• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2009

Wooded areas that are a part of school campuses are one type of urban forest. Most schools located in an urban environment make an excellent setting for a forest in terms of location and area. These kinds of wooded spaces also make the city greener and healthier. As a place where students spend a great deal of time, schools can also be a venue for environmental education. The creation of wooded areas in schools currently has focused on the end result only; by ignoring student needs and participation, these areas have not had a significant influence on student environmental education. Previous studies based on questionnaire survey are significant in that they have quantified subjective qualitative data via Likert Scale. There has been, however, a problem in quantifying the more ambiguous subjective data. Therefore, this paper has attempted to investigate those factors that have an influence on student satisfaction with the wooded areas of their school campus using Fuzzy Theory with elementary school students in Gyeongsangbuk-do. A change was observed in terms of the ranking of arithmetic mean values of 'school peculiarity' and 'emotion evolution' and center of gravity, which has adopted Fuzzy Theory, proving that Fuzzy Theory could rationally objectify qualitative data such as human thoughts. In terms of the influential factors on the satisfaction with school forests(regression coefficient), 'school uniqueness(0.159)' was the highest, followed by 'many trees(0.142),' 'importance of nature(0.136)' and 'emotion evolution(0.130).' This paper may therefore be useful as basic data for objective questionnaire surveys and the development of school forests.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.75-97
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• 2013

While good return policies are suggested as one of the critical services for e-commerce, ambivalence between the burden of the cost and shoppers' satisfaction may prevent e-tailers from increasing their level of leniency. Based on the S-O-R model, this study has attempted to develop a grounded theory to explain how lenient return policies shape online shoppers' perceptions and responses, with a focus on cultural influences in the relationship. In order to check the cultural effects of the lenient return policy, thirty two female and eleven male undergraduate students in South Korean shoppers, who are accustomed to strict return policies, participated in the semi-structured interview. A series of open-ended questions were designed to explore consumers' reactions toward four different levels of the lenient return policy: from the strict type in South Korea to the lenient type in the U.S. Using qualitative research methods, this research has defined three types of dimensions of lenient return policy: return possible period, complexity of progress, and other restrictions. While previous researchers did not pay much attention, the last dimension, other restrictions, is shown to be the most significant in influencing online shoppers' perceptions, especially in South Korea. Also, the impacts on online shoppers' perceptions from the three types of sub-dimensions of return policy were somewhat different. Whereas a longer return possible period was considered more favorable, a medium level of complexity and restrictions were considered more desirable. In summary, this result showed that shoppers in Eastern cultures, i.e. South Korean online shoppers, seem favorable to a medium level of lenient return policies, while allowing for taking precautions against possible fraudulent behaviors and setting other restrictions. Therefore, most of retailers in South Korea recommended that e-tailers who adopt the most lenient return policies raise the bar to guard ethical shoppers from fraudulent users. Next, lenient return policies can enhance ease of use, usefulness, affect, and trust while relieving perceived risk, which is connected to intention to purchase, satisfaction, and loyalty. Interestingly, lenient return policies are more likely to change the behavioral responses of online shoppers, such as return and purchase, rather than change their attitudes or beliefs such as image, satisfaction, and loyalty. This tendency can be seen more clearly in the direct influences of return policy on responses. The reaction to lenient return policy is mostly the intention to return or to purchase. This suggests that return policy serves the e-tailers as a powerful tool in increasing online shoppers' purchase intention at the moment of purchase. Therefore, e-tailers who plan to expand their market to eastern countries, including South Korea, have to build a shield of restrictions around their lenient return policy, rather than immediately applying their original liberalized return policy. Also, e-tailers in South Korea need to review their strict and undifferentiated return policies to deal with the unsatisfied reactions of online shoppers toward their normal return policies. Although the present study was confined to the return policies currently being practiced by popular e-tailers, it would be worthwhile to develop effective return policies separately for each country, especially South Korea, keeping the culture of the relevant country in mind.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.31-49
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate discomforts and sexual life and to identify the relation between the discomforts and sexual life with low back pain. The data were collected from March 2 through July 31, 2001. Four hundred forty-two questionnaires were returned (response rate=88.0%). Analysis of the data was done with SPSS PC+ and use descriptive statistics, $x^2$-test, t-test, ANOVA. regression. The statistics shows that over than 80% of the adults experienced lumbago at least one time in their life, and Back pain is known as one of the most common complaints made by the patients of all ages in the general hospital or local medical clinics throughout. However, in certain case it leads to a chronic condition which can cause a great deal of problems in management and in financial burden to individuals and society. The result of this study was summarized as follows: 1) It appeared that regarding the distribution of gender, male was the higher(63.6%) then that of female, the portion of forties was 28.5%. Sitting for long time was 23.1% in men and 21.7% in women. Unknown reason including sexual behaviour was 12.9% in men and 15.5% in women. Patients treated medicine and physical therapy were 36.4%. In level of educational background, the rate of high school was 31.0%, technical college was 28.5%. The highest proportion by occupation was 18.3% of office workers, occupation posture was 41.9% of sitting. 2) Men(26.0%) and most of women(34.8%) were not satisfied in the explanation satisfaction rate of sex life concerned disease. 23.8% in men and 23.6% in women considered flexibility of waist good. Man(33.3%) and most of woman(35.0%) considered that Health education is necessary. 32.7% in men and 27.3% in women did't mind educator is whoever. Preventing of lower back pain(LBP) and proper Health education of sex life are demanded in daily life. 3) 58.0% of man and 64.0% of woman mostly had a posture which is man over woman. 28.5% in men and 27.8% in women considered that proper information finding of LBP and sex life was very few and few. 37.7% in men and 42.7% in women have acquired information about sex life flung their friends. 4) The number of sex life was decreased from 2.96 0.98 to 2.61 1.63 and also the time of sex life was decreased from 3.65 1.89 to 226 1.64. The satisfaction rate of sex life changed from 3.60 0.86 to 2.77 1.10. In the number of sex life, The non correct group was 2.62 1.91 and the correct group was higher in 2.68 1.65. In the time of sex life, The non correct group was 2.02 1.47 and the correct group was higher in 229 1.65. The satisfaction rate of sex life was 2.76 0.86 in non correct group and 2.88 1.10 in correct group. So there was a difference. 5) In the satisfaction rate of sex life, Men who have a lower back pain were higher than women and no attack group was higher than attack group. As they had many sex life, the satisfaction rate was higher significantly in statistics. As the time of sex life was short, the satisfaction rate was lower significantly in statistics. As the age was low, the demand rate of Health education was high and as means of patient who had a lower back pain was high, the demand rate of Health education was high. As the patient who had a lower back pain had a long married life, the demand rate of Health education was high and as education level was high, the demand rate of Health education was high. It is necessary to provide patients with conservative treatment, educational teaching, and training to prevent further injuries in the future. In general, it is important to educate the public how to prevent back injuries and how to treat themselves in an onset period to prevent further injuries sliding into a chronic state. Sexuality is an integral part of normal and healthy relationships, but patients are unable to enjoy sex because they are riot able to get into a comfortable position due to back pain. Many conditions of the spine can make certain positions uncomfortable. Health educator should make the education program of the discomforts and the sexual pattern for low back pain in workplace and/or hospital. Further study Is needed on how to integrate the educational program on sexuality into the total rehabilitation program.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.62-74
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• 2010

This study aims to examine what factors citizens value in urban parks and green spaces in terms of usage and aesthetic value and to find ways to deal with the changing patterns of user satisfaction for these various green elements. To achieve this, the study developed a dynamic model employing a transactional approach to evaluate environmental quality for 1999 and 2007 in Anyang City as well as a conceptual model of parks and greens satisfaction. This study relied on an empirical study method including the 1999 and 2007 green conditional survey and citizen questionnaires totaling 573 in the year 1999 and 982 in the year 2007. As a result, first, the factor 'urban parks' is the most important factor and 'cityscape' is the second most important factor in parks and greens satisfaction(PGS). Second, PGS in turn causes environmental quality satisfaction(EQS), which is related to two items--'urban livability' and 'aesthetic quality'--in the model. This means that PGS is the intervening variable of urban livability. Third, the factor analysis resulted in six factors: cityscape, urban green, linear facilities, urban parks, riverside green, and urban forest. 'Riverside green' emerged as a factor in 2007 as a result of public participation in the 'Anyang River Revitalization Project'. Fourth, through a transactional view, the environmental changes result in either a change in or stability of public attitude. The levels of satisfaction were elevated but patterns of satisfied-unsatisfied items remained unchanged for most factors. The perception of riverside a greenway and linear surface facilities(pedestrian walkways, biking and jogging trails, etc.) have changed positively. PGS changed significantly in 2007, as a result of urban events and development, including parks, rivers and greenways which were built through the joint effort of the local government and civic participation.

• Archives of design research
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• no.16
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• pp.1-14
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• 1996

As the marketing strategy of corporations has been changing in various ways, the type of new product development has also bC'en changing in dim~rent ways. The types of changes include, among oiller things, product development. wit.h a new concept., revolut.ionary product development., new brand product. development., improvement. of existing product. and development. in model changes. The design development has similarly advanced with the growth in scient.ific approach in t11e design process of new product. development. in relat.ion t.o each t.ype of product development.. Ilowever, in view of the design approach or st.rat.egy for each t.ype, different. kinds of method of development is necessary. In order to increase t.he life cycle of an existing product. which has reached its mature stage and to respond t.o the changes 111 time t.hrough product improvement., it is becoming more imtxJrl.ant for Ule corporation to confonn wiU1 the changes in time by being able to sat.isfy the consumer! s needs, way of thinking and luxury inclination by utilizing the changes in design. However, it is very difficult to decide on a design using different development. methods which would clearly meet such neL'

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.215-224
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• 1999

The study was conducted to centum the construct of individual perception and preference for work characteristics as personal factors influencing Korean nurses' job satisfaction. The subjects of the study were 231 nurses who are currently working in intensive care units and have been for a minimum of 6 months. The study used the Staff Perception and Preference Scale(Song et al., 1997) to measure the individual's perception and preference on the technical. practice. and management components of the ideal work environment. The Korean version of the Staff Perception and Preference Scale consists of 16 items on perception and 13 on preference with each item related on a scale from 1(not at all) to 4(a great deal). Psychometric testing revealed that the preference and perception scale is internally consistent with Chronbach's alphas of .83 for perception scale arid .80 for preference scale. The subscales of the perception and preference scale also showed acceptable reliability for the early stage of the development of the instruments with Chronbach alphas of .62-.76 and .69-.83 respectively. Criterion-related validity of the scale was tested by examining correlations with individual growth need that is conceptually close to individual preference. but not to individual perception. Individual growth need was significantly related to individual preference(r＝.63, p<.05), but the correlation with the perception scale was not significant. A separate factor analysis for the each of perception and preference scales was performed with a three-factor loading solution based on a previous study. The results on the staff perception scale confirmed with varimax rotation that the items were cleanly and strongly loaded on technique. practice and management components, which together explained 50.7% of the variance. The factor analysis on the staff preference scale also yielded a three factor solution that explained 56.7% of the variance. but items on technique and management components were loaded together. This phenomena may due to the current nursing delivery system in Korea where nurses never experience either shared governance nor case management, and as a results they may not be able to consider management roles as their potential extended roles. Therefore, more efforts should be given to enhance nurses' autonomy and decision making in the technique, practice and management components of their work environment. Meanwhile, there is a need for continuously confirming and developing tools for individual perception and preferences to effectively enhance job satisfaction among Korean nurses through innovative work environments.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.311-323
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• 2010

This study aims to provide basic data about the diversification and the development of sauces by making four kinds of Teriyaki sauce, and the findings are as follows. The satisfaction with Teriyaki sauce by age and cooking career and groups showed a significant difference in several items. According to the result of the preference analysis on professors and teachers, the preference for health/nutrition showed a significant difference; also, the result of the preference analysis on Teriyaki sauce ingredients among the culinary students showed a significant difference in awareness and health/nutrition. In addition, the result of the preference analysis on Teriyaki sauce ingredients among college students showed a significant difference in the order of taste, awareness, price, and health/nutrition. Lastly, the result of the preference analysis on Teriyaki sauce ingredients among all groups showed a significant difference in the order of awareness, price and health/nutrition. As the mindset that main ingredient of Teriyaki sauce is eel bone prevails and the sauce made by crab shells is highly preferred, sauces added with sea food products are considered to be possibly developed. The follow-up study will have to deal with a manufacturing method of sauce with high nutrition and economy efficiency resulting from cheap manufacturing unit price by making Teriyaki sauce with inedible but nutritions sea food products.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.38-49
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• 1974

Presently, the performance level of the college student has received a great deal of attention, particularly in the area of professional education. The problem of under achievement, especially in areas dealing with science and technology, has gone through considerable investigation by numerous Psychologists and Educators. Thus for, however, they have not been successful in determining conclusively the non-intellectual factors involved. The maladjustment problem of these students has been a thorn in the side of nursing education for some time. This topic has been discussed among nursing educators without any tangible results. Furthermore, the fact that the number of students who withdraw from nursing education programs before graduation has increased. This represents a major problem for nursing education. This problem area had increased attention drawn to it on October 1957, when Russia successfully launched to first satellite "Sputnik" into space. Various studies seem to indicate that factors related to over achievement and under.achievement can be found in the motivation of the students. This study is aimed at testing 3 hypotheses which hopefully will lead to a better understanding of the learning activities of nursing students and to determine some of their nonintellectually personality traits. Hypothesis I: learning activities in nursing students and persona1ity are correlated, there will be significant differences in personality need structures between 4 classes of nursing collegiate students. Sub-hypothesis: There will also be significant differences in the degree of student satisfaction in her major subject. Hypothesis I: If there is a special personality need structure which is required for the clinical learning activity in general, then there will be significant differences between the personality need structures of under-achievers and overachiever. Hypothesis II : If each clinical nursing subject requires different personality need structures, then there will be differences in personality need structure between the different clinical groups Methodology: 1. Tool: A Korean translation and correction of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule of U.S.A. was used. 2. Subject and Test Method: Subjects were nursing students at Yonsei University, who enrolled for Fall semester of 1971. The Researcher herself executed the test for the test for the class as a group, and the absent students were tested indidually. Out of 307 students, 293 students (95.4%) were reported. 3. Statistical treatment: The mean and standard deviation for each of the 15 personality need variables were computed and the value of T-test was obtained to determine the differences in the personality need structures between each group. Results: 1, For the first hypothesis, the personality need structures between each of the 4 classes and the reported degree of satisfaction in major subject showed significant differences. Therefore the hypothesis I was accepted. 2. The comparison of personality need structure of under-achievers and over-achievers in clinical fields showed significant differences. Thus hypothesis II was accepted. 3. Personality need structure between clinical subject groups showed significant differences therefore the 3rd hypothesis was accepted.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.753-760
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• 2010

The purpose of this study to prepare for an aging society and older people happy is important to build recreational facilities gwajera recognize and physically old man of leisure facilities as a basis for the destroyers of the current seniors in public institutions that provide recreational facilities for About under utilized factors was investigated. The specific research methods and information, first, at home the most successful public senior leisure facilities as a model for selected Daegu Senior seutawo visit the simple survey and observation through the pros and cons about the elements that organize and KJ Technique and graft technique (Graph Theory) by applying the elements of physical space limitations on the mutual relationship between the priorities and establish guidelines for the priority was extracted. In addition, field-aged feel the satisfaction of their leisure facilities to evaluate the visits to the Busan, Sasang elderly and local leisure facilities for the elderly surveyed had taken Priority Method is based on comparison of results and final was to organize things to improve. Through this study, first, goods and equipment to the leisure space of the elderly efforts to effectively deploy the expertise to deal with and it actually showed that it is also important. Second, using physical devices and programs for the elderly aged recreational facilities are important, but physical and mental characteristics to consider voluntary participation for the type of space could see that it is important.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.25-37
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• 2021

Objectives: Reportedly, the main influential factors on students' adaptation to their college life were social support, stress, adaptation resilience, self-esteem, and satisfaction with their major. This study tried to find the actual influence of these factors on dental hygiene students, and to find an intervention plan for improving their adaptation to college life and preventing their dropout. Methods: An online questionnaire survey had been conducted with 270 dental hygiene students from June 21 to July 2, 2021. The collected data were analyzed with the use of SPSS Program Version 22.0. Results: Firstly, students living together with their family, those satisfied with their major, and those doing a club activity related to their major scored high points in terms of the adaptation to college life. In addition, the adaptation points were high in those whose school entrance motivation was arbitrary, and in those who entered in the dental hygiene department in consideration of their aptitude. Secondly, college life stress was high in those whose entrance motivation was in other persons' will, those who entered in the department due to their school record and occupation, rather than aptitude, those who were also doing a part-time job, and those whose economic level was low. Thirdly, adaptation resilience, social support, and self-esteem were high in those who were highly satisfied with their major, those who entered in the department in consideration of aptitude, and those whose economic level was high. Fourthly, the biggest influential factor on their adaptation to college life was college life stress, followed by self-esteem, satisfaction with major, and adaptation resilience in order. Conclusion: Given all the results, it is necessary to analyze dental hygiene students' levels of stress, self-esteem, social support, and adaptation resilience from the beginning of their entrance, and to operate a school life adaptation program in line with school years. If any customized support and training are given to these students to deal with a variety of stress situations resiliently and wisely and achieve their jobs successfully, it is expected to improve their self-esteem and adaptation resilience, and thereby increase their adaptation to college life.