• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.529-535
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• 2018

The range extender vehicle runs on a mechanism that allows the small power generation engine to start in the most efficient specific operating range to charge the battery and extend the mileage. In this study, we developed a step motor type intake air supply system that replaces existing throttle body system to develop a simple low cost control logic system. The system was applied to the existing base engine, and in order to improve the performance by increasing the amount of intake air, the effect of changing the length of the intake and exhaust manifold was experimentally examined. As a result, the Type B intake air control actuator operated by one step motor showed higher performance than the Type A in all the operation region, but the performance was lower than that of the base engine due to the increase of flow resistance. To improve this, it was confirmed that the engine performance was improved at both speeds of 2200rpm and 4300rpm when the 140mm adapter was installed in the intake manifold and when the newly designed 70mm exhaust manifold was applied. Through this process, high - precision operation control was realized by connecting the generator load to the optimized engine for the range extender electric vehicle. Experimental results showed that the speed change rate was within ${\pm}2.5%$ at 2200rpm in 1st stage and 4300rpm in 2nd stage and the speed follow-up result of 610 rpm/s was obtained when the speed was increased from 2200rpm to 4300rpm.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2022

Patterns of occurrence of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) with whitefly on summer-cultivated tomato in Gwangju-si, Gyeonggi Province were surveyed using multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in 2020. In addition, distribution of the whiteflies species and their viral transmission rates were investigated throughout the tomato growing season. The infection rates of TYLCV and ToCV increased sharply during harvest, and the single infection rates were 30.9% and 5.0%, respectively, with a mixed infection rate of the two viruses being the highest at 52.2%. Single infection with TYLCV and double infections with TYLCV and ToCV accounted for the majority with 83.1%. Bemisia tabaci were dominant over Trialeurodes vaporariorum in greenhouse grown plants, and all of the investigated B. tabaci biotypes were identified as Mediterranean (MED, formerly known as Q biotype). The transmission rate of TYLCV, detected in every sampled B. tabaci MED population, was 21.4%, and the mixed transmission rate with ToCV was 35.5%. Viruliferous MED whiteflies with ToCV showed a higher rate than that of T. vaporariorum. In the transplant stage, viruliferous rate of both TYLCV and ToCV of B. tabaci was 42.7%; this rate was highest in the harvest stage. In examination of tomato yield, the increase in the mixed infection rate of TYLCV and ToCV led to complete yield loss. When the mixed infection rate increased by 10%, the yield decreased by 405.4 kg/10a.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.35-77
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• 2023

This study aims to solve the entangled loop between demographic transition (DT) and economic growth by analyzing cross-country data. We undertake a national-level group analysis to verify the compressed transition of demographic variables over time. Assuming that the LA (latecomer advantage) on DT over time exists, we verify that the DT of the latecomer is compressed by providing a formal proof of LA on DT over income. As a DT has the double-kinked functions of income, we check them in multiple aspects: early maturation, leftward threshold, and steeper descent under a contour map and econometric methods. We find that the developing countries (the latecomer) have speedy DT (CDT, compressed DT) as well as speedy income such that DT of the latecomers starts at lower levels of income, lasts for a shorter period, and finishes at the earlier stage of economic development compared to that of developed countries (the early mover). To check the balance of DT, we classify countries into four groups of DT---balanced, slow, unilateral, and rapid transition countries. We identify that the main causes of rapid transition are due to the strong family planning programs of the government. Finally, we check the effect of latecomer's CDT on economic growth inversely: we undertake the simulation of the CDT effect on economic growth and the aging process for the latecomer. A worrying result is that the CDT of the latecomer shows a sharp upturn of the working-age population, followed by a sharp downturn in a short period. Compared to early-mover countries, the latecomer countries cannot buy more time to accommodate the workable population for the period of demographic bonus and prepare their aging societies for demographic onus. Thus, we conclude that CDT is not necessarily advantageous to developing countries. These outcomes of the latecomer's CDT can be re-interpreted as follows. Developing countries need power sources to pump up economic development, such as the following production factors: labor, physical and financial capital, and economic systems. As for labor, the properties of early maturation and leftward thresholds on DTs of the latecomer mean that demographic movement occurs at an unusually early stage of economic development; this is similar to a plane that leaks fuel before or just before take-off, with the result that it no longer flies higher or farther. What is worse, the property of steeper descent represents the falling speed of a plane so that it cannot be sustained at higher levels, and then plummets to all-time lows.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.59-72
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• 1976

The addition of one mole of zinc chloride to 2.33 moles of sodium borohydride in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature gave a clear chloride-free supernatant solution of zinc borohydride after stirring three days and standing at room temperature.The approximate rates and stoichiometry of the reaction of zinc borohydride with 54 selected organic compounds were determined in order to test the utility of the reagent as a selective reducing agent. Aldehydes and ketones were reduced rapidly, aromatic ketones being somewhat slowly, and the double bond of cinnamaldehyde was not attacked. Acyl halides were reduced rapidly within one hour, but acid anhydrides were reduced at a moderate rate. Carboxylic acids, both aliphatic and aromatic, were slowly reduced to alcoholic stage. Esters were inert to this reagent but a cyclic ester, γ-butyrolactone, was slowly attacked. Primary amides were reduced slowly with partial evolution of hydrogen, whereas tertiary amides underwent neither reduction nor hydrogen evolution. Epoxides and nitriles were all inert, as well as nitro, azo, and azoxy compounds. Cyclohexanone oxime and phenyl isocyanate were reduced slowly but pyridine was inert. Disulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone and sulfonic acids were stable to this reagent.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.151-164
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• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to review clinical studies about the efficacy of fire needling for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Methods and Results : In this review, Oasis, NDSL, CNKI, PubMed, Cochrane, J STAGE and CINII were used as the main databases for searching for medical journals, using the keywords "acne and fire needling"," acne and fire needle"," acne and fire acupuncture", and" acne and red hot needle". The initial search range included only randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and papers not matching inclusion criteria were excluded. Initially a total of 108 studies were found, with ten being excluded during title and abstract screening. After scanning 98 papers, a total of 31 RCTs were selected and analyzed. In the 31 RCTs, patients with acne were randomized into groups for treatment and control. Specifically, the treatment group received fire needling, while the control group were concurrently given other treatments. The results of the completed studies have shown that the treatment group receiving fire needling demonstrated significant improvement compared to the control group. Conclusion : During our study, it was verified that the efficacy of fire needling for the treatment of acne vulgaris was both significant and meaningful. Therefore, fire needling can be a safe and effective alternative treatment for acne. However, to confirm this result, further investigation in a traditional clinic is required, accompanied by high quality studies including randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trials.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.210-215
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• 2017

We have developed the neuromorphic system that can work with the four-terminal Si-based synaptic devices and verified the operation of the system using simulation tool and printed-circuit-board (PCB). The symmetrical current mirrors connected to the n-channel and p-channel synaptic devices constitute the synaptic integration part to express the excitation and the inhibition mechanism of neurons, respectively. The number and the weight of the synaptic devices affect the amount of the current reproduced from the current mirror. The double-stage inverters controlling delay time and the NMOS with large threshold voltage ($V_T$) constitute the action-potential generation part. The generated action-potential is transmitted to next neuron and simultaneously returned to the back gate of the synaptic device for changing its weight based on spike-timing-dependent-plasticity (STDP).

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2009

In this study, we propose an image stitching method for large-area holographic photo lithography. In this method, a hologram medium become a hologram mask for lithography. And the mask has information for stitched images. These images are recorded by signal images which are controlled with DMD (digital micro-mirror device), and serial hologram recording is achieved with a motorized linear stage. Using this method, fringe seams appear on the stitching area. To remove these fringe seams, double exposure holographic lithography is tried. Each stitched image is recorded and reconstructed with a different reference beam. The experiments confirm that fringe seams are removed.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 1997

For the labor-saving cultivation of barley in rice-barley double cropping system in paddy field, a series of expriments on the effect of rice straw application were carried out at the National Yeongnam Agricultural Experiment Station from 1992 to 1993. The affection of phenol compounds released from fresh rice straw could be lessened when seeded under rice straw in the soil and that made emergence rate increase by 11％, compared with that on application on the rice straw. Although utilization of rice straw as an organic material caused the poor growth of barley in early stage, it could be enhanced the culm breaking strength. On this reason, affected by rice straw, grain yield was increased from 8％ in common barley and up to 20％ in malting barley. The more nitrogen, CaO$_2$2 and SiO$_2$ applied, the more decomposition of rice straw accelerated from 2％ to 6.9％. On the application of rice straw as an organic material in malting barely cultivation, the content of crude protein was decreased while 1,000-grain-weight and grain assortment was increased.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.448-458
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• 2020

T-DNA insertional mutations in Arabidopsis genes have conferred huge benefits to the research community, greatly facilitating gene function analyses. However, the insertion process can cause chromosomal rearrangements. Here, we show an example of a likely rearrangement following T-DNA insertion in the Anti-Silencing Function 1B (ASF1B) gene locus on Arabidopsis chromosome 5, so that the phenotype was not relevant to the gene of interest, ASF1B. ASF1 is a histone H3/H4 chaperone involved in chromatin remodeling in the sporophyte and during reproduction. Plants that were homozygous for mutant alleles asf1a or asf1b were developmentally normal. However, following self-fertilization of double heterozygotes (ASF1A/asf1a ASF1B/asf1b, hereafter AaBb), defects were visible in both male and female gametes. Half of the AaBb and aaBb ovules displayed arrested embryo sacs with functional megaspore identity. Similarly, half of the AaBb and aaBb pollen grains showed centromere defects, resulting in pollen abortion at the bi-cellular stage of the male gametophyte. However, inheritance of the mutant allele in a given gamete did not solely determine the abortion phenotype. Introducing functional ASF1B failed to rescue the AaBb- and aaBb-mediated abortion, suggesting that heterozygosity in the ASF1B gene causes gametophytic defects, rather than the loss of ASF1. The presence of reproductive defects in heterozygous mutants but not in homozygotes, and the characteristic all-or-nothing pollen viability within tetrads, were both indicative of commonly-observed T-DNA-mediated translocation activity for this allele. Our observations reinforce the importance of complementation tests in assigning gene function using reverse genetics.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 1991

For the constitution of forage cropping system including the double-cropping of corn, attention has been directed towards the early and short maturing varieties of corn such as Comet 80, Comet 85 and Linda as a component forage crop of forage cropping system. Four corn varieties, Comet 80, Comet 85, Linda and Suwon 19 were planted delayedly by each of 45, 55 and 65 days from the recommended sowing date of suwon 19. Under these condition, growth characteristics and late-sowing adaptability of 4 corn varieties were investigated, and the results are summarized as follows; 1. The variety of suwon 19 did not reach the stage of silking in the occasion of late sowing by 50 days from the optimum sowing time for mono cropping of suwon 19. However early varieties such as Comet 80, Comet 85 and Linda silked under the condition of 65 days-delayed sowing from the recommended sowing time of Suwon 19 for mono-cropping. 2. Early varieties of Comet 80, Comet 85 and Linda were so grown by approximately 92% in plant height, 66% in ear height, 88% in stem diameter and 81% in leaf number respectively compared to Suwon 19 at each of three delayed sowing time that exhibited the dwarfish appearance of canopy. 3. Days from sowing to silking decreased as the sowing time was delayed and the average days from sowing to silking in the sowing treatments of 55 days-delayed of Suwon 19, Comet 80, Comet 85 and Linda were 61, 46, 47 and 51 days, respectively. 4. The size of variations of plant height and ear height influenced by delayed-sowing time was comparatively larger in the varieties of Suwon 19 and Linda than in those of Comet 80 and Comet 85. 5. As sowing time was delayed from the optimum sowing time of Suwon 19 for mono-cropping, ear content decreased from 0% of Suwon 19 at 55 day-delayed sowing treatment to 3540% of Comet 80 and Comet 85 at 65 days-delayed sowing treatment.