• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1568-1574
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• 2017

Objective: The effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and cellulase enzyme on fermentation quality, microorganism population, chemical composition and in vitro gas production of sorghum silages were studied. Methods: Commercial inoculant Lactobacillus plantarum Chikuso 1 (CH), local selected strain Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) TH 14 and Acremonium cellulase (AC) were used as additives in sorghum silage preparation. Results: Prior to ensiling Sorghum contained $10^4LAB$ and $10^6cfu/g$ fresh matter coliform bacteria. The chemical compositions of sorghum was 26.6% dry matter (DM), 5.2% crude protein (CP), and 69.7% DM for neutral detergent fiber. At 30 days of fermentation after ensiling, the LAB counts increased to a dominant population; the coliform bacteria and molds decreased to below detectable level. All sorghum silages were good quality with a low pH (<3.5) and high lactic acid content (>66.9 g/kg DM). When silage was inoculated with TH14, the pH value was significantly (p<0.05) lower and the CP content significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to control, CH and AC-treatments. The ratio of in vitro methane production to total gas production and DM in TH 14 and TH 14+AC treatments were significantly (p<0.05) reduced compared with other treatments while in vitro dry matter digestibility and gas production did not differ among treatments. Conclusion: The results confirmed that L. casei TH14 could improve sorghum silage fermentation, inhibit protein degradation and decrease methane production.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.129-137
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• 2023

Corn silage is extensively utilized in ruminant feeding on a global scale, with substantial research efforts directed towards enhancing its nutritional worth and managing moisture content. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of normal cutting height and elevated cutting height on whole-crop corn silage. Corn was harvested at heights of 15 cm and 45 cm above the ground, respectively, 45 days after heading. The harvested corn was cut into 2-3 cm lengths and packed into 20-liter plastic silos in triplicate. The results showed that dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of C45 were significantly higher than those of the control, while the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was significantly lower in C45 (p<0.05). The C15 had higher yields than C45 (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield of whole-crop corn silage. The increase in cutting height resulted in a larger change in moisture content and NDF per centimeter. After 60 days-ensiling, C45 showed significantly lower NH₃-N concentrations. Moreover, C45 had significantly higher lactic acid concentration, lactic acid/acetic acid ratio, and lactic acid bacteria count compared to the control. Mold was not detected and the yeast count was less than 2 log10 cfu/g fresh matter in both control and C45. In summary, C45 improved the feeding value and fermentation quality of whole-crop corn silage at the expense of forage productivity.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.22-27
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• 2005

To find out the optimum mixture ratio of ammonium and nitrate on rice plant, 4 rice varieties were examined during 14days after transplanting in hydroponics with the different ratio of ammonium to nitrate(100 : 0, 75: 25,50: 50, 25: 75 and 0: 100). The highest N uptake from solution and the maximum plant dry weight were $60\~70\%$ ammonium and $30\~40\%$ nitrate mixture treatment both in Japonica and Tongil type rice plants. And with the same varieties N-uptake and N use-efficiency were compared between 10.0 mM and 1.0 mM nitrogen using $70\%$ ammonium and $30\%$ nitrate for 24 days after transplanting. Rice plants absorbed more nitrogen$(131\~145\%)$ in 10.0mM than 1.0mM treatment but accumulated N in rice plants were almost the same in both treatment. Among the tested rice cultivars, dry matter production and total accumulative nitrogen in rice plants were much high in Tongil type than japonica type rice cultivars. N-recovery ratios of rice plants from uptake N were $90.8-99.0\%$ in low concentration N solution(1.0 mM), but $69.4-81.7\%$ were observed in high concentration N solution(10.0 mM). It means that suppling low concentration N steadily will be better to prevent loss of N without reducing of growth in rice plants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.1278-1284
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• 2000

An experiment was performed to evaluate different methods for preserving shrimp by-products and to determine their chemical composition. In the first experiment three ratios of shrimp by-product (SBP) to molasses (6:1, 4:1 and 3:1, wet weight), and to cassava root meal (3:1, 2:1 and 1:1, wet weight of shrimp by-product and air-dry weight of cassava root meal) were investigated. The pH of the SBP ensiled with molasses at a ratio of 3:1, and with cassava root meal at a ratio of 1:1, decreased during the first week to below 4.5 and remained low up to day 56 of ensiling, whereas the pH of the mixtures with higher ratios of SBP remained above 7.0, and the material deteriorated rapidly. The dry matter decreased initially in all treatments but then increased slightly from day 28 in the treatment where shrimp by-product was ensiled with cassava root meal at a ratio of 1:1. The crude protein (CP) and ammonia-N $(NH_3-N)$ contents of the preserved shrimp by-product material ensiled with molasses at a ratio of 3:1 increased significantly one week after ensiling. The CP content then remained constant, while the $NH_3-N$ concentration continued to increase up to 56 days after ensiling. When SBP was ensiled with cassava root meal at a ratio of 1:1 the CP content of the silage increased significantly up to 21 days after ensiling and then decreased back to the original level after 56 days, whereas $NH_3-N$ increased markedly up to 14 days and then remained fairly constant up to 56 days. However, the $NH_3-N$ content was significantly higher when SBP was ensiled with cassava root meal than with molasses. A balance experiment was carried out, arranged as a double Latin-square and including 6 F1 (Large White ${\times}$ Mong Cai) castrates fed randomly one of three diets based on cassava root meal, rice bran, and fish meal (FM) or shrimp by-product ensiled with molasses (SBEMO) or with cassava root meal (SBECA) as the main protein source. Apparent organic matter and CP digestibilities were significantly (p<0.001) higher for the fish meal diet than for the two shrimp by-product diets, although CP digestibility in SBEMO and SBECA was similar (p>0.05). N-retention was significantly higher for the fish meal diet than for the SBEMO diet, which in turn was significantly higher than for the SBECA diet (p<0.01). It can be concluded that shrimp by-product can be preserved by ensiling with molasses at a ratio of 3:1 or with cassava root meal at a ratio of 1:1. Nutrient digestibility and N-retention of diets based on these shrimp by-product silages were lower than for similar diets based on fish meal, probably due to their high chitin content and inferior amino acid balance.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.39-51
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• 1994

육계분을 pile의 내부온도 peak를 조절하여(조절 무, $70^{\circ}C$이하, $60^{\circ}C$ 이하 composting 처리시 공정기간에 걸친 물리.화학적인 성상 변화를 고찰하였다. Composting 에 이용된 구조물의 크기는 $1.0{\times}1.0{\times}1.2m$였다. 육계분은 공정 개시후 5~6주 경과시 암모니아취가 없고, 왕겨 크기의 입자로 분해된, 연한 갈색의 최종 생산물로 전환되었다. Compost 의 내부온도는 공정 개시후 3~4일경에 peak에 도달하였고, 이 후 서서히 감소하였다. 8주 경과시의 Compost 의 최종 함수율은 26.5% 였으며, pH는 9.0~9.1, C/N ratio는 14.0~14.3의 범위를 보였다. C/N ratio 의 증가는 N의 손실이 주 요인이었다. 최초 중량과 비교할 때, 공정 후 8주 경과시의 총 중량은 평균 38.8%, 건물 중량은 평균 64.1%, 유기물 중량은 평균 34.8% 정도였다. 계분 compost 의 함수율, pH, C/N ratio, 총 중량, 건물 중량, 유기물 중량은 내부온도 조절에 의하여 영향을 받지 않았다. 육계분 compost 는 공정 개시 후 5~6주 경과시에 물리.화학적 변화가 매우 적은 물질로 전환되었으며, 공정상의 N 손실을 사전 방지하여 composting 효율을 향상시키는 방안이 고려되어져야 할 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.239-244
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• 2005

본 시험은 옥수수 재식밀도 low(67,000 plants/ha), control(89,000 plants/ha) 및 high(95,000 plants/ha)를 주구로, 질소 시비량 150, 200 및 250kg/ha을 세구로 하여 분할구 배치법 3반복으로 2001년부터 2002년까지 2년간 축산연구소 한우시험장에서 수행하였다. 옥수수의 간장은 재식밀도가 낮을 수록 길었고, 모든 주처리구에서 ha당 200kg의 질소 시용구에서 길었으나 처리구간에 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 또한 옥수수의 착수고는 재식밀도가 높아질수록 낮았으며, ha당 150 kg 시용구에서 가장 낮았으나 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 옥수수의 암이삭 비율은 재식밀도가 낮을 수록 높아지는 경향이고 질소시비 수준은 ha당 200kg이 높았다(P<0.05). 옥수수의 건물수량은 재식밀도가 높아짐에 따라 증가를 하는 경향이었으나 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았고 재식밀도에 따라 질소시비 수준은 차이를 보였다(P<0.05). 옥수수의 조단백질 함량은 큰 차이는 없었으나 높은 재식밀도와 낮은 질소시비 수준으로 가장 높은 경향이었다. NDF와 ADF 함량은 낮은 재식밀도와 200kg/ha이 가장 높았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 건물수량과 사료가치를 고려하여 보면 고랭지에서 낮은 재식밀도(67,000 plants/ha)와 ha당 150-200kg의 질소시비 수준이 적당할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.431-436
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• 1994

충남 예산지방에서 호밀을 답리작으로 재배할 때 파종기가 생육, 수량 및 식물체 부위별 건물구 성비율에 미치는 영향을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 예산지방에서 파종기가 11월 5일 이후로 늦어지면 호밀의 출현일수가 길어지고 출현율 및 월동율이 감소하며 출수기가 지연되었다. 2. 호밀의 생장속도는 파종기가 빠를수록 증가하였고 파종기가 11월 5일 이후로 지연됨에 따라 생육량이 크게 감소하였다. 3. 호밀의 청예 및 건물수량은 파종기가 빠를수록 증가하나 다른 지역에서보다 파종적기의 폭이 넓어서 10월 5일에서 10월 25일 사이의 파종기간 차가 크지 않았다. 청예수량은 개화기 예취시, 건물수량은 유숙기 예취시 가장 높았다. 4. 호밀의 식물체 부위별 건물구성비율은 파종기가 빠를수록 그리고 수확시기가 늦을수록 엽신과 엽초의 비율이 감소하고 줄기와 이삭의 비율은 증가하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.1094-1101
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• 2000

Thirty-six crossbred (70% Holstein Friesian) cows in mid-lactation were assigned to one of four treatments. The dietary treatments were concentrate based, containing 13.5, 27.0, 40.5 and 54.0% of cassava in concentrate replacing ground maize (16.0% CP). There were curvilinear responses to intake of organic matter, non-structural carbohydrate and metabolisable energy. Cassava and corn fed in a ratio of 50:50 maximised organic matter, metabolisable energy intake; milk yield, milk protein and lactose yield. Milk fat yield was not affected by levels of inclusion. Dietary treatment did not influence ruminal pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations or plasma glucose. The low market price for cassava resulted in a lower concentrate feed cost. The optimal level of cassava in a dairy cow diet is suggested as being between 20.0 and 30.0% of cassava in dry matter intake when fed with rice straw.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.797-805
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• 2014

The effect of concentrate mixtures with crude protein (CP) levels 10%, 13%, 16%, and 19% and diets with roughage to concentrate ratios 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, and 20:80 (w/w) were determined on dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility, and fermentation metabolites using an in vitro fermentation technique. In vitro fermented attributes were measured after 4, 24, and 48 h of incubation respectively. The digestibility of DM and OM, and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) increased whereas pH decreased with the increased amount of concentrate in the diet (p<0.001), however CP levels of concentrate did not have any influence on these attributes. Gas production reduced with increased CP levels, while it increased with increasing concentrate levels. Ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) concentration and microbial CP production increased significantly (p<0.05) by increasing CP levels and with increasing concentrate levels in diet as well, however, no significant difference was found between 16% and 19% CP levels. Therefore, 16% CP in concentrate and increasing proportion of concentrate up to 80% in diet all had improved digestibility of DM and organic matter, and higher microbial protein production, with improved fermentation characteristics.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.309-329
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• 1975

본(本) 시험(試驗)은 몇가지 이화학적(理化學的) 성질(性質)이 서로 다른 10종(種)의 토양(土攘)에 대두품종(大豆品種) 동북태(東北太)를 공시(供試)하여 대두(大豆)의 생육특성(生育特性), 근류형성(根瘤形成) 및 수량(收量)에 영향(影響)을 주는 몇가지 토양인자(土攘因子)와 그 영향(影響)의 경중(輕重)의 차이(差異)를 구명(究明)하기 위하여 실시(實施)하였던 바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 개화(開花) 전후(前後)에 있어서 대두(大豆)의 제형질(諸形質)의 형성비율(形成比率)은 형질(形質)에 따라서 상이(相異)하였고 근장(根長)(89.3%), 경직경(莖直徑)(82.1%), 혁장(革長)(77.8%), 절수(節數)(67.9%) 및 채수(菜數)(67.4%)등은 개화(開花) 前(전)에 그 형성비율(形成比率)이 높았다. 근류수(根瘤數)(66.3%), 경엽건물중(莖葉乾物重)(74.9%), 총건물중(總乾物重)(71.7%)등은 개화후(開花後)에 그 형성비율(形成比率)이 높았는데 다만 근건물중(根乾物重)은 개화(開花) 전후(前後)에 거의 동등(同等)한 형성비율(形成比率)을 나타내었다. 2. 개화후(開花後)의 근류형성비율(根瘤形成比率)과 경엽(莖葉) 및 총건물중(總乾物重) 형성비율간(形成比率間)에는 고도(高度)로 유의(有意)한 정(正)의 상관관계(相關關係)가 인정(認定) 되었다. 3. T/R, 경엽건물중(莖葉乾物重)/초장(草長) 및 초장(草長)/근장(根長)등은 수량(收量)과 밀접(密接)한 관계(關係)가 있어서 그 비율(比率)이 높았던 공시토양(供試土壤)의 수량(收量)이 많았다. 4. 근류형성(根瘤形成)과 상관(相關)이 높았던 토양인자(土壤因子)들은 토양산도(土壤酸度), 유기물(有機物), 인산(燐酸), 가리(加里), 전질소(全窒素) 및 모리브덴등이었으며 이들 토양인자(土壤因子)는 수량(收量)과도 고도(高度)로 유의(有意)한 정(正)의 상관관계(相關關係)가 인정(認定)되었는데 석회(石灰)는 다만 수량(收量)과 유의성(有意性) 있는 정(正)의 상관관계(相關關係)가 인정(認定)되었다. 5. 감수인자(減收因子)로서 영향(影響)이 가장 컸던 토양인자(土壤因子)는 모리브덴이었고 다음은 석회(石灰), 유기물(有機物), 토양산도(土壤酸度), 근류수(根瘤數)등의 순서(順序)이었는데 이러한 순서(順序)는 공시토양(供試土壤)에 따라서 상이(相異)하였다.