• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.77-88
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• 2007

Lateral earth pressure and horizontal displacement of the diaphragm walls constructed in multi-soil layers were analyzed by the field instrumentation from six building construction sites in urban area. The distribution of the developed earth pressure of the anchored diaphragm walls during excavation shows approximately a trapezoid diagram. The maximum earth pressure of anchored diaphragm walls corresponds to $0.45{\gamma}H$ and the earth pressure acts at the upper part of the walls. The maximum earth pressure is two times larger than the empirical earth pressure of flexible walls in sands suggested by Terzaghi and Peck(1967), Tschebotarioff(1973), and Hong and Yun(1995a). The horizontal displacement of diaphragm walls is closely related with supporting systems such as struts, anchors, and so on. The horizontal displacement of anchored walls shows less than 0.1 percent of the excavated depth, and the horizontal displacement of strutted walls shows less than 0.25 percent of the excavated depth. Therefore, the restraining effect of horizontal displacement to the anchored diaphragm walls is larger than the strutted diaphragm walls. In addition, since the horizontal displacement of the diaphragm walls is lower than the criterion, $\delta=0.25%H$, used for control the anchored retention wall using soilder piles, the safety of excavation sites applied with the diaphragm walls is pretty excellent.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.12 no.3 s.46
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• pp.239-250
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• 2000

This study investigates the mechanical behavior on trough rib to crossbeam joint in orthotropic steel plate decks, specially emphasizing on the effect of diaphragm inside trough rib on the fatigue behavior of slit by static and fatigue tests. In particular, the effects of diaphragm on in-plane stress and out-of-plane stress, stress concentration, propagation of fatigue cracks at the silt are studied. With the result of experiment and numerical analysis, we have estimated the fatigue strength using the nominal stress and hot-sport stress. The details with diaphragm have occurred about 50% stress reduction at trough rib part of trough rib to crossbeam joint than the detail without diaphragm, however, the lower parts of crossbeam have occurred much more stress. Initial crack size or slit have an considerable influence on the propagation of fatigue cracks due to V-notch. The fatigue strength category of the details without diaphragm has higher value than fatigue limit, whereas that of the details with diaphragm is estimated lower than fatigue limit.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2008.03a
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• pp.1206-1215
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• 2008

In this study, the equivalent pressure acting on the face of drilled hole was determined by back analysis. This analysis was continued until the difference between the displacement directly measured during field test construction of CGS and the displacement evaluated by numerical analysis was below 10 percent, and the affect of diaphragm wall adjacent to grout bulb was evaluated by numerical analysis using the equivalent pressure. From the analysis results, it was observed that the increase of the pressure acting on the diaphragm wall was greater at reclaimed sandfill layer than silty clay layer during the installation of CGS. Two methods were adopted to reduce the pressure acting on the diaphragm wall. One is installing of trench between diaphragm wall and grout bulb, the other is pre-installing of CGS before construction of diaphragm wall. From the numerical analysis results, above two methods can be considered as an effective method to reduce the pressure. It was analyzed that the amount of reduction of the pressure and the displacement are 689.8% and 564.6%, respectively, in the case of adopting the trench method, and 463.7% and 214.0%, respectively, in the case of adopting pre-installing of 3 columns CGS.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.12-21
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• 2018

Background: Research efforts to improve the pulmonary function of children with cerebral palsy (CP) need to focus on their decreased diaphragmatic ability compared to normal children. Real-time ultrasonography is appropriate for demonstrating diaphragmatic mechanisms. Objects: This study aimed to compare diaphragm movement, pulmonary function, and pulmonary strength between normal children and children with CP by using ultrasonography M-mode. The correlation between general characteristics, diaphragm movement, pulmonary function, and pulmonary strength was also studied. Methods: The subjects of this study were 25 normal and 25 CP children between five and 14 years of age. Diaphragm movement was measured using real-time ultrasonography during quiet and deep breathing. Pulmonary function (such as forced expiratory volume in one second; FEV1 and peak expiratory flow; PEF) and pulmonary strength (such as maximum inspiratory pressure; MIP and maximum expiratory pressure; MEP) were measured. A paired t-test and Spearman's Rho test, with a significance level of .05, were used for statistical analysis. Results: The between-group comparison revealed that normal children had significantly greater diaphragm movement, FEV1, PEF, MIP, and MEP (p<.05) than CP children. The results showed that general characteristics were significantly related to FEV1, PEF, MIP, and MEP (p<.05). Conclusion: In clinical settings, clinicians need to concern decreased diaphragm movement, pulmonary function, and pulmonary strength in CP group compared to normal children.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.213-218
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• 2011

The load cell is a force sensor and a transducer that is used to convert a physical force into a electrical signal for weighing equipment. Most conventional load cells are widely used a metal foil strain gauge for sensing element when force being applied spring element in order to converts the deformation to electrical signals. The sensitivity of a load cell is limited by its low gauge factor, hysteresis and creep. But silicon-based sensors perform with higher reliability. This paper presents the basic design and development of the silicon type load cell with an SUS630 diaphragm. The load cell consists of two parts the silicon strain gauge and the SUS630 structure with diaphragm. Structure analysis of load cell was researched by theory to optimize the load cell diaphragm design and to determine the position of peizoresistors on a silicon strain gauge. The piezo-resistors are integrated in the four points of silicon strain gauge processed by ion implantation. The thickness of the silicon strain gauge was polished by CMP under 100 ${\mu}M$. The 10 mm diameter SUS630 diaphragm was designed for loads up to 10 kg with 300 ${\mu}M$ of diaphragm thickness. The load cell was successfully tested, the variation of ${\Delta}$R(%) of four points on the silicon strain gauge is good linearity properties and sensitivity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2018

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of inspiratory muscle training on diaphragm movement and pulmonary function in healthy women. METHODS: The subjects of the study were 27 young women between ages 19 and 22 years who had no history of orthopedic damage for the last 6 months. The 27 participants were randomly selected and spontaneously participated and consented to the purpose of the study. This study measured diaphragm movement and pulmonary function under two different conditions, before and after inspiratory muscle training. Ultrasonography is appropriate for measuring diaphragm movement, and Pony Fx is appropriate to measure pulmonary function such as forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second ($FEV_1$), $FEV_1/FVC$ ratio, and peak expiratory flow (PEF) before and after inspiratory muscle training. Paired t-test with a significant level of .05 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: As a result, diaphragm movement significantly increases 1.45cm from before inspiratory muscle training (p<.05). Also, FVC, $FEV_1$, and FEP significantly increase 11.25%, 6.96%, and 8.18%, respectively, from before inspiratory muscle training (p<.05). CONCLUSION: The diaphragm movement and pulmonary function of the healthy women in this study were in stantly affected by inspiratory muscle training. From these results, we need to confirm effects of inspiratory muscle training on clinical patients such as pulmonary disease.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.121-128
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• 2018

PURPOSE: This study assessed the effect of exercise intervention methods on diaphragm movement, pulmonary function, and pulmonary strength in children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS: A total of 28 children with CP were randomly allocated to the general exercise group (n=9, GEG), respiratory exercise group (n=10, REG), and intensive exercise group (n=9, IEG). The exercise intervention was performed for 12 weeks. This study measured diaphragm movement, pulmonary function, and pulmonary strength under two different conditions before and after each exercise. Ultrasonography was used for measuring diaphragm movement, and Pony Fx was used to measure the forced expiratory volume in one second ($FEV_1$), peak expiratory flow (PEF), maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP). A Mann-Whitney test and ANOVA with a significance level of .05 were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Significant change was observed between the REG and the IEG as well as between the GEG and the IEG (p<.05). No significant difference was observed between the GEG and the REG. The diaphragm movement, $FEV_1$ PEF, MIP, and MEP were most improved in the IEG (p<.01). CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that intensive exercise is the most effective treatment method for improving diaphragm movement and respiratory function in CP children.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.135-145
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• 2004

In this study, the behavior of unpropped diaphragm walls on decomposed granite soil was investigated through centrifugal and numerical modelling. Centrifuge model tests were performed by changing the interval distance of surcharge. Excavation was simulated during the centrifuge tests by operating a solenoid valve that allowed the zinc chloride solution to drain from the excavation. In these tests, ground deformation, wall displacement and bending moment induced by excavation were measured. FLAC program which can be able to apply far most geotechnical problems was used in the numerical analysis. In numerical simulation, Mohr-Coulomb model fur the ground model, an elastic model for diaphragm wall were used for two dimensional plane strain condition. From the results of model tests, failure surface was straight line type, the ground of retained side inside failure line had downward displacement to the direction of the wall, and finally the failure was made by the rotation of the wall. The angle of failure line was about 67 ∼ 74$^{\circ}$, greater than calculated value. The locations of the maximum ground settlement obtained from model tests and analysis results are in good agreements. The displacement of wall and the change of the embedment depth is likely to have linear relationship.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.737-745
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• 2011

A concrete-filled tube is a concrete-filled steel tube structure. The steel tube confines the concrete to increase the compressive strength, and the concrete contains the buckling of the tube. CFT structures require a diaphragm to prevent buckling of steel at connections. An outer diaphragm has better concrete filling than a through diaphragm due to a large bore, but being larger than the through diagram, it has poorer constructability and cooperation with building equipment. In this study, a CFT structure that uses different types of diaphragms in its upper and lower connections to improve the concrete filling was tested and analyzed via the FEM program. The building structure had a floor slab that was unified with the upper diaphragm, so the outer diaphragm was placed at the upper bound. Moreover, the through diaphragm was placed at the lower connection to avoid obstruction from building equipment. The CFT structure with the improved concrete filling showed the same structural behavior as the CFT structure with the use of the same type of diaphragms at the upper and lower connections.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.118-121
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• 2003

A 25-year-old female patient was adimitted due to discomfort in the right chest and left epigastric area. Chest X-ray and chest CT showed a round 4$\times$4$\times$4cm sized mass located in the right lower lobe and abutted on the right diaphragm and metastatic lesions in the right lower lobe and right middle lobe. In exploratory thoracotomy, we discovered a mass originating from the right diaphragm which directly invaded the right lower lobe and metastatic subpleural lesions in the right lower lobe and right middle lobe. The mass was diagnosed as sarcoma by frozen section biopsy and we removed the mass by on bloc resection of the right diaphragm and right lower lobe. Metastatic subpleural lesions in the right lower lobe and right middle lobe were removed by wedge resection. The mass was malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the diaphragm in permanent pathologic examination and chemotherapy was done as adjuvant measure. We report one extremely rare case of malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the diaphragm with literature.