• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.254-259
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• 2012

산림에서 나무껍질이 벗겨지는 피해는 노루를 비롯한 사슴과에 속하는 포유류에 의해 발생하며 먹이 부족이 주요 원인이다. 그러나 제주도에서는 뿔이 녹각으로 되는 과정에서 벨벳을 벗겨내는 행동에 의해 나무껍질이 벗겨지는 피해가 발생하여 이들을 살펴보았다. 국립산림과학원 한남시험림내의 해발 400m에서 500m 사이에 위치한 6km구간의 임도 주변 5m지역을 대상으로 2011년 9월 9일부터 10월 4일까지 맑은날을 택하여 본조사를 실시하였다. 노루가 뿔로 긁은 피해목은 총 25종, 267본이었으며 낙엽활엽수가 18종 134본, 상록활엽수가 5종 71본, 나머지 2종 62본은 침엽수였다. 뿔 긁기로 가장 선호하는 수종은 굴거리나무(Daphniphyllum macropodum), 삼나무(Cryptomeria japonica), 비목(Lindera erythrocarpa), 누리장나무(Clerodendrum trichotomum), 산초나무(Zanthoxylum schinifolium) 순이었다. 피해목은 주로 3~4년생의 어린나무이며 평균 수고는 $120.7{\pm}42.4cm$이었고, 지상 5cm 높이에서의 직경은 $1.5{\pm}0.5cm$, 피해 시작점(최저점)은 지상에서부터 평균 $22.1{\pm}10.1cm$ 지점이었고, 피해길이는 평균 $27.5{\pm}10.6cm$이었다. 나무껍질이 벗겨지면 이차적으로 균류의 침입을 받게 되며 이로 인해 어린나무의 외형이 변하거나 죽게 되어 난대림의 향후 종 구성에 영향을 야기할 수 있다. 기후변화에 따른 제주도 산림의 식생변화가 예견되는 시점에서 노루의 뿔에 의한 피해는 난대림의 자연 갱신은 물론 조림과 묘목생산 그리고 지속적인 산림경영에 영향을 미칠 것으로 판단된다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.147-153
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• 2007

DNA extracted from ancient bones of Cervidae animals was examined to identify the species and to determine the phylogenetic relationships to those from extant cervids. Abundant ancient bones were excavated from Kumsung archaeological site in Jeju Island, Korea, and were identified as Cervidae animals based on morphological features of their antlers and lower mandibles. Their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (CR) was partially sequenced and subsequently compared with those previously reported in database. The results confirmed that the ancient sequences are lineage of Cervidae. On the phylogenetic trees constructed using the sequence diversity of the CR sequences of family Cervidae, the ancient DNA sequences were found on distinct clusters. The ancient sequences were located in the subfamily Capreolinae cluster, and six ancient sequences were closely related to those of extant Korean roe deer in Jeju Island and Korean Peninsula. Consequently, the results of this study suggest that the roe deer inhabited Jeju Island in ancient times. However, there is no evidence for the existence of subfamily Cervinae, including Sika deer, while it has been described in several historical records. The results suggest that this finding could contribute to understanding of the origin and phylogenetic relationships of extant and ancient roe deer on Jeju Island.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.177-182
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• 2002

녹용의 상품화를 위해서는 건조과정이 필요하다. 지금까지의 인공건조는 사육농가 스스로의 경험에 의한 건조가 대부분으로 이는 건조시설 및 건조방법의 미흡으로 비효율적이며, 건조 중 변질되거나 먼지, 세균 등에 오염되기 쉽다. 최근 선진국에서는 농산물의 고품질건조를 위한 다양한 건조방법들이 실용화되고 있으며 마이크로파를 이용한 건조방법도 그 중의 하나이다. 이러한 점에 착안한 본 연구에서는 우리가정에 널리 보급되어 있는 전자레인지를 이용한 녹용의 건조 가능성 여부를 검토하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 녹용의 각질화 여부가 건조시간에 많은 영향을 끼치는 것으로 나타나, 건조시간과 건조소요에너지를 줄이기 위해서는 녹용을 부위별로 절편하여 건조시키는 것이 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 2. 같은 건조시간에서도 템퍼링 시간의 길고 짧음에 따라 건조속도가 다르게 나타났으며, 각질화 진행 정도에 따라 템퍼링 시간의 조절이 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 3. 전자레인지를 이용한 녹용의 건조는 2분 건조 후 3분 템퍼링을 반복하는 것이 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 4 본 실험결과 전자레인지의 마이크로파를 이용한 건조기술을 녹용 건조에 이용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 5. 본 연구에서는 건조시간과 템퍼링 시간에 따른 건조만을 검토하였으나, 앞으로의 연구는 건조 후의 녹용의 성분변화 여부에 대한 검토가 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권1호
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• pp.166-182
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• 2022

Deer antler velvet is widely used in traditional medicine for its anti-aging, antioxidant, and immunity-enhancing effects. However, few studies have reported on the discovery of probiotic strains for deer antler fermentation to increase functional ingredient absorption. This study evaluated the ability of probiotic lactic acid bacteria to enhance the concentrations of bioactive molecules (e.g., sialic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA]) in extracts of deer antler velvet. Seventeen strains of Lactobacillus spp. that were isolated from kimchi and infant feces, including L. sakei, L. rhamnosus, L. brevis, and L. plantarum, and those that improved the life span of Caenorhabditis elegans were selected for evaluation. Of the 17 strains, 2 (L. rhamnosus LFR20-004 and L. sakei LFR20-007) were selected based on data showing that these strains increased both the sialic acid and GABA contents of deer antler extract after fermentation for 2 d and significantly improved the life span of C. elegans. Co-fermentation with both strains further increased the concentrations of sialic acid, GABA, and metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids and amino acids. We evaluated the biological effects of the fermented antler velvet (FAV) on the antibacterial immune response in C. elegans by assessing worm survival after pathogen infection. The survival of the C. elegans conditioned with FAV for 24h was significantly higher compared with that of the control worm group fed only normal feed (non-pathogenic E. coli OP50) exposed to E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhi, and Listeria monocytogenes. To evaluate the protective effects of FAV on immune response, cyclophosphamide (Cy), an immune-suppressing agent was treated to in vitro and in vivo. We found that FAV significantly restored viability of mice splenocytes and immune promoting-related cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-10, inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS], interferon [IFN]-γ, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) were activated compared to non-fermented deer antlers. This finding indicated the protective effect of FAV against Cy-induced cell death and immunosuppressed mice. Taken together, our study suggests that immune-promoting antler velvet can be produced through fermentation using L. rhamnosus LFR20-004 and L. sakei LFR20-007.

• 한국산학기술학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국산학기술학회 2008년도 추계학술발표논문집
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• pp.469-472
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• 2008

녹용은 사슴의 뿔을 통칭해 일컫는 말로서 우리나라는 전 세계 녹용 소비량의 80%를 점유하고 있다. 하지만 국내에서 선호되는 것은 러시아산 붉은 사슴 즉, 원용으로 칭하는 것으로 가격 면에서 가장 고가이다. 따라서 수입되는 녹용의 일부가 러시아 산으로 둔갑 판매되는 경우가 발생되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 현재 주로 수입되는 녹용으로부터 미토콘드리아 DNA(mtDNA)의 D-loop 유전자의 일부를 PCR로 증폭하고 이들의 염기서열 분석을 통해서 각 수입지역 녹용에 특이적인 RFLP 마커를 탐색하고 이를 녹용의 유전자 감별에 적용코자 하는 것이다. 결과적으로 TaaI과 HaaI 두 종류의 제한효소가 녹용의 원산지를 구별할 수 있는 RFLP 마커로 이용 가능성이 확인되었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.349-355
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• 2011

Russian deer velvet antlers were divided into three parts and subjected to a extraction process using hot water at 100, 110, and $120^{\circ}C$ or an extraction with 70% ethanol. Each extract was analyzed for its biochemical components, including uronic acid, sulfated-glycosaminoglycans (sulfated-GAGs), and sialic acid, and the antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities were investigated. Different levels of uronic acid and sulfated-GAGs were observed in the extracts according to the water temperature used for the extraction, and contents decreased with increasing extraction temperature. The upper layer of each extract showed high amounts of uronic acid and sulfated-GAGs, followed by the middle and base layers. Ethanol extraction was more effective for recovering uronic acid than sulfated-GAGs. Sialic acid content was the highest in the $110^{\circ}C$ extracts but was not observed in the ethanol extracts. Velvet antler extracts showed strong antioxidant activities against DPPH and hydrogen peroxide as well as strong reducing power in a dose-dependent manner. However, the antioxidant activities were different in each layer and according to the extraction method. Additionally, velvet antler extracts exhibited inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase, which is associated with Alzheimer's disease, in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that velvet antler extracts are useful as a functional food ingredient and/or a pharmaceutical.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2000

본 연구는 국내산 녹용(사슴뿔의 상대)을 종으로 5개 부위, 횡으로 벨벳층과 스폰지층의 2개 부위로 분할하여 무기질 조성 및 함량을 분석하였다. 회분, Ca, P, Mg, Zn 함량은 tip 부위에서 하단으로 내려갈수록 유의적으로 증가하였으며, Mn, Cu, Fe 함량은 tip 부위에서 하단으로 내려갈수록 유의적으로 감소하였다. 스폰지층은 벨벳층에 비하여 회분 함량이 3배, Ca 함량이 2배 정도 높았으며 대부분의 무기질 함량은 벨벳층에 비하여 스폰지층이 유의적으로 높았다. Tip부위는 다른 부위에 비하여 특히 회분, Ca, P, Cu, Fe 함량 및 Ca/ash(%), Ca/P, Ca/Fe 비에 있어서 현저한 차이를 보였으므로 이러한 성분 및 성분비가 녹용의 품질 지표로 사용될 수 있는 가능성이 제시되었다.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.197-208
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• 2021

The deer antler has been used as a major drug in oriental medicine for a long time. Recently, the demand for easy-to-take health functional foods is increasing due to economic development and changes in diet. As part of research on the development of functional materials for antlers, lactic acid fermentation of antler extract was performed. It was intended to develop a functional material with enhanced total polyphenol and flavonoid content and enhanced antioxidant activity. Lactic acid bacteria fermentation was performed by adding 4 types of lactic acid bacteria starter products, B. longum, Lb. Plantarum, Lb. acidophilus and mixture of 8 types of lactic acid bacteria to the antler water extract substrate, respectively. During the fermentation of lactic acid bacteria, the number of proliferation, total polyphenol and total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging and antioxidant activity were quantified and evaluated. As a result of adding these four types of lactic acid bacteria to the antler water extract substrate, the number of lactic acid bacteria measured was 2.04~5.00×107. Meanwhile, a protease (Baciullus amyloliquefaciens culture: Maxazyme NNP DS) was added to the antler extract to decompose the peptide bonds of the contained proteins. Then, these four types of lactic acid bacteria were added and the number of lactic acid bacteria increased to 2.84×107 ~ 2.21×108 as the result of culture. The total polyphenol contents were 4.82~6.26 ㎍/mL in the lactic acid bacteria fermentation extracts, and after the reaction of protease enzyme and lactic fermentation, increased to 14.27~20.58 ㎍/mL. The total flavonoid contents were 1.52~2.21 ㎍/ml in the lactic acid bacteria fermentation extracts, and after the protease reaction and fermentation, increased to 5.59 ~ 8.11 mg/mL. DPPH radical scavenging activities of lactic acid bacteria fermentation extracts was 17.03~22.75%, but after the protease reaction and fermentation, remarkably increased to 32.82~42.90%.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.708-716
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• 2012

In order to investigate and evaluate the effects of red deer antlers on hair growth in the full-thickness wound healing model, Sprague-Dawley rats were given incision wounds through the full thickness of their dorsal skin and deer antler was applied for 40 days. At specified intervals thereafter (4, 8, 16, 32 and 40 days), the animals were sacrificed and the wound site skins were excised, processed, and sectioned. At post-injury days 16, 32 and 40, longer and more active new hair appeared around the healing wound of antler-treated skin. Histological studies showed that the antler extract markedly increases the depth, size, and number of hair follicles. Expression of IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor) mRNA was detected by RT-PCR and real time RT-PCR. The result showed that the expression of IGF-I (days 16, 32, and 40) was obviously up-regulated in antler-treated skins compared to control skins. Similar results were seen in the ELISA analysis to quantify the IGF-I expression. These results support the notion that wound healing can cause hair growth by enhancing the expression of IGF-I. Deer antler extract appears to have the potential to promote hair growth and could be used in hair growth products.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.1116-1123
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• 2020

Velvet antler (VA) is a historically traditional medicinal supplement and is well known in Asian countries for its pharmaceutical and health benefits. The objectives for this study were to optimize the hot water extraction (HWE) of VA for the Korean VA industry, and to determine the most effective pretreatment method among microwave (MW), ultrasonication (US), and enzymatic (EZ) techniques. Using response surface methodology, optimum extraction temperatures and times were determined by central composite design configuration based on extraction yield and sialic acid content. Various quality parameters of VA extract including yield, soluble solid, protein, and sialic acid contents were also compared with the conjunction of HWE and pretreatment. The yield and sialic acid content of VA extract were determined to be 40% and 0.73 mg/g, respectively, under an optimum temperature of 100℃ at 24 h of extraction time. The yields from VA extracts pretreated with MW, US, and EZ were 17.42%, 19.73%, and 29.15%, respectively. Among the tested commercial enzymes, pepsin was the most effective proteolytic enzyme and led to the highest yield (47.65%), soluble solids (4.03 °brix), protein (1.12 mg/ml), and sialic acid (3.04 mg/ml) contents from VA extract.