• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.125-131
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• 2009

영가철과 혐기성 미생물을 이용한 환원적 탈염화반응을 통한 다이옥신 처리 능력을 평가하기 위해, 자유에너지 선형관계(linear free energy relationship)를 이용하여 다이옥신의 탈염화에 의한 농도 및 독성변화 예측 모델을 최초로 정립하였다. 수용액상에 존재하는 다이옥신류의 깁스자유에너지는 기존 문헌의 열역학적 계산결과를 범밀도함수이론(density functional theory)을 이용한 계산 수준으로 보정하였으며, 보정된 깁스자유에너지와 실험을 통해 얻은 탈염화 반응속도 상수와의 선형관계를 통해 다이옥신의 탈염화 반응 256개에 대한 반응속도상수를 예측하였다. 본 모델을 통해 탈염화에 의해 변화하는 다이옥신 류 76종에 대한 시간 별 농도를 계산할 수 있다. 8염화다이옥신(Octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, OCDD)이 완전히탈염화되어 dibenzo-p-dioxin (DD)로 탈염화되기까지는 100년 이상의 반응시간이 필요하였으며, 독성등가값(toxic equivalent quantity, TEQ)의 경우 탈염화가 진행되면서 초기농도의 10배 이상까지 증가하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이를 통해, 다이옥신의 처리를 위해서는 좀 더 빠른 탈염화 반응속도를 갖는 다른 전자공여 시스템을 사용하거나, 환원적 탈염화-라디칼 산화와 같은 복합 연계처리가 필요함을 알 수 있다. 본 논문을 통해 제시된 예측 기법은 다이옥신뿐 아니라 다른 할로겐화 화합물의 탈염화 예측과 여러 전자공여 시스템에 대한 평가에 적용이 가능하다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.635-641
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• 2005

황산염 환원 반응이 혐기성 조건 하에서 수소에 대하여 경쟁관계에 있는 메탄생성 및 환원성 탈염소화 반응에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위한 회분식 실험을 수행하였다. 황산염 환원반응은 수소문턱농도가 2 nM로 탈염소화 반응과 유사하여 낮은 수소 농도에서 탈염소화를 저해하였으며 메탄생성균이 cDCE의 탈염소화를 저해시키는 것과는 달리 PCE의 cDCE 변환 과정부터 탈염소화를 억제하였다. 또한 황산염은 메탄생성을 억제하여 메탄생성균이 수소경쟁에서 제외되었는 바, 이는 메탄생성의 수소문턱농도(10 nM)가 상대적으로 높기 때문이다. 황산염이 존재하는 경우 탈염소화 효율은 식종 미생물의 농도에 큰 영향을 받지 않았는 바, 이는 식종 미생물 증가에 의해 탈염소화뿐만 아니라 황산염 환원반응도 동시에 촉진되었기 때문이다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2003년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.391-394
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• 2003

The applicability of in situ microbial filter or biobarrier technology for the remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents was investigated. The efficiency and rates of reductive dechlorination of chlorinated solvents are known to be highly dependent on hydrogen concentration. In this study, the effect of electron donors on the reductive dechlorination of PCE was investigated using vermicompost (worm casting) and peat as permeable reactive barrier medium The effect of organic acids (lactate, butyrate and benzoate), yeast extract and vitamin $B_{l2}$ on the reductive dechlorination was investigated. Compared to the control (no electron donor added), addition of electron donors stimulated the dechlorinated rate. Among the electron donor treatments, lactate/benzoate amendment exhibited the highest dechlorination rate. Since vermicompost and peat are inexpensive and biodegradable and have high sorption capacity, they could be successfully used as biobarrier media, especially when electron donors (for example, lactate/benzoate) are added.d.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2000년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.119-123
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• 2000

In-situ treatment technologies have been proposed to transform or remove pollutants from contaminated groundwater. Zero-valent iron(Fe$^{0}$ ), metallic iron, is being evaluated as a permeable reactive material to retard the transport of wide array of highly mobile contaminants in groundwater. In this research, tetrachloroethylene(PCE) dechlorination by powdered zero-valent iron in buffered aqueous solution was studied with and without the presence of surfactants. The rate of dechlorination of PCE by zero-valent iron with surfactant was much higher than without surfactant. The presence of surfactant increased the apparent rate of dechlorination because the surfactants influenced the dissolution of PCE into the aqueous phase.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2003년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.136-139
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• 2003

The combined effect of bioaugmentation of dechlorinating bacterial cultures and addition of iron powder (Fe$^{0}$ ) on reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and other chlorinated ethylenes in a artificially contaminated soil slurry (60$\mu$mo1es PCE/kg soil) were tested. Two different anaerobic bacterial cultures, a pure bacterial culture of Desulfitobacterium sp. strain Y-51 capable of dechlorinating PCE to cis-1, 2-dechloroethylene (cis-DCE) and the other enrichment culture PE-1 capable of dechlorinating PCE completely to ethylene, were used for the bioaugmentation test. Both treatments introduced with the strain Y-51 and PE-1 culture (3mg dry cell weight/kg soil) showed conversion of PCE to cis-DCE within 40 days. The treatments added with Fe$^{0}$ (0.1 -1.0 %(w/w)) alone to the soil slurry resulted in extended PCE dechlorination to ethylene and ethane and the, dechlorination rate depended on the amount of Fe$^{0}$ added. The combined use of the bacterial cultures with Fe$^{0}$ (0.1-1.0%) showed the higher PCE dechlorination rate than the separated application and the pattern of PCE dechlorination and end-product formation was different from those of the separated application. These results suggested that the combined application of Fe$^{0}$ and the bactrial culture, specially the complete dechlorinating enrichment culture such as PE-1 culture, would be practically effective for remediation of PCE contaminated soil.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1147-1155
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• 2007

The applicability of in situ biobarrier or microbial filter technology for the remediation of groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvent was investigated through column study. In this study, the effect of packing materials on the reductive dechlorination of PCE was investigated using Canadian peat, Pahokee peat, peat moss and vermicompost (or worm casting) as a biobarrier medium. Optimal conditions previously determined from a batch microcosm study was applied in this column study. Lactate/benzoate was amended as electron donors to stimulate reductive dechlorination of PCE. Hydraulic conductivity was approximately $6{\times}10^{-5}-8{\times}10^{-5}\;cm/sec$ and no difference was found among the packing materials. The transport and dispersion coefficients determined from the curve-fitting of the breakthrough curves of $Br^-$ using CXTFIT 2.1 showed no difference between single-region and two-region models. The reductive dechlorination of PCE was efficiently occurred in all columns. Among the columns, especially the column packed with vermicompost exhibited the highest reductive dechlorination efficiency. The results of this study showed the promising potential of in situ biobarrier technology using peat and vermicompost for the remediation of groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.189-195
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• 2003

To enhance the reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) under anaerobic conditions, we examined the adjunctive effects of cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni), which are the central metals of transition-metal cofactors of coenzyme F$\_$430/ and vitamin B$\_$12/, respectively, on the dechlorination of Aroclor 1248. After 32 weeks of incubation, the average numbers of chlorines per biphenyl in culture vials supplemented with 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mM of Co reduced from 3.88 to 3.39, 2.92, and 3.28, respectively. However, the numbers of chlorine after supplementing with Ni decreased from 3.88 to 3.43, regardless of the Ni concentrations. The observed congener distribution patterns of all vials with different conditions were similar to the pattern produced by the dechlorination process of H' after 21 weeks of incubation, and these patterns were unchanged up to week 32, except for vials supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0 mM of Co. In vials containing 0.5 mM of Co, meta-rich congeners, such as 25/ 25-,24/25-, and 25/23-chlorobiphenyls (CBPs), which were found as accumulated products of dechlorination in other conditions, were further dechlorinated, and 25/2-, 24/2-, and 2/2-CBPs were concomitantly increased after 32 weeks of incubation. In this case, the congener distribution was similar to the dechlorination pattern of process M. From these results, we suggested that the enrichment of cultures with Co might stimulate the growth of specific populations of meta-dechlorinators, and that populations might promote a change in the dechlorination process from H' to M, which is known to be less effective on the dechlorination of the more highly chlorinated congeners of PCBs.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.22-37
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• 2006

생물벽체(biobarrier) 또는 원위치 미생물 필터(in situ microbial filter) 기술을 이용한 염소계 유기용매로 오염된 지하수의 복원 가능성을 회분식 실험을 통하여 살펴보았다. PCE의 환원성 탈염소화의 효율과 속도는 수소 농도에 의존하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 분변토와 토탄을 생물벽체로 이용한 PCE의 환원성 탈염소화시 전자공여체의 영향을 살펴보았다. 유기산(lactate, butyrate benzoate)과 yeast extract, 비타민 $B_{12}$가 PCE의 환원성 탈염소화에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 생물벽체 담체 비존재시, 전자공여체를 투여하지 않은 control 실험에 비해, 전자공여체의 첨가는 PCE의 탈염소화 속도를 촉진하였다. 전자공여체를 투여한 실험 중에서 lactate 또는 lactate/benzoate를 수소 공여체(hydrogen donor)로 첨가된 경우, 탈염소화 속도가 가장 빨랐다($k_1=0.0260{\sim}0.0266\;day^{-1}$). 분변토를 생물벽체로 사용한 경우, lactate/benzoate 첨가시 탈염소화 속도가 가장 빨랐으며, 겉보기 1차 분해속도상수($k_1$)는 $0.0849day^{-1}$였다. 반면, Pahokee peat을 생물벽체로 사용하였을 경우, butyrate 또는 lactate의 첨가시 탈염소화 속도가 가장 빨랐으며 $k_1$ 값은 각각 0.1092, $0.1067\;day^{-1}$로 나타났다. 본 연구결과로부터 분변토 또는 토탄을 원위치 생물벽체로 사용하여 염소계 유기용매로 오염된 지하수 처리의 잠재적인 응용 가능성을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1734-1739
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• 2006

The degradation of perchloroethylene (PCE) was investigated with the serial treatment of biological reaction after dechlorination using Fenton's reagent. The dechlorination of PCE was expressed using $D_m$ (dechlorination value), calculated from ${\Delta}Cl^-mol/{\Delta}PCE$ mol, and was 2.58 with 5 mM of $H_2O_2$ and $Fe^{3+}$. The $150{\mu}M$ of PCE was transformed to $37{\mu}M$ of dichloroacetic acid (DCAA). Biological treatment with Delftia sp. N6 was applied after degradation of PCE by the Fenton reaction. The optical densities indicating cell growth were 0.53/0.10 with/without the Fenton reaction after one day, respectively. The N6 strain degraded 95% of the DCAA produced from PCE by the Fenton reaction within one day. Consequently, it seemed that the serial treatment of a Fenton reaction and biological reaction was effective in the removal of not only PCE, but also DCAA, one of the major metabolites of PCE.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.173-177
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• 2006

비점오염원에서 배출되는 농악은 부유물질과 흡착하여 퇴적되며 수체로 유출되어 공공 보건에 위해를 미친다. 본 연구에서는 0가 철이 퇴적물에 포함된 농약의 일종인 아트라진을 분해하는 속도를 구하고자 하였으며 이때 퇴적물의 완충능력을 모사하기 위하여 완충액을 첨가하여 pH를 중성으로 하였다. 아트라진의 초기농도를 10, 30, 50 mg/L로 할 때 아트라진의 감소는 가1차 반응을 따랐으며 반응속도상수 $K_{obs}$는 평균 $3.21{\times}10^{-2}/d$를 나타내었다.