• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.265-273
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• 2023

This study proposes a methodology for the regional seismic risk assessment of structural damage to buildings in Korea based on evaluating individual buildings, considering inconsistency between the administrative district border and grid lines to define seismic hazard. The accuracy of seismic hazards was enhanced by subdividing the current 2km-sized grids into ones with a smaller size. Considering the enhancement of the Korean seismic design code in 2005, existing seismic fragility functions for seismically designed buildings are revised by modifying the capacity spectrum according to the changes in seismic design load. A seismic risk index in building damage is defined using the total damaged floor area considering building size differences. The proposed seismic risk index was calculated for buildings in 29 administrative districts in 'A' city in Korea to validate the proposed assessment algorithm and risk index. In the validation procedure, sensitivity analysis was performed on the grid size, quantitative building damage measure, and seismic fragility function update.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.3
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• pp.315-320
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• 2016

This study was carried out to establish a management plan for urban forest trails with analysis of trail damage types and soil physicochemical properties on 3 urban forest parks in Jinju, Gyeongnam-do. We found that soil hardness was significantly higher in forest trails than forest area at 0 cm and 5 cm at a significance level of 0.05. However, we could not find any significant differences for other soil properties. For the trail damage types, the most common types were as follows: trail expansion (66%), trail erosion (59%), side road (57%), and trail boundary erosion and root exposure (41%). The results showed no difference in most of these types between the trails and forest area, indicating that the forest area might be damaged as well as the trails. Priority should be given to prepare measures that prevent soil compaction from overcrowded hikers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.17-29
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• 2024

This study was conducted to select the restoration priority of forest damage sites in Gangwon Province. We first identified the status of damaged areas. We then selected restoration evaluation indicators through a literature review. We then set weights for these indicators through expert surveys. We next acquired data that can represent these indicators and spatially mapped them. Finally, we prioritized the restoration target sites by taking the weights. The results of the study showed that disaster sensitivity and ecologicality are important criteria for selecting the restoration priority of damage sites. The analysis showed that damage sites in Doam, Jeongseon, Samcheok and Inje are in urgent need of restoration. The results of this study are significant in that they selected the restoration priority of damage sites in Gangwon Province based on the restoration priority evaluation criteria selected based on expert surveys. However, the priority restoration areas derived from the results of this study are not actually implementing restoration projects at present. Therefore, it is judged that it would be efficient in various aspects to establish the restoration priority area based on scientific analysis techniques and carry out the project for efficient implementation of the restoration project. In this study, it can be pointed out that the priority of restoration of damage sites was derived based on data from the past due to the limitation of data acquisition. However, the fact that the priority restoration area inferred based on past data has been restored over time has improved the reliability of the study by verifying the usefulness of the priority extraction technique. In the future, if the priority of damage sites is extracted by extracting the restoration target area boundary through the latest data based on the methodology applied in this study, it is considered that it will be available as a result that can be applied to the field.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.118-128
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to present efficient methods of preserving and managing the fish shelter forest in Mulgun-ri on the southern coast of Korea on the basis of its humanistic, sociological and ecological characteristics. The study object is Korean natural monument No. 150, which is presumed to have been forested by descendants of Jeonju Lee Family who settled there, and village rituals are held every October to pray for the peace of the village. The forest is managed by Namhae-gun as a historical and cultural resource as well as its disaster-preventing, economic, and environmental and ecological functions. The linear form of the area is $23,962.6m^2$ and farmland(48.5%) and urbanization area(38.2%) are extensively located in its periphery area. Actual vegetation was sub-classified into three types of land according to use pressure and whether or not damage was done: land where its stratification was formed; land where it was restored, and the land where it was damaged. Plant communities were sub-classified into Aphananthe aspera community(I) and Zelkova serrata community(II) which had a low use pressure; Z. serrata-Chionanthus retusa-A. aspera community(III) and A. aspera-Z. serrata community(IV) which had a high use pressure; and Celtis sinensis-A. aspera community(V) whose underlayer was damaged by use. Fragmentation of the forest is under way and its inside vegetation growth is hampered due to the installation of traffic and resting facilities such as the through roads costal roads, wooden-deck walkways, parking lots, washstands, etc. As a restoration management plan for this, the following were required: an establishment of preferred restoration area; a selection of restoration vegetation species; and an appropriate restoration method. The damaged area($7,868.2m^2$) will have to be set up as the preferred restoration area; seedlings of restored vegetation species should be raised with dominant species within the forest(i.e., Z. serrata, A. aspera, C. sinensis, and C. retusa) as their 'mother trees' for the benefit of for the next-generation forest; and sub-tree and shrub layer should be complementarily planted with 5 and 115 trees(unit $100m^2$) respectively to facilitate the formation of a multi-layered vegetation structure. In addition, resting facilities scattered inside the forest should be demolished; and indiscriminate use of them should be controlled; management and monitoring should be carried out so that the area can be preserved and restored as a deciduous broad-leaved forest.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.3-54
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• 2014

The Republic of Korea enacted the Air Transport Act in Commercial Law which was entered into force in November, 2011. The Air Transport Act in Korean Commercial Law was established to regulate domestic carriage by air and damages to the third party which occur within the territorial area caused by aircraft operations. There are some problems to be reformed in the Provisions of Korean Commercial Law for the aircraft operator's liability of compensation for damages to the third party caused by aircraft operation as follows. First, the aircraft operator's liability of compensation for damages needs to be improved because it is too low to compensate adequately to the third party damaged owing to the aircraft operation. Therefore, the standard of classifying per aircraft weight is required to be detailed from the current 4-tier into 10-tier and the total limited amount of liability is also in need of being increased to the maximum 7-hundred-million SDR. In addition, the limited amount of liability to the personal damage is necessary to be risen from the present 125,000 SDR to 625,000 SDR according to the recent rate of prices increase. This is the most desirable way to improve the current provisions given the ordinary insurance coverage per one aircraft accident and various specifications of recent aircraft in order to compensate the damaged appropriately. Second, the aircraft operator shall be liable without fault to damages caused by terrorism such as hijacking, attacking an aircraft and utilizing it as means of attack like the 9 11 disaster according to the present Air Transport Act in Korean Commercial Law. Some argue that it is too harsh to aircraft operators and irrational, but given they have also some legal duties of preventing terrorism and in respect of helping the third party damaged, it does not look too harsh or irrational. However, it should be amended into exempting aircraft operator's liability when the terrorism using of an aircraft by well-organized terrorists group happens like 9 11 disaster in view of balancing the interest between the aircraft operator and the third party damaged. Third, considering the large scale of the damage caused by the aircraft operation usually aircraft accident, it is likely that many people damaged can be faced with a financial crisis, and the provision of advance payment for air carrier's liability of compensation also needs to be applied to the case of aircraft operator's liability. Fourth, the aircraft operator now shall be liable to the damages which occur in land or water except air according to the current Air Transport Act of Korean Commercial Law. However, because the damages related to the aircraft operation in air caused by another aircraft operation are not different from those in land or water. Therefore, the term of 'on the surface' should be eliminated in the term of 'third parties on the surface' in order to make the damages by the aircraft operation in air caused by another aircraft operation compensable by Air Transport Act of Korean Commercial Law. It is desired that the Air Transport Act in Commercial Law including the clauses related to the aircraft operator's liability of compensation for damages to the third party be developed continually through the resolutions about its problems mentioned above for compensating the third party damaged appropriately and balancing the interest between the damaged and the aircraft operator.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.277-290
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• 2020

Disasters, including earthquakes and landslides, have enormous economic and social losses besides their impact on environmental disruption. Iran, and particularly its Western part, is known as an earthquake susceptible area due to numerous strong ground motions. Studying ecological changes due to climate change can improve the public and expert sector's awareness and response to future disastrous events. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technologies are appropriate tools for modeling and surface deformation modeling. This paper proposes an efficient approach to detect ground deformation changes using Sentinel-1A. The focal point of this research is to map the ground surface deformation modeling is presented using InSAR technology over Sarpol-e Zahab on 25^th November 2018 as a study case. For surface deformation modeling and detection of the ground movement due to earthquake SARPROZ in MATLAB programming language is used and discussed. Results show that there is a general ground movement due to the Sarpol-e Zahab earthquake between -7 millimeter to +18 millimeter in the study area. This research verified previous researches on the advanced image analysis techniques employed for mapping ground movement, where InSAR provides a reliable tool for assisting engineers and the decision-maker in choosing proper policies in a time of disasters. Based on the result, 574 out of 682 damaged buildings and infrastructures due to the 2017 Sarpol-e Zahab earthquake have moved from -2 to +17 mm due to the 2018 earthquake with a magnitude of 6.3 Richter. Results show that mountainous areas have suffered land subsidence, where urban areas had land uplift.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.1-18
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• 2006

Recently, the damage by fresh flood increases in Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do of the north-eastern area of Korea. Even though the recent pattern of rain fall keeps changing, there is no strategy to mitigate damage by disaster. For the appropriate measure and policy for decreasing damage, an index for vulnerability is necessary to provide evidence of local climate change. The present work analyzes the flooding damage cost during the past 20 years. During 80's, the southern area of Korea was seriously damaged by over-floods on the agricultural ground. After that time, the loss and damage has decreased in the southern area but the middle part has shown slight but distinct increases of damage. The absolute coast of damage in the northern part has kept constant. However, the relative regional damage to the total country damage has kept increasing over 20 years in the same area. The surface area of floods is strongly correlated with the regional damage cost in the southern part but the north-eastern part has weak correlation between flooded area and cost. It implies that the recent damage in the north-eastern mountain area was not caused by flood itself but the other factors such as avalanches. The present work expects that the damage cost can be a good proxy value for index for climate change impact assessment.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.439-449
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• 2023

This study was conducted to verify the role of forest roads in the extinction of large forest fires in Korea. The study area was the forest fire-damaged area of Gangneung City, Gangwon Special Self-Governing Province, in April 2023, which is one of the areas with the highest road density among the major forest fires that have occurred so far. The scope of the forest fire damage area was confirmed through on-site survey, and the intensity of the fire was carried out through Sentinel-2 satellite imagery analysis. After that, the relationship between the damage range and intensity and the forest road was examined. About 59.6 km of roads were built within 50 m from the boundary of the forest fire damage area, which can easily access the entire 149.1 ha of forest fire damaged area. The road density is as high as 168.9 m/ha. All forests that were fragmented by roads were fragmented into 83 places, and all of these forests could be judged to have spread by spotting fire. As a result of analyzing the distribution of damage intensity by distance from the road to see the extent of damage according to the ease of access of fire extinguishing vehicles, it was confirmed that the proportion of areas with low-intensity damage has increased sharply even from 75 m or more away from the road. The results of analyzing the distribution of damage intensity by altitude to see the extent of damage according to the ease of access of fire extinguishing showed that the proportion of areas with low-intensity damage increased as the altitude increased, while the proportion of areas with damage of more than strong intensity decreased as the altitude increased. It was confirmed that there is no data that roads inside or adjacent to forests in the forest fire area of Gangneung City are effective in extinguishing forest fires. These results are contrary to the logic that increasing the road density in forests is effective in extinguishing forest fires. In the case of this fire area in Gangneung City, the road density is 43 times higher than the current road density in Korea claimed by the Korea Forest Service of 3.9 m/ha. This study suggests that roads can be a hindrance to extinguishing forest fires.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.60-72
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• 2022

A number of wooden built heritage remain in Korea, and most have been damaged by various biological factors including termite. Owing to the irreversible damage caused by termites, wooden built heritage are losing their authenticity and structural stability. In this study, Area-Wide Integrated Termite Management(AW-ITM) was proposed to prevent termite damage. First, to understand the locational characteristics of these sites, the distance from adjacent forests and surrounding forest areas was analyzed for 182 national designated wooden built heritage(national treasures, treasures) using the Geographic Information System(GIS). By analyzing existing pest control projects(2003-2020) and the components of the ITM, the characteristics of termite control for cultural heritages were determined. Based on these results, the cultural heritage sites and their surrounding spaces were divided into three areas, and the types of cultural properties were divided into six types according to the location and number of buildings. Along with this, termite control measures were proposed for each area and type. The concept of AW-ITM has been partially applied to the "Comprehensive Control of Termites in wooden built heritages Sites" by the Cultural Heritage Administration. Caution must be taken with regard to the establishment of a cultural heritage management policy; AW-ITM should be applied on a trial basis with the results then being carefully analyzed and reflected in the establishment of policies pertaining to the conservation management of cultural heritage.

• Journal of Korean Society of societal Security
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.61-66
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• 2008

More than 70% of Korea consists of mountainous area and during the construction of roads and railroads many cut-slopes are inevitably formed. A number of environmental factors, such as the rainy season and frost heave during winter/thaw during spring, can result in rock falls and landslides. The failure of slopes is increasing every year and can cause damage to vehicles, personal injury and even fatality. In order to help protect people and property, there is a need for real-time monitoring systems to detect the early stages of slope failures. In this respect, the GMG has been using Translation Rotation Settlement (TRS) sensor units installed on slopes to monitor movement in real-time. However, the data lines of this system are vulnerable and the whole system can be damaged by a single lightning strike. In order to overcome this, GMG have proposed the use of Ubiquitous Sensor Networks (USN). The adoption of a USN system in lieu of data cables can help to minimize the risk of lightning damage and improve the reliability of slope monitoring systems.