• Atmosphere
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.437-449
• /
• 2010

The relocation effect of observation station (REOS) on the homogeneity of seasonal mean of maximum and minimum temperature, diurnal temperature range (DTR) and relative humidity (RH) was investigated using surface observation data and document file. Twelve stations were selected among the 60 stations which have been operated more than 30 years and relocated over one time. The data from Chunpungryeong station were used as a reference to separate the impacts of station relocation from the effects caused by increased green house gases, urbanization, and others. The REOS was calculated as a difference between REOS of relocated station and REOS of reference station. Although the REOS is clearly dependent on season, meteorological elements, and observing stations, statistically significant impacts are found in many stations, especially the environment of observing station after relocation is greatly changed. As a result, homogeneity of seasonal mean of meteorological elements, especially DTR and RH, is greatly reduced. The results showed that the effect of REOS, along with the effect of urbanization, should be eliminated for the proper estimation of climate change from the analysis of long-term observation data.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.194-199
• /
• 2001

Chlorella kessleri cultivated in artificial wastewater using diurnal illumination of 12h light/12h dark (L/D) cycles. The inoculum density was 10(sup)5 cells/mL and the irradiance in light cycle was 45$\mu$mol㎡s(sup)-1 at the culture surface. As a control culture, another set of flasks was cultivated under continuous illumination. Regardless of the illumination scheme, the total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was reduced below 20% of the initial concentration within a day. However, cell concentration under the L/D lighting scheme was lower tan that under the continuous illuminating scheme. Thus the specific removal rate of organic carbon under L/D cycles was higher than that under continuous illumination. This result suggested that C. kessleri grew chemoorganotrophically in the dark periods. After 3 days, nitrate was reduced to 136.5 and 154.1mg NO$_3$-N/L from 168.1mg NO$_3$-N/L under continuous illumination and under diurnal cycles, respectively. These results indicate nitrate removal efficiency under continuous light was better than that under diurnal cycles. High-density algal cultures using optimized photobioreactors with diurnal cycles will save energy and improve organic carbon sources removal.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.14 no.9
• /
• pp.873-879
• /
• 2005

This study was investigate to evaluate the phosphate uptake rate of green algae in relation to diurnal rhythm and algae control method. The phosphate uptake rates of Chlorella vulgaris and Ankistrodesmus convolutus increased in light period and decreased in dark period. On the contrary, those of Chlamydomonas sp. showed a peak in the late dark period. The differences among species in phosphate uptake in relation to diurnal rhythm were due to the severe competition among species and seemed to alleviate the competition for nutrient supplies. The compound of CellCaSi, Ca and Fe showed the effective removal of the phosphorus. The extracts from rice and barley straw exhibited a significant effect on the growth inhibition of Microcystis aeruginosa.

• Atmosphere
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.49-53
• /
• 2006

The present study has examined interdecadal variations of the diurnal temperature range (DTR, daily maximum temperature minus daily minimum temperature) during the New Year season in Seoul for the period 1954-2005. Here, the average DTR for the New Year holidays (three consecutive days; one day before the New Year, the New Year day, and one day after the New Year) minus the average DTR for 14 days, 7 days before and 7 days after the New Year holidays, is defined for representing the New Year effect. The DTR index does not show notable trend until the late 1970s but shows obvious positive values afterward. For example, the difference of the average DTR between two periods (1980-2005 minus 1954-1979) is $0.65^{\circ}C$, which is meaningful at the 95% confidence level. This result demonstrates that intense human activity even for the limited period may provide climate impact in local regions. Its plausible causes are discussed.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.138-143
• /
• 2001

Red sea bream, Pagrus major a fish species characterized by its dualistic feeding pattern, was investigated to study the synchronizing effect of light and food on the demand-feeding rhythm. Nocturnal and diurnal red sea bream, both in groups and individually, were exposed to restricted-feeding and Light-Dark cycles of different periods. The phase relationship between both zeitgebers was also studied. In some cases, food availability restricted to the light or dark phase contrary to that of the previous feeding phase changed a diurnal feeding pattern into nocturnal and vice versa, suggesting that food can be one of the switching factors that decides whether the circadian system of red sea bream is diurnal or nocturnal. However, the fact that the feeding pattern of some fish was unrelated with the phase in which food was available suggests that other internal and/or external-factors could be involved in the temporal flexibility of red sea bream.

• Atmosphere
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.155-168
• /
• 2009

Characteristics of seasonal mean diurnal temperature range (DTR) and their causes over South Korea are investigated using the 60 stations data of Korea Meteorological Administration from 1976 to 2005. In general, the seasonal mean DTR is greatest during spring (in inland area) and least during summer (urban and coastal area). The spatial and seasonal variations of DTR are closely linked with the land surface conditions (especially vegetation activity and soil moisture) and atmospheric conditions (cloud amount, precipitation, local circulation). The seasonal mean DTR shows a decreasing trend at the major urban areas and at the north-eastern part of South Korea. Whereas, it shows an increasing trend at the central area of the southern part. Decreasing and increasing trends of DTR are more significant during summer and fall, and during spring and winter. The decrease (increase) of DTR is mainly caused by the stronger increase of daily minimum (maximum) temperature than daily maximum (minimum) temperature. The negative effects of precipitation and cloud amount on the DTR are greater during spring and at the inland area than during winter and at the coastal area. And the effect of daytime precipitation on the DTR is greater than that of nighttime precipitation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2006.05a
• /
• pp.1497-1500
• /
• 2006

The cooling effect of paddy fields was compared with those of other land-use areas (upland, urban park, and urban residential area) during midsummer. The temperature were monitored using data logger at one hour intervals in study sites. Diurnal temperature range of study areas in clear days was larger than in cloudy days. Also, diurnal temperature ranges in paddy field, upland, and park areas were larger than those in the urban residential area during clear days. The paddy field or upland area has shown more remarkable cooling effect compared to urban residential areas: Mean duration of temperature below $25^{\circ}C$ in the paddy field area is longer(7 to 8 hours) than in the residential area; The time to fall to below $25^{\circ}C$ in the paddy field area is sooner than in the residential area; Mean daily minimum temperature in the paddy field area is much lower than in the residential area.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.247-251
• /
• 2009

To estimate the effect of rainfall on soil respiration, soil $CO_2$ efflux was measured with a manipulation of rainfall interception at a broad-leaved deciduous forest in western Japan from 20 February to 19 November 2001. The diurnal patterns of soil respiration observed at the intercepted subplot ($F_c$) were quite similar to those of soil temperature at 0.2 m depth with a maximum around midnight and a minimum from noon to early afternoon. Such diurnal patterns have not been observed in the previous studies at the same study site under natural conditions (which manifested no clear diurnal variations). Furthermore, the magnitudes of $F_c$ showed substantial differences (e.g., ~50% reduction under water-limited conditions) compared to those of the potential soil respiration under natural conditions ($F_{cal}$). These findings demonstrate that rainfall events not only affected the magnitude of soil $CO_2$ efflux but also modified the vertical structure of soil temperature, thereby altering diurnal patterns of soil respiration.

• Atmosphere
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.147-157
• /
• 2007

A weekend effect has been investigated in diurnal temperature range (DTR) for Seoul in Korea using 50-year (1955 ~ 2005) surface measurements of maximum and minimum temperatures, and particle mass concentrations (PM10). The minimum temperature increases by 0.42K per decade, 2 times faster than the maximum temperature during 1955 to 2005, for rapid urbanization has occurred in Seoul. The weekend effect, which is defined as the DTR for Sunday minus the average DTR for Tuseday through Thursday, can be as large as +0.08 K for the recent 20-year period relative to 0.01K for 1955 to 1975. Especially the wintertime DTR tends to have a remarkable positive weekend effect (+0.17K), that is, larger DTR on Sunday compared to weekdays, which seems to be associated with increased maximum temperature and thus an increase in DTR. This result could be explained by relative differences in PM10 concentration between Sunday and weekdays (Tuesday through Thursday), such that PM10 concentration on Sundays appears to be systematically lower about 12% than on weekdays. The annually average weekend DTR increases by 0.2K with $10{\mu}gm^{-3}$ decrease in PM10 concentration in comparison with weekdays. The results could be possible evidence of an anthropogenic link to DTR, one of climate important indicators, since no meteorological phenomenon is supposed to occur over a 7 day cycle.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.33 no.12A
• /
• pp.1225-1232
• /
• 2008

In this paper, we describe a compensation method of diurnal effect which is one of the factors giving large effect on the performance when using ground-wave signals like Loran-C for a backup and substitute navigation system of global satellite navigation system such as GPS, and currently many researches of the topics are doing in USA and in Europe. In order to compensate diurnal effect, we find periodic frequency components by using the Least Square Spectral Analysis (LSSA) method at first and then compensate the effect by subtracting the estimated compensation signal, obtained by using the estimated amplitude and phase of the individual frequency component, from the original signal. In this paper, we propose a simple compensation algorithm and analysis the performance through simulations. From the results, it is observed that the amplitude and phase can be estimated with under 5 % and 0.17 % in a somewhat poor receiving situation with 0 dB Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). Also, we analyze the obtainable performance improvement after compensation by using the measured Loran-C data. From the results, it is observed that we can get about 22 % performance improvement when a moving average with 5 minutes interval is employed.