• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.146.2-146.2
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• 2014

KIST 6MV 가속기는 이온빔 분석 그리고 가속기 질량 분석법(Accelerator mass spectrometry)으로 활용된다. 이온빔 분석으로는 RBS, TOF ERD, PIXE. ${\mu}$-Probe을 할 수 있으며 AMS(Accelerator mass spectrometry)는 액체섬광측정법(LSC)과 비교할때 민감도는 1,000배 정도로 3H, 14C, 26Al,41Ca 을 10-21 ~ 10-18 mole/mg 까지 검출 가능하여. 응용분야로는 BAMS(Biological AMS), 전통과학, 지구과학, 환경과학에 활용되고 있다. 이중 AMS의 생-의학분야(BAMS)의 응용은 최근 매우 중요하게 연구되고 있다. BAMS의 활용 연구에 사용하는 핵종으로는 주로 3H, 14C, 41Ca, 36Cl를 사용하며, 14C 화합물은 쉽게 구할 수 있고, 자연방사선 이하의 낮은 14C labeled drug 사용하기 때문에 1948년 이후 생물학 연구에 혁신적으로 활용되고 있다. 주 활용분야로는 (1) 신약개발은 임상실험 전(Phase 0) 이용되며, 14C로 표지된 bio-molecule을 자연수준의 방사선 농도에서 추적자로 사용하여 질량을 측정하는 방법을 활용. (2) 의과학분야는 인체 내에서의 추적자 연구수행 (3) 항암제 연구는 암조직 중 약물농도와 암효과의 상관성을 연구 (4) 바이오 기술 분야에서는 생약 유효물질의 체내 대사연구 등을 할 수 있어 전세계적으로 활발히 연구가 진행되고 있다. KIST에서는 6MV가속기를 BAMS 연구에 활용하기 위하여 전처리 단계의 Combustion, Gas transfer, Reduction 등을 자체 제작하여 테스트 중에 있으며, BAMS 샘플의 Gas는 호기중의 성분, 대기 성분이 있으며, Liquid는 혈액(혈장,혈청,적혈구), Solid는 DNA, 세포, 장기 뼈, 피부, 식물조직, 사료, Drug 및 그 대사 류가 있다. AMS 측정 결과는 14C/12C 비율로 나타나며 그 결과를 농도로 환산하여 분석하게 된다. 또한 분석 데이터 신뢰를 확보하기 위하여 표준시료 및 품질관리용 시료를 사용하여 BAMS분석법에 대한 검증을 실시하였다.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.116-121
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the toxicologic profiles and outcome of poisoned patients by comparing the data obtained through telephone counselling, each provided by emergency medical information center (1339) and emergency dispatch center (119). Methods: We analyzed the telephone-based poison exposure data before and after Seoul 1339 merged to 119. We compared the Seoul 1339 call response data in 2008 with Seoul and Busan 119 call response data between 2014 and 2016. We analyzed the changes in the trend and quality of data obtained, as well as the quality of service provided by each center before and after this reallocation, by comparing the data each obtained through telephone counselling. Results: The data was collected for a total of 2260 toxin exposure related calls made to Seoul 1339 in 2009, and 1657 calls to 119 in Seoul and Busan between 2014 and 2016. Significant difference was observed for age, sex, and reason for exposure to toxic substance between the two groups. Conclusion: After the integration of 1339 with 119, 119 focused on role of field dispatch and hospital transfer, lacking the consulting on drug poisoning. Moreover, data on exposure to toxic substances at the pre-hospital stage indicate that drug information and counseling are missing or unknown. In addition, first aid or follow-up instructions are not provided. Thus, systematic approach and management are required.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.500-510
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• 2023

In this study, lactic acid bacteria were isolated from 21 top-selling probiotic products on Korean market and their antimicrobial resistance were analyzed. A total 152 strains were claimed to be contained in these products and 70 isolates belonging to three genera (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus) were obtained from these products. RAPD-PCR showed diversity among isolates of the same species except for two isolates of Lacticaibacillus rhamnosus from two different products. The agar dilution method and the broth dilution method produced different MICs for several antimicrobials. With the agar dilution method, five isolates (three isolates of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, one isolate of B. breve, one isolate of B. longum) were susceptible to all nine antimicrobials and 15 isolates were multi-drug resistant. With the broth microdilution method, only two isolates (one isolate of B. breve and one isolate of B. longum) were susceptible while 16 isolates were multi-drug resistant. In this study, only two AMR genes were detected: 1) lnu(A) in one isolate of clindamycin-susceptible and lincomycin-resistant Limosilactobacillus reuteri; and 2) tet(W) in one tetracycline-susceptible isolate of B. longum B1-1 and two tetracycline-susceptible isolates and three tetracycline resistant isolates of B. animalis subsp. lactis. Transfer of these two genes via conjugation with a filter mating technique was not observed. These results suggest a need to monitor antimicrobial resistance in newly registered probiotics as well as probiotics with a long history of use.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.832-840
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• 2018

In this study, both of the concentration of benzo(a)pyrene in 5 species (total 50 samples) of medicinal herbs and their transfer ratios in the preparation steps of water extract(decoction) and soft extract, were measured by HPLC/FLD. The calibration curve of benzo(a)pyrene shows excellent correlation over the concentration range of 3~40 ng/mL with the correlation coefficient ($R^2$) of 1.000. The detected benzo(a)pyrene concentrations from the medicinal herbs ranged from non-detection to $37.54{\mu}g/kg$, and their average was $6.73{\mu}g/kg$. Among the total samples, 15 samples (i.e., 30%) exceeded the limit of herbal medicine benzo(a)pyrene criteria (i.e., $5{\mu}g/kg$) according to the notification No. 2009-302 from Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. In particular, the concentration of benzo(a)pyrene in Coptidis Rhizome was turned out to be the highest of $37.54{\mu}g/kg$. The detected benzo(a)pyrene concentrations from water extract(decoction), soft extract and remnant after boiling, ranged from non-detection to $2.31{\mu}g/kg$, non-detection to $2.28{\mu}g/kg$, and 2.18 to $21.91{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. In preparation of water extract(decoction) and soft extract, transferred benzo(a)pyrene was not detected or, if transferred, the maximal transfer ratios of benzo(a)pyrene were shown to be 8.9% and 9.8%, respectively. Therefore, the content of benzo(a)pyrene in the samples of herbal medicine used in this study, were reduced by more than 90% in preparation steps of water extract (decoction) and soft extract.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2013

Seven diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) prospective payment system is going to expand to all hospitals including university hospitals this year. However there are few studies on the change of practice pattern under prospective payment system in the university hospital setting. So This study was intended to predict the practice pattern change after the introduction of 7 DRGs prospective payment system in a university hospital setting. To predict the change of practice pattern, this study used simulation technique. Five hundred and nineteen patients classified as 5 DRGs in a university hospital were selected for simulation. The change of practice pattern were predicted based on clinicians' opinion. We also predicted payment change by service items. Major findings of this study are as follows. First, the total medical payment was reduced by 14.4%. The drug payment change (8.8%) took most of total payment reduction. The followings are the change of treatment material cost (3.2%), the change of laboratory tests cost (1.8%), the change of room charge (0.5%), and other payment change (0.1%), respectively. Second, most of the reduction in total medical payment resulted from the decreased amount of medical services themselves. The transfer of medical services to outpatient setting took up only 4.9% of the total payment reduction. The change of unit price or composition took up 5.5% of the total payment reduction. In this study we found that it is possible to reduce the inpatient services through practice pattern change in university hospital setting. However, it needs to be careful to adjust DRG payment after the reduction of provided services, because most of reduction was not due to service transfer but to service volume reduction. It is desirable to utilize the saving from practice pattern change as incentive to improve quality of care.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between conception rate and other parameters (body condition score; BCS, progesterone concentrations and follicle size) before estrus induction with CIDR(intravaginal progesterone-releasing controlled internal drug release). The conception rate in cows with < 2.75, 2.75 to 3.25, and 3.25 <, BCS regardless of AI (artificial insemination) time was 46.6%, 63.3%, and 46.6% at CIDR insertion, respectively. The conception rate regardless of BCS was 54.9% in cows inseminated based on detected estrus, and 48.7% in cows inseminated at 72 to 80 hours (timed artificial insemination, TAI) after removal of CIDR. The conception rate regardless of AI time was 40.0% in cows with low progesterone concentrations (less than 1.0 ng/ml), and 56.6% in cows with high progesterone concentrations (more than 1.0 ng/ml) at CIDR injection. The conception rate regardless of progesterone concentrations was 53.8% in cows inseminated based on detected estrus, and 38.0% in cows of TAI after removal of CIDR. The conception rate regardless of AI time was 43.3% in cows with small follicle (less than 5 mm), 53.3% in cows between 5 mm to 10 mm of follicle, and 63.3% in cows with large folliclc (more than 10 mm) at CIDR injection, respectively. The conception rate regardless of follicle size was 58.4% in cows inseminated based on detected estrus, and 45.9% in cows of TAI after removal of CIDR. These results indicated that if the cows with BCS 2.75 to 3.25, active corpus luteum, and/or large dominant follicle (more than 10 mm) are used for estrus induction, the conception rate will be greater.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of days open on subsequent reproductive performance following to estrus synchronization in the 114 lactating dairy cows. The animals were divided into two groups according to the time of estrus synchronization; viz, ${\leq}$ 85 days, and > 85 days postpartum, respectively. The estrus synchronization protocol consisted of insertion of a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device containing 1.9 g progesterone with an injection of 250 ${\mu}g$ gonadorelin (Day 0), an injection of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ and removal of the device on Day 7, an injection of 250 ${\mu}g$ GnRH on Day 9, and TAI 17 h later. Pregnancy diagnosis was determined at 30 to 60 days after TAI using both ultrasonography and rectal palpation. The body condition score (BCS) gradually increased over the postpartum period. In estrus synchronized cows until 85 days, conception rate on first service, number of service per conception, interval from estrus synchronization to conception, and interval from calving to conception were not significantly different among two farms (P>0.05). In estrus synchronized cows after 85 days postpartum, conception rate on first service, number of service per conception and interval from calving to conception were significantly different ($P{\leq}0.05$) between herds A and B (26.8 vs 50.0%; $2.1{\pm}1.35$ vs $1.37{\pm}0.54$ times, $237.3{\pm}97.8$ vs $164.7{\pm}69.3$ days, respectively). In estrus synchronized cows after 85 days postpartum interval from estrus synchronization to conception was greater (P<0.01) in herd B than in herd A ($63.6{\pm}57.4$ vs $26.1{\pm}24.9$). These results indicate that the time of estrus synchronization for maximized the reproductive performance is before 85 days postpartum and feeding and management is important factor for high reproductive performance.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.41-55
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• 2010

The aims of this study were to develop the suitable "system software" in chemical ranking and scoring (CRS) for the food hazardous chemicals associated with environmental emission and to suggest the priority lists of food contamination by environmental-origined pollutants. Study materials were selected with reference to the priority pollutants list for environment and food management from domestic and foreign research and the number of study materials is 103 pollutants (18 heavy metals, 10 PBTs, 10 EDs, and 65 organic compounds). The Food-CRS-Korea system consisted of the environmental fate model via multimedia, transfer environment to food model, and health risk assessment by contaminated food intake. We have established that health risks of excess cancer risks, hazard quotients (HQs) by chronic toxicity and HQs by reproductive toxicity convert to score, respectively. The creditable scoring system was designed to consider uncertainty of quantitative risk assessment based on VOI (Value-Of-Information). The predictability of the Food-CRS-Korea model was evaluated by comparing the presumable values and the measured ones of the environmental media and foodstuffs. The priority lists based on emissions with background-level-correction are 15 pollutants such as arsenic, cadmium, and etc. The priority lists based on environmental monitoring date are 17 pollutants including DEHP, TCDD, and so on. Consequently, we suggested the priority lists of 13 pollutants by considering the several emission and exposure scenarios. According to the Food-CRS-Korea system, arsenics, cadmium, chromes, DEHP, leads, and nickels have high health risk rates and reliable grades.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.974-981
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• 2020

Sequence type 410 (ST410) of Escherichia coli is an extraintestinal pathogen associated with multi drug resistance. In this study, we aimed to investigate the horizontal propagation pathway of a high-risk clone of E. coli ST410 that produces Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC). blaKPC-encoding E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates were evaluated, and complete sequencing and comparative analysis of blaKPC-encoding plasmids from E. coli and K. pneumoniae, antimicrobial susceptibility tests, polymerase chain reaction, multilocus sequence typing, and conjugal transfer of plasmids were performed. Whole-genome sequencing was performed for plasmids mediating KPC-2 production in E. coli and K. pneumoniae clinical isolates. Strains E. coli CPEc171209 and K. pneumoniae CPKp171210 were identified as ST410 and ST307, respectively. CPEc171209 harbored five plasmids belonging to serotype O8:H21, which is in the antimicrobial-resistant clade C4/H24. The CPKp171210 isolate harbored three plasmids. Both strains harbored various additional antimicrobial resistance genes. The IncX3 plasmid pECBHS_9_5 harbored blaKPC-2 within a truncated Tn4401a transposon, which also contains blaSHV-182 with duplicated conjugative elements. This plasmid displayed 100% identity with the IncX3 plasmid pKPBHS_10_3 from the K. pneumoniae CPKp171210 ST307 strain. The genes responsible for the conjugal transfer of the IncX3 plasmid included tra/trb clusters and pil genes coding the type IV pilus. ST410 can be transmitted between patients, posing an elevated risk in clinical settings. The emergence of a KPC-producing E. coli strain (ST410) is concerning because the blaKPC-2-bearing plasmids may carry treatment resistance across species barriers. Transgenic translocation occurs among carbapenem-resistant bacteria, which may spread rapidly via horizontal migration.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.275-285
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• 2008

Antimicrobial drugs are widely used in poultry industry as growth promoters or to control infectious diseases. However, this practice is reported to have caused high resistance to antimicrobial drugs in normal chicken flora and pathogens. Antimicrobial resistance to Escherichia coli (E. coli) from chicken has been mainly reported in normal flora, but rare in pathogenic organism in Korea, recently. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate prevalence of antimicrobials resistance, transfer of R plasmid, and association between antimicrobial drug resistance and O serotype of 203 pathogenic E. coli from poultry in Korea during the period from April 2003 to December 2005. These isolates showed a high resistance to tetracycline (Tc, 93.6%), nalidixic acid (Na, 92.6%), streptomycin (Sm, 81.8%), ampicillin (Ap, 77.3%), ciprofloxacin (Ci, 70.9%), sulfisoxazole (Su, 66.5%), and trimethoprim (Tp, 58.1%). Two hundred-one (99.0%) of the isolates were resistant to one or more drugs. They showed 57 different resistant patterns, and the most prevalent resistant pattern among them was Tc, Sin, Su, Ap, Tp, Ci, Na. Sixty-eight (33.8%) of the isolates transferred all or a part of their antimicrobial resistant pattern to the recipient strain by R plasmid. The most common antimicrobial resistant pattern was Tc, Sm, Su, Ap, Tp, Ci, Na in serotype O78, O88 and O15, respectively. These results exhibit high individual and multiple resistance to antimicrobials of pathogenic E. coli from poultry in Korea. They also suggest the needs for surveillance to monitor antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria that can be potentially transmitted to humans from food animals and to regulate the abuse of antimicrobials on food-producing animals in Korea.