• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.115-124
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• 2002

The optimum design of auto-catalyst needs a good compromise between the pressure drop and flow distribution in the monolith. One of the effective methods to achieve this goal is to use the concept of radially variable cell density. However, there has been no study of evaluating the usefulness of this method on light-off catalyst. We have computationally investigated the effectiveness of variable cell density technique applied to the light-off catalyst using a three-dimensional integrated CFD model. in which transient chemical reacting calculations are involved. Computed results show that variable cell density technique can reduce the accumulated emissions of CO and HC during the early 100sec of FTP cycle by 86.78 and 80.87%, respectively, The effect of air-gap between the monoliths has been also examined. It is found that air-gap has a beneficial effect on reducing pressure drop and cold-start emissions.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.66-77
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• 1996

Optimal topology design is to search the optimal configuration of a structure which can be used as a shape at the conceptual design stage. Our objective is to maximize the stiffness of the structures and ribs under a material usage constraintl. The density of each finite element is the design variable and its relationship with Young's modulus is expressed by quadratic form. The configuration is represented by the entire density distribution, the structural analysis is performed by finite element method and the optimiza- tion is performed by Feasible Direction Method. Feasible Direction Method can handle various problems simultaneously, that is, mult-objectives and multi-constraints. Total computation time can be reduced by the quadratic relationship between the density and the material property and fewer design variables than Homogenization Method. Toplogy optimization technique developed in this research is applied to design the shapes of the ribs.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.13 no.3 s.33
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• pp.29-35
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• 1999

At the design of Mark III membrane type LNG tank, an analytical and experimental approach on the fatigue strengths of membrane and its welds are very important in order to assist designers and surveyors. In this study, fatigue tests of lap weld of Mark III membrane type LNG tank were carried out and cumulative damage factor was calculated in order to estimate the fatigue life by probability density function and rule methods. It contained the following tests and reviews : 1) The fatigue tests of lap weld of stainless steel according to statistical testing method recommended by JSME, 2)Preparation of S-N curve for lap welds considering the statistical properties of the results of fatigue tests. 3) Procedure for estimating the initiation life of fatigue crack of lap welds under variable loads by the rule lf classification society and probability density function, 4) Guideline for inspection of lap welds fo membrane type LNG tank.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2022

An electromagnetic generator with variable stimulation parameters is required to conduct basic research on magnetic flux density and frequency for pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs). In this study, we design an electromagnetic generator that can conduct basic research by providing parameters optimized for cell and animal experimental conditions through adjustable stimulation parameters. The magnetic core was selected as a solenoid capable of uniform and stable electromagnetic stimulation. The solenoid was designed in consideration of the experimental mouse and cell culture dish insertion. A voltage and current adjustable power supply for variable magnetic flux density was designed. The system was designed to be adjustable in frequency and pulse width and to enable 3-channel output. The reliability of the system and solenoid was evaluated through magnetic flux density, frequency, and pulse width measurements. The measured magnetic flux density was expressed as an image and qualitatively observed. Based on the acquired image, the stimulation area according to the magnetic flux density decrease rate was extracted. The PEMF frequency and pulse width error rates were presented as mean ± SD, and were confirmed to be 0.0928 ± 0.0934% and 0.529 ± 0.527%, respectively. The magnetic flux density decreased as the distance from the center of the solenoid increased, and decreased sharply from 60 mm or more. The length of the magnetic stimulation area according to the degree of magnetic flux density decrease was obtained through the magnetic flux density image. A PEMF generator and stimulation parameter control system suitable for cell and animal models were designed, and system reliability was evaluated.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.35 no.11C
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• pp.907-910
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• 2010

This paper presents the design of block lengths for irregular low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes based on the maximum variable degree $d_{{\upsilon},max}$. To design a block length, the performance degradation of belief-propagation (BP) decoding performance from upper bounds on the maximum likelihood (ML) decoding performance is used as an important factor. Since for large block lengths, the performance of irregular LDPC codes is very close to the Shannon limit, we focus on moderate block lengths ($5{\times}10^2\;{\leq}\;N\;{\leq}\;4{\times}10^3$). Given degree distributions, the purpose of our paper is to find proper block lengths based on the maximum variable degree $d_{{\upsilon},max}$. We also present some simulation results which show how a block length can be optimized.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1994.10a
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• pp.852-859
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• 1994

Optmal topology design is to search the optimal layout of the structure which can be used fot the shape of the conceptual design stage. Our objective is to maximize the stiffness of the structure under a material usage constraint. The density of each finite element is the design variable and its relationship with Young's modulus is expressed by quadratic form. The shape is represented by the entire density distribution, the structural analysis is performed by finite element method and the optimization is achieved by feasible direction method. Unlike optimality criteria method,feasible direction method can handle various problems simultaneously, that is, multi- objectives and multi-constraints. Total optimization time can be reduced by the approximation of the material property and fewer design variables than homogenization method. Topology optimization is applied to design the shape of ribs.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1596-1607
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• 2000

The optimal design of auto-catalyst needs a good compromise between the pressure drop and flow uniformity in the substrate. One of the effective methods to achieve this goal is to use the concept of radially variable cell density. But this method has not been examined its usefulness in terms of chemical behavior and conversion performance. In this work, two-dimensional performance prediction of catalyst coupled with turbulent reacting flow simulation has been used to evaluated the benefits of this method n the flow uniformity and conversion efficiency. The results showed that two cell combination of 93cpsc and 62 cpsc was the most effective for improved pressure drop and conversion efficiency due to balanced space velocity and efficient usage of geometric surface area of channels. It was also found that large temperature difference between the bricks in case that the edge of the frontal face of brick has too much lower cell density(less than 67% of cell density of the center of the brick). This study has also demonstrated that the present computational results show the better prediction accuracy in terms of CO, HC and NO conversion efficiencies compared to those of conventional 1-D adiabatic model by comparison with experimental results.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.136-144
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• 2004

In general a hydraulic system which uses a single rod hydraulic as an actuator is modeled as a nonlinear system and reveals uncertain Parameter characteristics such as the density variation of hydraulic oil and is subject to load variations and severe disturbances during operation. A variable design-parameter fuzzy PID controller is adopted to solve these undesirable internal and external problems and its effectiveness is verified through computer simulations for control performance and real time control possibility.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.272-281
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between spatial space structure and visitors' behavior and interpret visitors' behavior concretely from the aspect of exhibition environments. So, this study intends to qualify spatial space structure with integration, connectivity and control value by utilizing space syntax, limit to tracking score among the analysis index and reinterpret with exhibition density and extend of eyesight among the exhibition environments. The results of this study are as follows; First, in case of museums, tracking score shows plus correlation with connectivity and control value among the space syntax variables and very low correlation with integration. In case of art museums, tracking score shows plus correlation with integration and wide variable is judged to more useful to analyze visitor's behavior than minor variable. Second, museums doesn't make a great effect on visitors' behavior from the aspect of extent of eyesight, but from the aspect of exhibition density, visitors relatively watched evenly without short cut at the early stage of exhibition in spite of high exhibition density. And, they conducted short cut as they went to the middle stage of exhibition on the course of watching although the numerical value of exhibition density is low. Third, in case of art museums, visitors' behavior was relatively influenced by exhibition density, not extent of eyesight. But, as they went to the high level on the course of watching, watching speed became rapid and watching length became short in the place the value of extent of eyesight was high. Its reason is judged to be easy to grasp position or space structure of the next exhibition room visually. Therefore, when the concentration of watching is necessary from the aspect of exhibition, to control exhibition density properly before the space is useful to draw visiting to exhibition space afterward.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1496-1506
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• 2003

The SIMP (solid isotropic material with penalization) approach is perhaps the most popular density variable relaxation method in topology optimization. This method has been very successful in many applications, but the optimization solution convergence can be improved when new variables, not the direct density variables, are used as the design variables. In this work, we newly propose S-shape functions mapping the original density variables nonlinearly to new design variables. The main role of S-shape function is to push intermediate densities to either lower or upper bounds. In particular, this method works well with nonlinear mathematical programming methods. A method of feasible directions is chosen as a nonlinear mathematical programming method in order to show the effects of the S-shape scaling function on the solution convergence.