• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.103-114
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to use standard and downward slope of the keyboards with taping to influence electromyography of upper trapezius. The effect of taping raise a medical criticism, but we do an experiment on two kind of keyboards with taping in order to decrease stress of shoulder. Subjects are in Seonam university whose are twelve healthy adults in their twenties. This experiment used two kind of keyboards. Standard keyboard's degree is $0^{\circ}$ and another keyboard's degree is $-7.5^{\circ}$. Application of Kinesio taping attached belly of upper trapezius tightly. Measurement of electromyography attached posterior of acromion process go by spinous process of 7th cervical vertebra and upper trapezius. Method of analysis used Repeated measure two-way ANOVA. Result of this experiment, both shoulder's muscle activity increased(p<.05) when used standard keyboard and downward keyboard with taping used. We compared muscle activity that used downward keyboard than standard keyboard. Statistically, it dosen't increase in neck and shoulder(p>.05). Therefore, using a keyboard with upper trapezius's taping in order to decrease muscle activity isn't influenced.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.349-366
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• 1994

The method of treatment in skeletal Class III malocclusion must be chosen according to an etiology and timing of the treatment. Maxillry protraction has been used as an effective treatment method in growing children with maxillary deficiency. The efficacy of maxillary protraction has been viewed as a result of downward-backward displacement of mandible and compensatory dental displacement during the treatment rather than forward -downward growth of maxilla itself. In this study, 104 subjects treated with maxllary protraction, and 19 males and 21 females with known annual growth amount have been chosen longitudinally as treated group and normal group, respectively. And changes in position of maxilla, mandible and dentition have been comparatively analyzed on the lateral cephalometric radiographs by age. The results were as follows : 1. Treated group showed more forward movement of maxilla compare to the normal group and the mandible displaced backward compare to the normal group. 2. Downward movement of maxilla in treated group was similar to that of normal group with statistical signigicance in female 12 year old group and downward movement of mandible in treated group was similar to that of normal group. 3. In treated group, maxillary central incisor moved more forward than the normal group with statistical significance in male 8, 10 year-old groups and female 8, 9, 10 year-old groups. In treated group, downward movement of maxillary central incisor was similar to that of the normal group with statistical significance in male and female 7,8 year-old groups. Considering the above results and the duration of the treatment, the forward movement of maxilla due to maxillary protraction was effective compared to normal growth amount of the normal group.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2014.11a
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• pp.199-202
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• 2014

In recent years the downtown, Top-down method has been applied in a major method to solve the complaints due to noise, vibration, dust and safety issues such as cracking due to settlement when the excavation close to the building. Until it is installed underground permanent foundation, the Pre-founded Column is a pile foundation as well as a column to bear the upper construction load. The Pre-founded Column is constructed by PRD method generally. The EnP(Enlarging Pile) method can be expanded locally boring diameter of the embedment zone as compared to the PRD method existing general. Since the bearing capacity is increased by the boring diameter is expanded, the embedment length is reduced, the construction cost is reduced.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2013.11a
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• pp.4-7
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• 2013

In recent downtown high land due to an increase in the utilization of land from the property line to maximize the proximity of the construction and use of underground structures has increased. The nature of urban underground retaining structure construction safety, environmental management, and civil contrast situations, construction periodt perspective, this method is widely used in the backhand. Recent Patents DP method and the method of the DBS method than in the SPS process is deleted according to the PRD process cost savings are generated. The workability and safety study of two kinds of method, such as air speed, and considering the reduction of indirect costs in terms of economic efficiency is considered to be a superior method.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.43-47
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• 2008

CWSII method was developed to overcome the problems of frequent occurrence in the application of existing downward construction methods, especially in the case of using slurry wall instead of SCW or CIP as a retaining wall. By the improvements in connecting steel beams with the wall, CWSII method is able to ensure the settlement of a steel beam and the diaphragm effect of a slab while reducing the degree of difficulty and the term of works and the cost of construction. As the desired results, CWS method can be applied as a practical downward construction method regardless of the type of retaining wall. In this paper, besides the concept and features of CWSII method, it can be seen that the method can provide reliable and economical performances by comparing with existing methods.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.73-79
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• 2014

The purposes of the current study were to (1) estimate the inter-rater agreement for visual assessment of scapular downward rotation (SDR), (2) develop the scapular downward rotation index (SDRI) as a method to measure SDR objectively and quantitatively, and (3) analyze the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the SDRI. Twenty subjects with scapular downward rotation syndrome (SDRS) were recruited for this study. The visual assessment and the measurement for the SDRI were conducted by two examiners in two sessions each. The SDRI [$(a-b){\div}a{\times}100$] is calculated with the measurement of two linear distances: One is a perpendicular distance from the root of the scapular spine to the thoracic mid-line (a), and the other is a perpendicular distance from the inferior angle of the scapula to the thoracic mid-line (b). Cohen's kappa coefficient was calculated to estimate the inter-rater agreement for visual assessment. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) with a 95% confidence interval (CI), the standard error of measurement, and minimal detectable differences were calculated to assess intra- and inter-rater reliability of SDR measurement using the SDRI. The results indicated that the kappa coefficient of inter-rater agreement for visual assessment was fair (${\kappa}=.21$). The intra-rater reliability of SDR measurement using the SDRI was excellent for examiner 1 (ICC=.92, 95% CI=.78~.97) and good for examiner 2 (ICC=.82, 95% CI=.55~.93). The inter-rater reliability was moderate (ICC=.73, 95% CI=.32~.89). These findings showed that SDR measurement using the SDRI for subjects with SDRS may be considered reliable and better than the visual assessment.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.788-793
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• 2009

Constructing substructures by using Top-Down or Downward method needs an efficient formwork system because of difficulties in supporting concrete slabs from the bottom while excavation is in process. Existing underground formwork systems can be classified by three types: graded ground supported type (Slab On Grade, Beam On Grade), suspension type (Non Supporting Top Down Method), and bracket supported type (Bracket Supported R/C Downward). Each method has its own advantages and limits. Application of a specific formwork system for a given construction site is determined by various conditions and affect construction time and cost. This paper presents a newly developed underground non-supporting formwork system, which combines the advantages of a suspension type and a bracket supported type while it overcomes limits of two types. The developed system has a moving formwork which is supported by suspension cables hanging from the bracket placed at the top of pre-installed substructure columns. Then, the moving formwork is repeatedly lowered down for the next floor below to support concrete slab during curing. The details of this bracket and cable supported system have been investigated for the improvement of easiness in construction.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.553-558
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• 1995

The purpose of this paper is recovery of the profiles of the wave speed and density from the reflection coefficients of the continuously layered acoustic medium with depth dependent density and wave speed at various angles of incidence. A downward continuation or layer stripping algorithm, which recursively reconstructs the medium in increasing depth and then strips away the effects of the reconstructed portion of the medium, is the method with fewer computations than integral equation procedures. This paper implements an improved downward continuation algorithm that uses reflection data at several angles of incidence and performs a least-squares fitting at each depth. The result is a considerable improvement in performance over the usual downward continuation algorithm.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2011

In rough set literatures, methods for inducing minimal rules from a given decision table have been proposed. When the decision attribute is ordinal, inducing rules about upward and downward unions of decision classes is advantageous in the simplicity of obtained rules. However, because of independent applications of the rule induction method, inclusion relations among upward/downward unions in conclusion parts are not inherited to the condition parts of obtained rules. This non-inheritance may debase the quality of obtained rules. To ensure that inclusion relations among conclusions are inherited to conditions, we propose two rule induction approaches. The performances of the proposed approaches considering the inclusion relations between conclusions are examined by numerical experiments.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2009.03a
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• pp.1086-1091
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to provide the technical information of the stability change and behaviour characteristics in case upward direction of soil nailing is installed. Generally, the soil nailing which installed in case of vertical excavation or for the purpose of the slope stability is installed between 5 to 15 degree of downward direction. The downward direction of the soil nailing method has lots of advantages such as the increase of the stability, the convenience of the grout compared to upward direction of soil nailing. Even though the upward direction of the soil nailing has the disadvantages in terms of the stability and the grout construction, horizontal displacement tends to be decreased.