• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to solidify the simvastatin self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) and to improve the encapsulation efficiency of solidified alginate beads using sodium alginate. Typical simvastatin SMEDDS was composed of various oils, surfactants and cosurfactants. Also solidified-alginate beads was prepared by crosslinking liquid emulsion mixtures containing sodium alginate and other excipients (cetylpyridinum chloride (CP-Cl), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, starch and so on). in $CaCl_2$ solution, it has been investigated that the drug release pattern and encapsulation efficiency were varied with the ratio of cationic lipid (CP-Cl). Solidified sodium alginate beads containing simvastatin SMEDDS were redispersed into media without re-aggregation. Oil droplet size of redispersed solidified-beads in media produced smaller than the initial size. The density of beads and drug loading amount were increased with increasing cationic lipid content. These systems have advantages of storage stability and predictability of drug release rate.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.277-284
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• 2002

Lansoprazole, pharmaceutics for acid-related diseases, is unstable in low pH environments and generally coated with enteric polymer to obtain gastroresistance in stomach. Because its storage stability is influenced by acidic substitutes of enteric polymer, alkaline chemicals wεre generally addεd to dosage form as a stabilizer. In this experience, we coated lansoprazole bead with sodium alginate and evaluated the effect of bead size and sodium alginate coating on the storage stability and dissolution profile of lansoprazole. Sodium alginate solution containing lansoprazole was sprayed as a droplet into 3% (w/v) $CaCl_2$ solution and the resultant bead was coated with starch, sodium alginate, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate. The content of lansoprazole granule not coated with sodium alginate decreased to 57.96% of initial content when stored at a severe condition for 4 weeks, but that of lansoprazole granule coated with sodium alginate before enteric coating decreased little and as the thickness of sodium alginate film increased, the content of bead didn't decreased for 4 weeks. Sodium alginate film also improved the gastroresistance without much influencing the maximum dissolution rate.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.251-265
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• 2006

To prevent the ozonosphere from being destroyed by Halon, it is an urgent task to find out Halon replacement. As one of the replacements water mist have showed broad applications by its advantages: little pollution to environment (not destroying the ozone layer or bring green house effect), extinguishing fire quickly, consuming a small quantity of water and having little damage to the protected objects. The methods of generating water mist strongly influence fire suppression effectiveness, which determine the cone angle, drop size distribution, flux uniformity, and momentum of the generating spray. The traditional water mist nozzle included pressure jet nozzles, impingement nozzles and twin-fluid nozzles. All of them have more or less disadvantages for fire suppression. Therefore, many research institutes and corporations are taking up with innovations in mist generation. This article provided some recent studies in State Key Laboratory of Fire Science (SKLFS) of University of Science and Technology of China. SKLFS have investigated new methods of generating water mist (i.e. effervescent atomization and ultrasonic atomization). and self developed a series of nozzles and developed advanced DPIVS (Digital Particle Image Velocimetry and Sizing) technique. Characteristics of water mist (the distribution of droplet sizes, flux density, spray dynamics and cone angle) produced by these nozzles were measured under different conditions (work pressure, nozzle geometry, etc.) using LDV/APV and DPTVS systems. A series of experiments were performed to study the fire suppression effectiveness in different fire scenario (different kindsof the fuel, fire size and ventilation conditions). The fire extinguishing mechanisms of water mist was also discussed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.423-426
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• 2020

This study was performed to investigate how the addition of starch nanoparticles prior to whipping could affect the quality characteristics and stability of full-fat dairy cream. Starch nanoparticles were prepared by dry heating under mildly acidic conditions and added to dairy cream as amount of 1, 3, and 5% (w/w). The whipped cream's storage stability, viscosity, overrun, and droplet size were investigated in combination with various starch nanoparticle contents. The storage stability and apparent viscosity increased in parallel with the increasing starch nanoparticle content compared to the control. The mean size and homogeneity of the droplets in the whipped cream increased with higher starch nanoparticle addition levels. Even though the whipped cream overrun was reduced by the addition of starch nanoparticles, the 1% addition level exhibited a similar overrun value as the control.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.574-582
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• 2009

$UO_2$ microsphere particles, core material of HTGR(High Temperature Gas Reactor) nuclear fuel, were prepared using by the GSP(Gel Supported Precipitation) method which is a modified-method of the wet sol-gel process. The spherical shape of initial liquid ADU droplets from the vibration nozzle system was continuously kept till the conversion to the final $UO_2$ microsphere. But the size of a final $UO_2$ microsphere was shrunken to about 25% of an initial ADU droplet size. Also, we found that the composition of dried-ADU gel particles was constituted of the very complicated phases, coexisted the U=O, C-H, N-H, N-O, and O-H functional groups by FT-IR. The important factors for obtain the no-crack $UO_2$ microsphere during the thermal treatment processes must perfectly wash out the remained-$NH_4NO_3$ within the ADU gel particle in washing process and the selections of an appropriate heating rate at a suitable gas atmosphere, during the calcining of ADU gel particles, the reducing of $UO_3$ particles, and the sintering of $UO_2$ particles, respectively.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.300-307
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• 2017

This study is to investigate particle size and velocity profile of gasoline port injector using Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA). In this experiment, a GV 250 Delphi port injector used for motorcycles was used for liquid injection. The injector consists of four holes and has a static flow rate of 2.13 g/s. The fuel used in the injection was N-heptane, which is similar to gasoline, as an alternative fuel. The test fuel was injected at an atmospheric temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ and an open atmosphere of 1 atm. The injection time was 10 ms and the injection pressure was 3.5 bar in PDPA experiment. The experimental target position was fiexd at 30, 50 and 75 mm from the nozzle tip and data were collected for a total of 10,000 samples. The experimental results show that the length diameter (D10), the Sauter mean diameter ($D_{32}$), and the mean droplet velocity (MDV) are $45-54{\mu}m$, $99-115{\mu}m$ and 15-21 m/s, respectively.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.137-155
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• 1999

The o/w emulsions were prepared by lysolecithin as a biosurfactantsto to emulsify oils with squalane(SQ), liquid paraffin(LP), octylpalmitate(OP), octylstearate(OS), alkyl benzoate(AB), isostearyl benzoate(ISB). The droplets size and shape of o/w emulsions were investigated by laser light scattering, With dynamic light scattering hydrodynamic radius(Rh) of emulsion droplets was varied from 150m to 250m and critical concentration of oil In which the hydrodynamic radius(Rh) of emulsion droplets decreased and increased was found in the point of 0.5wt% oil concentration, and it was found increasing the polarity of oil deccreased the droplets, the droplets size of SQ(polar oil) were lower than SQ(nonpolar oil) With static light scattering radius of gyration(R$_{g}$) of emulusion droplets was to be calculated. From measurements of the ratio of R$_{g}$R$_{h}$ it was found that the shape of droplet of ISB, AB(polar oils) were sphere, for OP, OS(apolar oil) were oblate, for LP, SQ(nonpolar oil) were rod. The viscosity of emulsion in the form of rod was higher than that of emulsion in the form of sphere.e.e.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.128-132
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• 2009

Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide derived from brown seaweed, is an important material valued for its various biological functions, including anti-coagulation, anti-aging, and immune system support. In this study, we examined the potential of fucoidan as a novel emulsifying agent in BSA (bovine serum albumin)-stabilized emulsion at a neutral pH. We measured the dispersed oil-droplet size, surface zeta-potential and creaming formation of 0.5 wt% BSA emulsion (20 wt% oil traction) in the absence and presence of fucoidan. The average particle size and zeta-potential value were 625.4 nm and -30.91 mV in only BSA-stabilized emulsion and 745.2 nm and -44.2 mV in 1.0 wt% fucoidan-added BSA emulsion, respectively. This result suggested that some positive charges of the BSA molecules interacted with the negative charges of fucoidan to inhibit the flocculation among the oil droplets. The creaming rate calculated from the backscattering data measured by Turbiscan dramatically decreased in 1.0 wt% fucoidan-added BSA emulsion during storage. Accordingly, the repulsion forces induced among the oil particles coated with 1.0 wt% fucoidan in emulsion solution resulted in significantly increased emulsion stability. The turbidity of the BSA-stabilized emulsion at 500 nm decreased during five days of storage. However, the fucoidan-added BSA emulsion exhibited a higher value of turbidity than the BSA-stabilized emulsion did. In conclusion, an anionic sulfated fucoidan lowered the surface zeta-potential of BSA-coated oil droplets via the electrostatic interaction, and subsequently inhibited the flocculation among the oil droplets, thereby clearly minimizing the creaming and phase separation of the emulsion.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.888-902
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• 2019

Our aim was to investigate the effects of bromelain embedded in double emulsion (DE) on physicochemical properties of pork loin. We evaluated DE characteristics such as size, zeta potential, and microscopy after fabrication. We marinated meat with distilled water (DW), 1% (w/v) bromelain solution, blank DE, and 1% (w/v) bromelain loaded in double emulsion (DE E) for 0, 24, 48, and 72 h at 4℃, and prepared raw meat for control. The marinated samples were assessed for color, water holding capacity, cooking loss, moisture content, pH, protein solubility, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and gel electrophoresis. The droplet size of 1% (w/v) bromelain embedded in DE was increased compared with blank DE (p<0.05) and values of zeta potential decreased. The increase in lightness and color difference range of the DE-treated group was lower than that of the DW-treated group (p<0.05). Moreover, treatment by immersion in 1% (w/v) DE E resulted in the highest water holding capacity values (p<0.05) and lower cooking loss values than water base treatment (p<0.05). Results for myofibrillar protein solubility and WBSF showed a similar trend. 1% (w/v) DE E showed degradation of myosin heavy chain after 48 h in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thus, bromelain-loaded DE is useful for controlling and handling enzyme activity in food industry.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.1473-1482
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• 2013

A disc-type rotary atomizer affords advantages such as superior paint transfer efficiency, uniformity of paint pattern and particle size, and less consumption of compressed air compared to a spray-gun-type atomizer. Furthermore, it can be applied to all types of painting materials, and it is suitable for large-scale processes such as car painting. The painting quality, which is closely related to the atomizer performance, is determined by the uniformity and droplet size in accordance with the design of the bell disc surface. This study establishes the basics of how to design a surface by modeling the operating bell disc's RPM, diameter, surface angle, and film thickness considering dye characteristics such as the viscosity, density, and surface affinity.