• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.291-300
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• 2016

Background: It is necessary to assess radiation dose to workers due to inhalation of airborne particulates containing naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) to ensure radiological safety required by the Natural Radiation Safety Management Act. The objective of this study is to develop an internal dose assessment procedure for workers at industries using raw materials containing natural radionuclides. Materials and Methods: The dose assessment procedure was developed based on harmonization, accuracy, and proportionality. The procedure includes determination of dose assessment necessity, preliminary dose estimation, airborne particulate sampling and characterization, and detailed assessment of radiation dose. Results and Discussion: The developed dose assessment procedure is as follows. Radioactivity concentration criteria to determine dose assessment necessity are $10Bq{\cdot}g^{-1}$ for $^{40}K$ and $1Bq{\cdot}g^{-1}$ for the other natural radionuclides. The preliminary dose estimation is performed using annual limit on intake (ALI). The estimated doses are classified into 3 groups ( < 0.1 mSv, 0.1-0.3 mSv, and > 0.3 mSv). Air sampling methods are determined based on the dose estimates. Detailed dose assessment is performed using air sampling and particulate characterization. The final dose results are classified into 4 different levels ( < 0.1 mSv, 0.1-0.3 mSv, 0.3-1 mSv, and > 1 mSv). Proper radiation protection measures are suggested according to the dose level. The developed dose assessment procedure was applied for NORM industries in Korea, including coal combustion, phosphate processing, and monazite handing facilities. Conclusion: The developed procedure provides consistent dose assessment results and contributes to the establishment of optimization of radiological protection in NORM industries.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.205-213
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• 1990

The regulation of neurotoxicants has usually been based upon setting reference doses by dividing a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) by uncertainty factors that theoretically account for interspecies and intraspecies extraploation of experimental results in animals to humans. Recently, we have proposed a four-step alternative procedure which provides quantitative estimates of risk as a function of dose. The first step is to establish a mathematical relationship between a biological effect or biomarker and the dose of chemical administered. The second step is to determine the distribution (variability) of individual measurements of biological effects or their biomarkers about the dose response curve. The third step is to define an adverse or abnormal level of a biological effect or biomarker in an untreated population. The fourth and final step is to combine the information from the first three steps to estimate the risk (proportion of individuals exceeding on adverse or abnormal level of a biological effect or biomarker) as a function of dose. The primary purpose of this report is to enhance the certainty of the first step of this procedure by improving our understanding of the relationship between a biomarker and dose of administered chemical. Several factors which need to be considered include: 1) the pharmacokinetics of the parent chemical, 2) the target tissue concentrations of the parent chemical or its bioactivated proximate toxicant, 3) the uptake kinetics of the parent chemical or metabolite into the target cell(s) and/or membrane interactions, and 4) the interaction of the chemical or metabolite with presumed receptor site(s). Because these theoretical factors each contain a saturable step due to definitive amounts of required enzyme, reuptake or receptor site(s), a nonlinear, saturable dose-response curve would be predicted. In order to exemplify this process, effects of the neurotoxicant, methlenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), were reviewed and analyzed. Our results and those of others indicate that: 1) peak concentrations of MDMA and metabolites are ochieved in rat brain by 30 min and are negligible by 24 hr, 2) a metabolite of MDMA is probably responsible for its neurotoxic effects, and 3) pretreatment with monoamine uptake blockers prevents MDMA neurotoxicity. When data generated from rats administerde MDMA were plotted as bilolgical effect (decreases in hippocampal serotonin concentrations) versus dose, a saturation curve best described the observed relationship. These results support the hypothesis that at least one saturable step is involved in MDMA neurotoxicity. We conclude that the mathematical relationship between biological effect and dose of MDMA, the first step of our quantitative neurotoxicity risk assessment procedure, should reflect this biological model information generated from the whole of the dose-response curve.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.337-345
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• 2014

중재적 시술 및 혈관조영검사에 사용되는 조영제의 요오드 함유량 차이에 따른 흡수도와 피폭선량을 알아보았다. 실험에 사용된 조영제는 요오드 함유량(I $mg/m{\ell}$)에 따라 240, 270, 300, 320, 350, 370, 400의 7종류를 사용하였으며, 그 결과 요오드 함유량이 많을수록 흡수도 및 피폭선량이 높아짐을 알 수 있었으며, TACE 검사에서도 조영제의 농도 270 I $mg/m{\ell}$에 비해 350 I $mg/m{\ell}$의 출력 선량이 8.5% 정도 증가하였다. 본 연구를 통해 조영제가 환자의 피폭선량에 영향을 주며 요오드 함유량이 많은 조영제일수록 환자의 피폭선량이 증가함을 알 수 있었다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.239-250
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• 2022

In many applications, we frequently encounter correlated multiple outcomes measured on the same subject. Joint modeling of such multiple outcomes can improve efficiency of inference compared to independent modeling. For instance, in developmental toxicity studies, fetal weight and number of malformed pups are measured on the pregnant dams exposed to different levels of a toxic substance, in which the association between such outcomes should be taken into account in the model. The number of malformations may possibly have many zeros, which should be analyzed via zero-inflated count models. Motivated by applications in developmental toxicity studies, we propose a Bayesian joint modeling framework for continuous and count outcomes with excess zeros. In our model, zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) regression model would be used to describe count data, and a subject-specific random effects would account for the correlation across the two outcomes. We implement a Bayesian approach using MCMC procedure with data augmentation method and adaptive rejection sampling. We apply our proposed model to dose-response analysis in a developmental toxicity study to estimate the benchmark dose in a risk assessment.

• 한국방사성폐기물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방사성폐기물학회 2004년도 학술논문집
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• pp.24-31
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• 2004

원자력발전소를 안전하게 해체하기 위해서는, 해체부지 개방기준의 준수여부를 확인하기 위해 수행되는 환경이나 설비의 방사선학적 조사의 계획, 실시 그리고 평가에 대한 상세 지침을 제공하는 절차가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 해외 원전 해체 사례와 MARSSIM을 근간으로 부지운영이력평가, 오염범위조사, 오염현황 상세 조사, 제염복구 지원조사, 최종부지조사의 순으로 해체 부지내 잔류방사능을 조사하는 절차를 제시하였다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.155-164
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• 2002

몬테칼로 모사를 통해 여러 가지 진단X선 검사를 받는 성인의 유효선량을 평가하는 방법체계를 구축하였다. 피사체 인형팬텀으로서 MIRD5 남성 팬텀과 ORNL 여성팬텀이 이용되었고 사용 X선 스펙트럼은 SPEC78 코드로 생산하였다. 같은 진단절차에 대해 NRPB 평가결과와 비교함으로써 계산체계를 검증하였다. 계산체계를 이용하여 흉곽, 복부, 두부 및 척추의 진단에서 AP, PA, LLAT 및 RLAT 방향으로 입사하는 X선에 대한 장기 등가선량과 유효선량을 평가하였으며 가장 보편적인 흉곽 PA와 복부 AP의 경우 유효선량이 각각 0.029mSv와 0.44mSv로 나타났다. 흉곽 PA 1회 촬영 시 피폭하는 선량이 전통적 평가치인 0.3mSv(또는 30mrem)보다 매우 작게 나타나는 것은 진단방사선 기술의 발전뿐만 아니라 적용하는 선량개념의 차이에 기인하는 것으로서 여러 방사선 의료절차에 대한 집중적인 환자선량 평가의 필요성을 강조하는 것이다. 여기서 개발된 선량평가 체계는 CT 선량, 임부의 진단으로 인한 태아의 선량, 소아과 X선에 의한 선공 등 다른 방사선 의료절차에도 용이하게 응용될 수 있다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.621-626
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• 2017

본 논문에서는 방사선치료 시 용적 선량 평가에 응용할 수 있는 광 도시메트리 시스템을 구축하고 100 MeV 고선속 양성자 빔에 대한 특성 평가를 수행하였다. 광 도시메트리 시스템은 액체 유기 섬광체와 카메라 렌즈, 고감도 저잡음 화상(complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor; CMOS) 카메라로 구성되며, 2 m 거리에 영상의 화각(field of view; FOV)이 15 cm가 되도록 설계 및 제작하였다. 구축된 광 도시메트리 시스템은 100 MeV 양성자 빔에 대하여 1~40 Gy 선량 범위에서 선량-출력의 직선성을 확인하였으며, 심부선량백분율 데이터와 등선량 곡선을 획득하였다. 본 연구에서는 용매의 인체조직등가성에 제한점이 있지만 광 도시메트리 절차를 확립하였으며, 새로운 용적 선량 평가법의 제안으로 그 의미가 있다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.160-166
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• 2019

This study examined the clinical use of two newly installed computed tomography (CT) simulators in the Department of Radiation Oncology. The accreditation procedure was performed by the Korean Institute for Accreditation of Medical Imaging. An Xi R/F dosimeter was used to measure the CT dose index for each plug of the CT dose index phantom. Image qualities such as the Hounsfield unit (HU) value of water, noise level, homogeneity, existence of artifacts, spatial resolution, contrast, and slice thickness were evaluated by scanning a CT performance phantom. All test items were evaluated as to whether they were within the required tolerance level. CT calibration curves-the relationship between CT number and relative electron density-were obtained for dose calculations in the treatment planning system. The positional accuracy of the lasers was also evaluated. The volume CT dose indices for the head phantom were 22.26 mGy and 23.70 mGy, and those for body phantom were 12.30 mGy and 12.99 mGy for the first and second CT simulators, respectively. HU accuracy, noise, and homogeneity for the first CT simulator were -0.2 HU, 4.9 HU, and 0.69 HU, respectively, while those for second CT simulator were 1.9 HU, 4.9 HU, and 0.70 HU, respectively. Five air-filled holes with a diameter of 1.00 mm were used for assessment of spatial resolution and a low contrast object with a diameter of 6.4 mm was clearly discernible by both CT scanners. Both CT simulators exhibited comparable performance and are acceptable for clinical use.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.411-425
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• 2017

Using a probabilistic safety assessment, a risk evaluation framework for an aircraft crash into an interim spent fuel storage facility is presented. Damage evaluation of a detailed generic cask model in a simplified building structure under an aircraft impact is discussed through a numerical structural analysis and an analytical fragility assessment. Sequences of the impact scenario are shown in a developed event tree, with uncertainties considered in the impact analysis and failure probabilities calculated. To evaluate the influence of parameters relevant to design safety, risks are estimated for three specification levels of cask and storage facility structures. The proposed assessment procedure includes the determination of the loading parameters, reference impact scenario, structural response analyses of facility walls, cask containment, and fuel assemblies, and a radiological consequence analysis with dose-risk estimation. The risk results for the proposed scenario in this study are expected to be small relative to those of design basis accidents for best-estimated conservative values. The importance of this framework is seen in its flexibility to evaluate the capability of the facility to withstand an aircraft impact and in its ability to anticipate potential realistic risks; the framework also provides insight into epistemic uncertainty in the available data and into the sensitivity of the design parameters for future research.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.226-230
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• 2012

방사선 사고시 피폭환자로부터 채취된 스메어 시료의 전알파 방사능 측정법을 수립하였으며 이를 바탕으로 피폭환자의 후속조치 절차를 확립하였다. 국내방사선사고 대응기관에서 사용중인 스메어용 면봉을 이용하여 계측 절차를 검증하였다. 액체섬광계수기를 이용하여 표준선원을 점적한 시료의 계측 결과 20% 이내에서 인증값과 잘 일치하였으며, 채취 조건은 세정제 등을 이용하는 것이 더 높은 스메어 효율을 보였다. 액체섬광계수법 특성상 소광현상의 영향을 배제하기 위해 건조 등의 최소한의 전처리가 필요 할 것으로 판단되었다. 계측결과를 바탕으로 방사선비상시 피폭환자에 대한 의료적 처치 기준 및 선량평가 절차를 수립하였다.