• 한국의류학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.261-269
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• 2003

This study examined the effects of store density levels on consumers'crowding perception and the effects of perceived retail crowding on consumer emotions and in turn shopping behavior. In addition, the study investigated the effects of perceived price value and store type on the segmented dimensions of perceived retail crowding. Results of an experimental test with 3 density levels and 2 store types confirmed the effects of density on social crowding and spatial crowding. While social crowding positively affected arousal, spatial crowding negatively did pleasure which in turn affected approach-avoidance behavior. Though two store types showed the same pattern in such relationships, the effect of perceived price value on retail crowding was different by store type.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.245-251
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• 2014

As delineating market areas of retail businesses has become an interesting topic in marketing field, Lee and Lee recently suggested a noteworthy method, which applied the hydrological analysis of geographical information system (GIS), based on Christaller's central place theory. They used a digital elevation model (DEM) which inverted the kernel density of retail businesses, which was measured by using bandwidths of pre-determined 500, 1000 and 5000 m, respectively. In fact, their method is not a fully data-based approach in that they used pre-determined kernel bandwidths, however, this paper has been planned to improve Lee and Lee's method by using a kind of data-based approach of the L-index that describes clustering level of point feature distribution. The case study is implemented to automobile-related retail businesses in Seoul, Korea with selected Kernel bandwidths, 1211.5, 2120.2 and 7067.2 m from L-index analysis. Subsequently, the kernel density is measured, the density DEM is created by inverting it, and boundaries of market areas are extracted. Following the study, analysis results are summarized as follows. Firstly, the L-index can be a useful tool to complement the Lee and Lee's market area analysis method. At next, the kernel bandwidths, pre-determined by Lee and Lee, cannot be uniformly applied to all kinds of retail businesses. Lastly, the L-index method can be useful for analyzing the space structure of market areas of retail businesses, based on Christaller's central place theory.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.225-231
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• 2014

When a spatial regression model that uses kernel density values as a dependent variable is applied to retail business data, a unique model cannot be selected because kernel density values change following kernel bandwidths. To overcome this problem, this paper suggests how to use the point pattern analysis, especially the L-index to select a unique spatial regression model. In this study, kernel density values of retail business are computed by the bandwidth, the distance of the maximum L-index and used as the dependent variable of spatial regression model. To test this procedure, we apply it to meeting room business data in Seoul, Korea. As a result, a spatial error model (SEM) is selected between two popular spatial regression models, a spatial lag model and a spatial error model. Also, a unique SEM based on the real distribution of retail business is selected. We confirm that there is a trade-off between the goodness of fit of the SEM and the real distribution of meeting room business over the bandwidth of maximum L-index.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.613-624
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• 2015

This study examined: 1) the effect of store density on perceived crowding 2) the difference of perceived price benefit of sale by store density 3) the effect of perceived price benefit and store density on perceived crowding and 4) the effect of perceived crowding and price benefit on shopping behaviors. Store density and perceived crowding were categorized into social and spatial dimensions. Data were collected with 6 (high, medium, and low social and spatial densities) * 2 (sale and no-sale) between-subjects experimental designs. A total of 395 responses were analyzed. The results revealed that social density affected social crowding, but spatial density had no effect on perceived crowding. Price benefit of sale was not different by store density. The sale itself did not affect perceived crowding. Under the social density situation, perceived price benefit reduced spatial crowding and social crowding showed a positive effect on purchase behavior while spatial crowding had a negative effect. However, the most important effect on purchase behavior was price benefit. The study implies that social density (not spatial density) is important for consumer behavior and retail strategies.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.59-67
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• 2020

Purpose: This study examines the relationship between formation of employment subcenters and regional industrial structures in Incheon. Research design, data, and methodology: We used the five-year panel data from 2012 to 2016 in 146 basic municipal units of Incheon to analyze panel regression models. Gross employment density and employment to population ratio were used as indicators of employment subcenters formation. The entropy index and Hachman index were used for analyzing the diversity and heterogeneity of industrial structures. Result: The analyses of two panel regression models showed that for the formation of employment subcenters, both the Entropy and Hachman index were significantly negative in most models. But tertiary industry was shown to have a significant positive relationship in all models. In the wholesale and retail sector, it was found that the average number of employees in the employment subcenters is significantly higher than that in the non-employment subcenters. Conclusions: The specialization of the industrial structure rather than the diversification contributes to the formation of the employment subcenters in Incheon. In particular, it can be considered that the wholesale and retail sector plays a very important role in forming the employment subcenters in many areas of Incheon.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.59-63
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• 2018

Purpose - It has already been proved that 'mood' as the physical environment of shopping affects consumers' main sensory channels such as sight, hearing, smell, touch. However, there is no consensus on how the olfactory cue influences the customers in the shopping environment. In this study, we examine the previous studies on how the olfactory cue affects the customers in the shopping environment and present a clear direction as a suggestion for progressive research. Research design, data, and methodology - It is not important to use a lot of unconditional fragrance, but it should be exposed to the environment that suits the proper fragrance. In recent years, meaningful research on store fragrance has been slowly increasing. As a result, studies on the fragrance effects of retail stores have been conducted to verify the relevance of fragrance suitability in stores and consumer spending scale. Results - The fragrance appropriate for each store can not be uniformly specified as any fragrance. This is because external variables such as time, season, temperature, lighting, density of shoppers, and music in the store also affect customer evaluation. For example, using an unsuitable fragrance may encourage customers to leave the store quickly by restraining impulsive purchases or by disturbing concentration. The store manager should also be interested in using fragrances that are proven and effective in the store environment, but they should also have the ability to easily manipulate and manage the fragrances very appropriately according to changes in the store environment. Store managers should observe consumer preferences and responses according to their goals and strategies, and then systematically manage and store information about the fragrance appropriate to the store. Conclusions - In the future, the fragrance marketing researcher needs to consider the spatial form and density of the customer. In practice, managers operating a retail store should check the most appropriate store density(congestion) according to the size and spatial characteristics of the store and maintain the ideal conditions. To do this, it is necessary to pay attention to how to select and control sensory elements such as fragrance(olfactory), music(auditory), and lighting(visual).

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.538-553
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• 2014

본 연구는 인구감소 고령화지역에서의 소매판매활동 특성을 고령화 정도와 관련시켜 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 분석결과 고령화 사회 고령사회는 유사한 주요 소매판매업종을 구성하는데 대해 초 고령사회는 다른 지역과 달리 주요 업종수도 적고, 업종구성도 다르게 나타난다. 이와 같은 특성에서 고령화가 심할수록 사업체당 종사자수와 인구 1인당 연간판매액은 적어지지만 사업체 밀도는 높게 나타나는데, 이는 농산어촌지역에 소매업사업체가 분산 입지하기 때문이고, 고령사회 초 고령사회에서의 노동생산성이 높은 소매구조의 배경은 사업체당 종사자수가 적은데서 기인한 것이다. 인구감소 고령화지역에서 높은 판매액의 구성비를 나타내는 종합소매업, 연료소매업, 음식료품 및 담배소매업에 대해 수급의 정도를 파악한 결과, 먼저 종합소매업은 고령 초 고령사회에서, 연료소매업은 대체로 판매액이 적은 고령 초 고령사회에서, 음식료품 및 담배소매업은 초 고령사회에서 '수급균형지역'으로 나타난다. 그리고 고령화의 정도가 높을수록 수급의 지역 간 격차는 작은데, 이는 지역 간의 구매력의 차이에서 기인한 것이다.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.221-251
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• 1996

The retail industry of Korea has, owing to the increase of purchasing power of her people and the changing pattern of consumption appetite, marked a considerable development. Nevertheless the retail industry of Korea is still in primitive stage with its smallness of size, density of stores and inefficiency of management compared to those in the developed countries. It is a high time for Korean distribution market to boost its competitive power in the wake of the opening of distribution industry since January of 1996. Accordingly, it should be the goal of these markets to maximize its positive aspects while trying their best to minimize the negative aspect in this transition time for globalization.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.411-424
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• 2021

본 연구의 목적은 새로운 소매환경의 흐름을 형성하며 무인화를 구현하고 있는 소비 업종인 편의점을 대상으로 입지 특성을 파악하고 입지 분포에 영향을 끼친 지리적 속성을 밝히는 것이다. 이를 위해 서울시를 사례로 편의점의 성장과 지역적 분포를 살펴보고, 무인 편의점과 무인 할인판매점의 입지 분포를 설명하는 감마 일반화 회귀모형을 구축한다. 분석 결과, 영업 중인 무인 편의점과 무인 할인판매점은 대중교통시설과 인접하고 상대적으로 인구의 유동은 낮지만 청년층 주거인구가 밀집하고 소매업, 외식업의 점포가 많은 지역을 중심으로 출점하여 분포하였다. 또한, 소매 품목의 범위와 특성에 따라 인구와 가구 속성의 영향력은 서로 다르게 작용하며 입지에 영향을 끼쳤다. 본 연구는 무인화한 점포의 초기 출점 입지 선정과 분포에 영향을 끼친 지리적 속성을 파악한 시작 연구로서 후속 학술 연구의 실증적 토대를 제시한다는 점에서 가치 있다.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2014

본 연구는 선행연구에서 주요요인으로 도출되었던 가로의 물리적 환경, 접근성, 밀도, 다양성 등의 보행증진요인을 기반으로 가로차원의 변수가 가로활성화에 영향을 미치는지 분석해 보았다. 또한 Jacobs(1961)가 중요하다고 언급했던 업종의 다양성과 Ray Oldenburg(1989), Richard MacCormac(1983)이 주장했던 특정 공간이 가로활성화에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 본 논문에서는 가로활성화 영향요인 모형을 업종별 유형으로 구분하여 분석해 본 결과, Jacobs(1961)가 주장했던 기본적인 가로 환경, 접근성, 밀도, 다양성 등의 보행증진요인은 주중과 주말의 모형에서 거의 유사한 것으로 나타났지만, Ray Oldenburg(1989), Richard MacCormac(1983)이 주장했던 주요 업종은 주중과 주말에 따라 가로활성화에 영향을 주는 정도가 차이가 있음을 도출했다.