• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.109-129
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was the acquisition of the optimum scale of the apportionment of standard & high-class bed for the maximum profit representative of the desire of customers in a General Hospital with 1,100 beds located in Seoul. This investigation was proceeded by the analysis of the result of the simulation with the survey of both the patients' needs for bed and the degree of the medical service by the grade of the ward. And finally the consequence was obtained as follows: 1. The result of the investigation of the inpatients' preference for the grade of ward classes shows that a private ward reflected 4.3 percent, a semi-private ward 1.7 percent, a three-bed ward 0.1 percent, and a ward with six beds 93.9 percent each other. 2. A questionnaire poll was paralleled of service terms of a medical doctor and a nurse by ward class, the data were used for the standard of the allotment of labor cost by the ward class. The poll shows that the service tenn of a medical doctor and a nurse based on a ward with six beds by ward class showed 1.7 times in internal medicine and 1.9 times in surgery at a private ward; 1.4 times in internal medicine and 1.7 times in surgery at a semi-private room; and 1.2 times both in internal medicine and in surgery at a three-bed ward 3. The resultant findings revealed the most profit per bed and per patient in a private ward. However, an analysis of profit with a standard of unit area by ward class represented a higher profit in both the internal medicine and the surgery semi-private ward than other ward classes. 4. The result of the analysis through simulation based on the data of the prime cost per the ward class proved the optimum scale of the distribution of beds by class as follows: sixteen beds of the internal medicine and twenty three beds of the surgery in the private ward; two hundreds and two of the internal medicine and one hundred and ninety eight of the surgery in the semi-private room; three of both the internal medicine and the surgery each other in the three-bed ward; one hundred and ninety eight of the internal medicine and two hundred and fifty two of the surgery in the ward with six beds. The result of this research exhibits that the income and expenditure of the hospital could be improved by changing parts of wards into private ones(containing the maximum profit per a unit of width) in case the scale of the number of beds is reset with the consideration of the profit per the unit width. In the near future it's strongly expected that the research for the more scientific standard of the allotment of labour cost by ward class and for definition of the optimum scale of the number of beds that actualize the maximum profit with the change of the three elements of the prime cost: cost of materials; labor costs; management expenses.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.439-445
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• 2004

Diffusion tensor image(DTI) exploits the random diffusional motion of water molecules. This method is useful for the characterization of the architecture of tissues. In some tissues, such as muscle or cerebral white matter, cellular arrangement shows a strongly preferred direction of water diffusion, i.e., the diffusion is anisotropic. The degree of anisotropy is often represented using diffusion anisotropy indices (relative anisotropy(RA), fractional anisotropy(FA), volume ratio(VR)). In this study, FA images were obtained using different gradient schemes(N=6, 11, 23, 35. 47). Mean values and the standard deviations of FA were then measured at several anatomic locations for each scheme. The results showed that both mean values and the standard deviations of FA were decreased as the number of gradient directions were increased. Also, the standard error of ADC measurement decreased as the number of diffusion gradient directions increased. In conclusion, different gradient schemes showed a significantly different noise performance and the schem with more gradient directions clearly improved the quality of the FA images. But considering acquisition time of image and standard deviation of FA, 23 gradient directions is clinically optimal.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.105-112
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• 2008

Grading of the urushi lacquer is quite difficult because of large variations depending on origin, growing conditions, time acquisition, storage conditions. It is urgently required to establish a grading system of urushi lacquer by combining traditional method with scientific methods. Traditional grading of urushi lacquer was done by visual inspection of 10 experts who are working on urushi lacquer industry. Common aspects of the experts were color, odor, viscosity, spread properties on Hanji, color and drying properties on glass based the traditional grading system. In addition, rubbing on Hannj and heating with alcohol lamp was also used to grade urushi lacquer. The grading results of 10 experts showed that chinese urushi lacquer (E) of 7.03, japanese urushi lacquer (C) of 6.84, domestic urushi lacquer of (A) of 6.41 and another chinese urushi lacquer (D) of 5.27, and domestic urushi lacquer (B) of 2.50 in descending order. The degree of spread on Hanji was not consistent among 10 experts. These results indicated that the traditional grading system was pretty much personal and required of developing more objective method based on scientific background.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.505-513
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyze the distribution patterns and characteristics of plant species by human impact in urban areas. In order to achieve a comprehensive data acquisition of all autogenously introduced vascular plant species occurring in the city of Cheon-ju, this study made an analysis of 106 sample plots, each with a size of one hectare, These sample plots were selected to represent the typical land-use patterns within the city of Cheon-ju and to cover the various distances from the city center. Species richness, patterns of life forms, and the percentage of non-native species were analyzed in relation to the degree of hemeroby of the sample plots. It was found that the species number appeared the largest in sites that were moderately influenced. This result corresponds to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis that moderate disturbance leads to an increase in species richness. The flora of sites which were subject to the highest level of human impact, was characterized by a high proportion of annual species and non-native species. In addition, some species were divided into three groups with similar distribution corresponding to land-use type and urban zone: urbanophobic (e.g. Indigofera kirilowii, Prunus sargentii, Rhus trichocarpa), urbanoneutral (e.g. Commelina communis, Erigeron annuus, Metaplexis japonica) and urbanophilus (e.g. Euphorbia supina, Senecio vulgaris, Taraxacum officinale).

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.12-24
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• 2010

Plant metabolomics is a research field for identifying all of the metabolites found in a certain plant cell, tissue, organ, or whole plant in a given time and conditions and for studying changes in metabolic profiling as time goes or conditions change. Metabolomics is one of the most recently developed omics for holistic approach to biology and is a kind of systems biology. Metabolomics or metabolite fingerprinting techniques usually involves collecting spectra of crude solvent extracts without purification and separation of pure compounds or not in standardized conditions. Therefore, that requires a high degree of reproducibility, which can be achieved by using a standardized method for sample preparation and data acquisition and analysis. In plant biology, metabolomics is applied for various research fields including rapid discrimination between plant species, cultivar and GM plants, metabolic evaluation of commercial food stocks and medicinal herbs, understanding various physiological, stress responses, and determination of gene functions. Recently, plant metabolomics is applied for characterization of gene function often in combination with transcriptomics by analyzing tagged mutants of the model plants of Arabidopsis and rice. The use of plant metabolomics combined by transcriptomics in functional genomics will be the challenge for the coming year. This review paper attempted to introduce current status and prospects of plant metabolomics research.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.409-418
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• 2021

The land cover map is a very important data that is used as a basis for decision-making for land policy and environmental policy. The land cover map is mapped using remote sensing data, and the classification results may vary depending on the acquisition time of the data used even for the same area. In this study, to overcome the classification accuracy limit of single-period data, multi-series satellite images were used to learn the difference in the spectral reflectance characteristics of the land surface according to seasons on a U-Net model, one of the deep learning algorithms, to improve classification accuracy. In addition, the degree of improvement in classification accuracy is compared by comparing the accuracy of single-period data. Seoul, which consists of various land covers including 30% of green space and the Han River within the area, was set as the research target and quarterly Sentinel-2 satellite images for 2020 were aquired. The U-Net model was trained using the sub-class land cover map mapped by the Korean Ministry of Environment. As a result of learning and classifying the model into single-period, double-series, triple-series, and quadruple-series through the learned U-Net model, it showed an accuracy of 81%, 82% and 79%, which exceeds the standard for securing land cover classification accuracy of 75%, except for a single-period. Through this, it was confirmed that classification accuracy can be improved through multi-series classification.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.163-175
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• 2017

In land seismic exploration, irregular surface topography and weathering layer in near surface distorts the reflected signals of data. Therefore, typical land seismic data should be compensated for this distortion by static correction. To perform the static correction, near-surface velocity is required, which can be obtained by seismic refraction survey. However, land seismic data is often acquired in a limited form of geometry depending on the equipment availability, accessibility condition, and permission for the survey site. In this situation, refraction analysis should be performed using reflection data because it is impossible to acquire refraction-oriented data due to limited source and receiver geometry. In this study, we aimed to analyze the reliability of the results obtained by refraction traveltime tomography when using reflection data with a limited number of sources and receivers from irregular surface topography. By comparing the inversion result from irregular topography with that from flat surface, we found that the surface topography affects the reliability of the inversion results to some degree. We also found that the number of sources has little effect on the inversion results unless the number of sources are very small. On the other hand, we observed that velocity distortion occurred in the overlapped part of receiver arrays when using a limited number of receivers, and therefore suggested the size of the least overlapping ratio to avoid the velocity distortion. Finally, we performed numerical tests for the model which simulates the surface topography and acquisition geometry of the survey region and verified the reliability analysis of inversion results. We identified reliable areas and suspicious area of the inverted velocity model by applying the analysis results to field data.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.251-263
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• 2022

This paper presents an idea of ScanSAR image formation. For image formation of ScanSAR that utilizes the burst mode for raw signal acquisition, most conventional single burst methods essentially require a step of azimuth stitching which contributes to radiometric and phase distortions to some extent. Time-domain cross correlation could replace SPECAN which is most popularly used for ScanSAR processing. The core idea of the proposed method is that it is possible to relieve the necessity of azimuth stitching by an extension of Doppler bandwidth of the reference function to the burst cycle period. Performance of the proposed method was evaluated by applying it to the raw signals acquired by a spaceborne SAR system, and results satisfied all image quality requirements including 3 dB width, peak-to-sidelobe ratio (PSLR), compression ratio,speckle noise, etc. Image quality of ScanSAR is inferior to that of Stripmap in all aspects. However, it is also possible to improve the quality of ScanSAR image competitive to that of Stripmap if focused on a certain parameter while reduced qualities of other parameters. Thus, it is necessary for a ScanSAR processor to offer a great degree of flexibility complying with different requirements for different applications and techniques.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.161-178
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• 2016

Mathematics problem based learning(PBL), which has recently attracted much attention, is a teaching and learning method to increase mathematical ability and help learning mathematical concepts and principles through problem solving using students' mathematical prerequisite knowledge. In spite of such a quite attention, it is not easy to apply and practice PBL actually in school mathematics. Furthermore, the recent instructional situations or environments has focused on student's self construction of their learning and its process. Because of this reason, to whom is related to mathematics education including math teachers, investigation and recognition on the degree of students' acquisition of mathematical thinking skills and strategies(for example, inductive and deductive thinking, critical thinking, creative thinking) is an very important work. Thus, developing mathematical thinking skills is one of the most important goals of school mathematics. In particular, recently, connection or integration of one subject and the other subject in school is emphasized, and then mathematics might be one of the most important subjects to have a significant role to connect or integrate with other subjects. While considering the reason is that the ultimate goal of mathematics education is to pursue an enhancement of mathematical thinking ability through the enhancement of problem solving ability, this study aimed to implement basically what is the meaning of the integrated thinking ability in problem based learning theory in Mathematics. In addition, using historical materials, this study was to develop mathematical materials and a sample of a concrete instructional guideline for enhancing integrated thinking ability in problem based learning program.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.309-316
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• 2020

This study analyzed Japan's three-dimensional road system as part of a study on urban regeneration plans through the three-dimensional use of road space. The three-dimensional road system integrates the Road Act, Urban Planning Act, and the Building Standard Act. The advantage of the three-dimensional road system is that landowners can freely use the space above and below the road so that they can live and operate sustainably, and road managers have the advantage of reducing the land acquisition costs because they only acquire rights to the road. In terms of type, it is applied to a variety of integrated and separated structures in elevated roads, underpasses, free passages, parking lots, and monorails. In addition, in the case of development methods, the degree of freedom of development plans is improved by enabling integrated maintenance of roads and buildings. Management stability is improved by applying management and law-based authority according to the Road Act. In this way, the three-dimensional road system provides support to maximize the use of limited available land through the three-dimensional use of road space, and to develop sustainable and good urban areas in development areas.