• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.385-390
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• 2020

It rains heavily, such as long rain and typhoons, during a typical rainy season in Korea. In this season, several fuel contamination accidents by water and vehicular problems caused by water contaminated fuel occur. Many research groups have studied the effects of water contaminated fuel on vehicles and environment. However the characteristics of water contaminated fuel have not been studied. In this study, we prepared diesel samples with a constant ratio of water (0~30 volume %) using an emulsifier. Then, we analyzed these diesel samples for their representative fuel properties. In the analytical results, diesel with 30% water showed an increase in fuel properties such as density (823→883 kg/㎥), kinematic viscosity (2.601→6.345 ㎟/s), flash point (47→56℃), pour point (-22→2℃), CFPP (cold filter plugging point) (-17→20℃) and copper corrosion number (1a→2a). The low temperature characteristics, such as low pour point and CFPP, blocks the fuel filter in the cold season. In addition, water contaminated diesel decreases lubricity (190→410 ㎛) under high frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) and derived cetane number (54.81→34.25). The low lubricity of fuel causes vehicle problem such as pump and injector damage owing to severe friction. In addition, the low cetane diesel fuel increases exhaust gases such as NOx and particulate matters (PM) owing to incomplete combustion. This study can be used to identify the problems caused by water contamination to vehicle and fuel facilities.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2000년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.401-406
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• 2000

Spilling of petroleum hydrocarbons such as gasoline, motor oils, and diesel fuel from underground storage tanks (USTs) is a major source of contamination to ground water and soils. In response to the need of developing an effective and economical cleanup technique, this study investigates the effectiveness of using sonication to enhance the soil flushing method. The study involves laboratory testing, and the testing was conducted using a specially designed and fabricated device to determine the effect of sonication on contaminant removal. The sonication was applied at 20 kHz frequency under different power levels. Test soil was Joomoonjin Sand, and diesel fuel was used as a contaminant of soil flushing test. The results of the investigation show that sonication enhanced the contaminant removal from soils significantly, and the degree of enhancement varied with power levels of sonication. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that the flushing method with sonication has a great potential to become an effective method for removing petroleum hydrocarbons from the contaminated ground.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 임시총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.207-210
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• 2004

Effect of electron accepters on anaerobic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by an anaerobic sludge taken from a sludge digestion tank in a soil artificially contaminated with 10,000 mg/kg soil of diesel fuel was tested. Treatments of soil with 30 mL of the digestion sludge (2,000 mg/L of vss (volatile suspended solids)) were incubated under several anaerobic conditions including nitrate reducing, sulfate reducing, methanogenic, and mixed electron accepters conditions for 120 days. Treatments with the digested sludge showed significant degradation of diesel fuel under all anaerobic conditions compare to control treatments with an autoclaved sludge and without the sludge. The amount of TPH degradation after 120days incubation was the largest in the treatment with the sludge and mixed electron accepters (75% removal of TPH) followed in order by sulfate reducing, nitrate reducing, methanegenic condition as 67%, 53％, 43%, respectively. However, the rate of TPH degradation in the nitrate- and sulfate reducing condition within 105 days were comparable with that of the mixed electron accepters condition. Microorganisms in each electron acceptor condition were plated on solid mediums containing nitrate or sulfate as sole electron acceptor and several nitrate- and sulfate reducing bacteria showed effective degradation of diesel fuel within 30 days incubations. These results suggest that anaerobic degradation of diesel fuel in soil with digested sludge is effective for practical remediation of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.106-112
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• 2014

The diesel engine, which has high compression ratio than other heat engines, has been using as the main power source of marine transport. Especially, since marine diesel engines offer better specific fuel consumption (SFC), it is environment-friendly compared to those used in other industries. However, attentio should be focused on emissions such as nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) which is generated from combustion of low-grade fuels. Because $N_2O$ in the atmosphere is very stable, the global warming potential (GWP) of $N_2O$ is 310 times as large as that of $CO_2$, and it becomes a source of secondary contamination after photo-degradation in the stratosphere. It has been hitherto noted on the $N_2O$ exhaust characteristics from stationary power plants and land transportations, but reports on $N_2O$ emission from the marine diesel engine are very limited. In this experimental study, a author investigated $N_2O$ emission characteristics by using changed diesel fuel components of nitrogen and sulfur concentration, assessed on the factors which affect $N_2O$ generation in combustion. The experimental results showed that $N_2O$ emission exhibited increasement with increasing of sulfur concentration in fuel. However, all kinds of nitrogen component additives used in experiment could not change $N_2O$ emission.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.251-258
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• 2003

New method and device for the on-line measurement of soot concentration in a diesel engine oil are proposed, where the measurement principle is based mainly on attenuated internal total reflection. The detector were evaluated in various ranges of contaminated oils by carbon black particles. It was found that the proposed detector could be well used to monitor the oil deterioration due to soot contamination. Operational range of the detector was found from 0 to 5 mass percentage of soot content. Test results with water and fuel dilution showed that these effects were not remarkable. However, adsorption of carbon black particles onto the measurement surface was considered to be a critical problem of the detector. Effects of particle deposition on the interface was experimentally evaluated with the oil temperature and flow turbulence and discussed throughout this work.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.704-715
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• 2006

Oil spill was found in 1999 from a diesel storage facility located near the top of Baekun Mountain in Uiwang City. Application of bioremediation techniques was very relevant in removing oil spills in this site, because the geological condition was not amenable for other onsite remediation techniques. For efficient bioremediation, bacterial communities of the contaminated site and the uncontaminated control site were compared using both molecular and cultivation techniques. Soil bacterial populations were observed to be stimulated to grow in the soils contaminated with diesel hydrocarbon, whereas fungal and actinomycetes populations were decreased by diesel contamination. Most of the dieseldegrading bacteria isolated from contaminated forest soils were strains of Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, and Rhodococcus species. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis revealed that the profiles were different among the three contaminated sites, whereas those of the control sites were identical to each other. Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences of dominant isolates and clones showed that the bacterial community was less diverse in the oil-contaminated site than at the control site. Sequence analysis of the alkane hydroxylase genes cloned from soil microbial DNAs indicated that their diversity and distribution were different between the contaminated site and the control site. The results indicated that diesel contamination exerted a strong selection on the indigenous microbial community in the contaminated site, leading to predominance of well-adapted microorganisms in concurrence with decrease of microbial diversity.

• 한국윤활학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국윤활학회 2002년도 제35회 춘계학술대회
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• pp.120-129
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• 2002

New method and device for the on-line measurement of soot concentration in a diesel engine oil are proposed, where the measurement principle is based mainly on attenuated internal total reflection. Various laboratory tests of the detector were performed mainly with carbon black particles of different contamination levels. It was found that the proposed detector could be well used to monitor oil deterioration due to soot contamination. Operational range of the detector was found from 0 to 5 mass percentage of soot content. Test results with water and fuel dilution showed that these effects were not remarkable. However, adsorption of carbon black particles to a measurement surface was considered to be a critical problem in the new detector. Effects of particle deposition onto the interface was experimentally evaluated with the oil temperature and turbulence and discussed throughout this work.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제38권9호
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• pp.1045-1050
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• 2014

아산화질소($N_2O$, Nitrous Oxide)는 이산화탄소($CO_2$, Carbon Oxide), 메탄($CH_4$, Metane)이어 세 번째로 지구온난화에 기여하는 물질로 알려져 있다. $N_2O$의 지구온난화 계수는 대기 중에서 안정하고, 성층권에서 광분해 된 후 이차적인 오염의 원인이 되기 때문에 $CO_2$의 310배에 이른다. $N_2O$의 생성에 대한 조사는 보일러와 같은 연속적인 연소를 갖는 동력원에 대하여 몇몇의 연구자들에 의한 보고가 있었다. 하지만, 디젤엔진에 있어서 연료의 성분이 $N_2O$ 배출에 미치는 영향에 대한 조사는 실시되어지지 않은 상태이다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 디젤엔진에서 연료 중에 질소와 황 농도에 의해 변화되는 $N_2O$ 배출율에 대하여 조사하였다. 실험에 사용한 엔진은 12kW/2400rpm의 4행정 직접분사식 디젤엔진이고, 실험엔진의 운전조건은 75% 부하에서 이루어졌다. 연료 중의 질소와 황 농도는 Pyridine, Indole, Quinoline, Pyrrol, Propionitrile, Di-tert-butyl-disulfide의 6 종류 첨가제를 사용하여 증가시켰다. 결과에 의하면, 질소성분 0.3% 이하를 갖는 디젤연료는 첨가제의 종류와 농도와 관계없이 $N_2O$ 배출률에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 하지만, 연료 중 황 첨가제의 증가는 배기가스 중의 $N_2O$ 농도를 증가시켰다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.45-54
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• 2006

전기비저항콘은 현장에서 지반의 오염대를 조사하는데 상대적으로 경제적인 비용으로 적용될 수 있다. 그러나, 전기비저항 결과만에 의한 해석은 정량적 데이터베이스의 부족과 함수비 등의 다른 지반공학적 영향인자들에 의해 모호한 결과를 나타낼 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 지반오염조사에서의 전기비저항 측정기법을 보완하기 위하여 정전용량 측정기법을 도입하여 중금속과 유류로 오염된 지반에서의 적용성을 평가하고자 하였다. 함수비와 오염물질의 종류에 따른 전기비저항과 정전용량의 변화를 평가하기 위하여 실내모형시험을 수행하였으며, 그 결과 전기비저항과 유전상수를 통시에 측정하여 분석함으로써 오염대의 감지에 신뢰도를 높일 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 전기비저항과 정전용량 측정기법은 중금속으로 오염된 포화지반과 지하수대 상부에 존재하는 디젤유 오염층을 감지하는 데 적용성이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2006년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.330-337
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• 2006

Resistivity cone penetrometer test (RCPT) can be employed at a relatively low cost for delineation of subsurface contamination in situ, and then be supplemented with a minimum confirmatory sampling and laboratory testing program. While the resistivity measurement have potential to investigate the subsurface contamination, resistivity measurements alone will lead to some degree of ambiguity in the results. In this study, capacitance measurement was incorporated into the RCPT to overcome the ambiguity inherent in electrical resistivity measurements for delineating the subsurface contamination. This study is focused on verifying the applicability of resistivity and capacitance measurements on CPT module to provide information on contaminated subsurface by heavy metal and petroleum hydrocarbon. Laboratory model tests were performed to evaluate the sensitivity of the measured resistivity and relative capacitance on the water content and different types of contaminants. Test results show that simultaneous measurement of electrical resistivity and capacitance can give more reliable information on subsurface contamination.