsequent organic solvent fractions were extracted from the lees of Ehwa Makgeolli containing oriental herbs, a commercialized traditional Korean rice wine, and the prepared lees samples were designated as from KSD-E3-1 to KSD-E3-5. First, their effects on cell viability and on the expression of pro-apoptotic ATF3 and NAG-1 genes in human colorectal HCT116 cells were investigated. Among the treated lees samples, the hexane fraction (KSD-E3-2) and the ethyl acetate fraction (KSD-E3-3) of lees extracts from Ehwa Makgeolli significantly reduced cell viabilities, in a dose dependent manner. The treatment with KSD-E3-2 and KSD-E3-3 also increased the expression of pro-apoptotic NAG-1 and ATF-3 genes and their proteins, which were detected with RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. In addition, poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage was detected by treatment with the fraction KSD-E3-3, indicating that KSD-E3-3 could induce apoptosis in HCT116 cells. Interestingly, this PARP cleavage was recovered by transfection of NAG-1 small interfering RNA. The results indicate that NAG-1 is one of the genes responsible for apoptosis induced by the fraction KSD-E3-3 from Ehwa Makgeolli. Overall, the findings may help in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities mediated by the lees of Ehwa Makgeolli.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.713-722
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association among nutrient intakes and health-related lifestyles with cardiovascular disease risk assessed by blood lipid profile according to Apolipoprotein E genotypes. Middle-aged industrial male workers who had completed their annual medical examination were recruited and data of 675 subjects who finished the nutrient survey were used in the analysis. Anthropometric parameters, dietary assessment (FFQ), health-related lifestyles and blood profiles were used for statistical analyses. Apo E genotype groups were classified into the following three genotypes: Apo E2 group (including E2/E2, E2/E3, E2/E4), Apo E3 group (including E3/E3), Apo E4 group (including E3/E4, E4/E4). The frequency of Apo E2, E3, and E4 allele were 13.3%, 75.0% and 11.7% respectively. There were no significant differences in the anthropometric parameters depending on different Apo E genotypes. Also, no significant differences in the nutrient intakes were found according to the genotype groups. The nutrient intakes of all subjects were similar to or higher than the level of KDRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes For Koreans) except for intakes of calcium (67.44% of KDRIs), vitamin A (73.83% of KDRIs) and vitamin $B_2$ (78.02% of KDRIs). Also, there were no significant differences of health-related lifestyles according to Apo E genotype groups. As for the lipid profiles, Apo E4 group had significantly higher total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations than the Apo E2 group (p < 0.05). We confirmed that plasma total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were greatly influenced by Apo E genotypes. However, nutrient intakes and health-related lifestyles were not associated with Apo E genotypes.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.246-254
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• 2018

Pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract (GS-E3D) is a newly developed ginsenoside Rd-enriched ginseng extract. This study was designed to investigate the skin safety of GS-E3D. Single oral toxicity, single dermal toxicity, bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) assay, skin irritation test with $SkinEthic^{TM}$ human epidermis model, skin sensitization local lymph node assay, and human patch test, were examined. The oral and dermal $LD_{50}$ value of GS-E3D was over 2,000 mg/kg in rats. GS-E3D was identified as a non-irritant to skin in BCOP assay, human epidermis models, and patch test from the 32 human subjects. The skin sensitization potential of GS-E3D was less than 25% in local lymph node assay. These results indicate that GS-E3D can be used as a safe ingredient without adverse effects in various skin care products.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.339-346
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• 2001

A new oxygenated monoterpene (4) was isolated from the methanol extract of the aerial part of Erechtites hieracifolia together with six known components, a dimethylheptane (1), three ionone derivatives (2, 3 and 7) and two phenylpropanoids (5 and 6). Their structures were identified by means of physico-chemical and spectral data to be (2E, 5E)-6-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylhepta-2,4-dienal (1), 3(R)-hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-$\beta$-ionone (2), 3(R)-hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-7-ionol (3), (3E, 6E)-3,7-dimethylocta-3,5-dien-1,2,7-triol(4), 2-hydroxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenyl-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (5), 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenyl -$\beta$-D-glucopyra-noside (6) and (6R, 9R)-3-oxo-$\beta$-ionol-$\alpha$-D -glucopyranoside (7).

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 1991

To determine the preventive effects of selenium and/or vitamin E on placenta retention in Holstein dairy cows. The cows were divided six groups ; control, Se, vit.E 1x, vit.E 3x, Se + vit./E 1x and Se + vit.E 3x in Cooong Nam province. 50mg of Se as sodium selenite and 700 IU of vit. E as dl-${\alpha}$ tocopherol acetate were injected 21 day perior to expected calving date, and 700 IU vit.E was injected 3 times at 21, 14 and 7 days perior to expected calving date in vit.E 3x groups. The cows which did not expelled their placenta until 12 hours post-parturient were termed as cow of placenta retention. The i.m. injection of a single dose of selenium and vit.E has significantly(P<0.05) affected the incidence of retained placenta by 7.0% versus 25.6% of controls, but a single injection of selenium or vit.E and a combination of selenium 1x and vit.E 3x has not significantly affected. But they affected neiher subsequent reproductive performances nor milk yields.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.1936-1942
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• 2010

To examine the effect of overdosed functional food in liver-injured patients, we tried to investigate the dose effect of Allium sativum L. (also called garlic) extract on rats with CCl4-induced liver damage, by comparatively examinating the hepatic function of each group. 42 male Sprague-Dawley rats were selected and divided equally (n=7) into normal, control, positive control, and three experimental subgroups (E1, E2 and E3), respectively. For each kg of body weight, hepatic injury was induced by intraperitoneal administration of $0.5\;m{\ell}$ (0.20 g/kg/day) $CCl_4$, which was diluted in equal amount of olive oil, once a day on every other day for total 5 times. Hot water extraction was performed using domestically cultivated organic garlics, and the obtained extract was injected by sonde, once daily during 4 weeks, to each experimental subgroups by different dosage of 0.35 g/kg(E1), 0.70 g/kg(E2), 1.40 g/kg(E3), respectively. Results showed that the injection of garlic extract positively influenced the physiological activation which lowered the oxidative stress, changed the toxicity, and functionally improved the hepatic condition. Comparing the dose effect between the three experimental subgroups (E1, E2, E3), results of the maximal-dosed subgroup (E3) showed less significance compared with the lower-dosed subgroups(E1 and E2), which seems to resulted from the (increased) toxicity of garlic.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.115-125
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• 2002

Gram-negative septicemia, which continues to be a serious clinical problem, is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria is a pivotal pathogen of sepsis. To understand the effect of endotoxin on hematological aspect and the time course in early childhood, this study was designed with experimental septic model of young rabbits (8 week-old). Rabbits were divided into control (n=7) and endotoxin group (0.50 mg/kg of endotoxin). The endotoxin group was subdivided into six groups by the sampling times: 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hr-group (E-G$_{3}$, E-G$_{6}$, E-G$_{12}$, E-G$_{24}$, E-G$_{48}$ and E-G$_{72hrs}$, each n=7). The evaluation of CBC, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen concentration, coagulation factors and D-dimer were taken from the bloods. The number of leukocytes was lower in E-G$_{3}$ and E-G$_{6hrs}$ (due to pantocytopenia), whereas it was higher in E-G$_{24}$ and E-G$_{48}$ (due to neutrophilia and/or lymphophilia) than in control group (P<0.05). Platelet counts in E-G$_{3}$, E-G$_{6}$, E-G$_{12}$, E-G$_{24}$ and E-G$_{48hrs}$ were lower than those of control group (P<0.05). Normoblast counts in E-G$_{3}$, E-G$_{6}$, E-G$_{12}$, E-G$_{24}$ and E-G$_{48hrs}$ were higher than those of control group (p<0.01). APTT in E-G$_{3}$, E-G$_{6}$, E-G$_{12}$, E-G$_{24}$ and E-G$_{72hrs}$ were longer while PT in E-G$_{3}$, E-G$_{6}$, E-G$_{48}$ and E-G$_{72hrs}$ were higher than those of control group (p<0.05). Fibrinogen concentrations were lower in E-G$_{3}$, E-G$_{6}$ and E-G$_{12}$ but higher in E-G$_{48}$ and E-G$_{72hrs}$ than those of control (p<0.05). Intrinsic coagulation factors (XII, XI, IX, VIII) in all endotoxin groups were significantly lower than those of control group (p<0.05). Extrinsic coagulation factor (X, VII, V, II) were lower in E-G$_{3}$, E-G$_{6}$, E-G$_{12}$ and E-G$_{24hrs}$ whereas they were higher in E-G$_{48}$ and E-G$_{72hrs}$ than in control group (p<0.05). D-dimer concentrations in E-G$_{48}$ and E-G$_{72hrs}$ were higher than those of control group (P<0.001). We concluded that endotoxin led to extensive hematological disturbances including disseminated intravascular coagulation in the young rabbits and that this pathologic condition in the infant and childhood groups will cause the grave results.