• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.643-652
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• 2002

Data were consisted of the ten body measurements (withers height, rump height, body length, chest depth, chest width, rump width, rump length, thurls width, hipbone width and chest girth) of 642 steers (Korean cattle), which was entered in the National Beef Quality Contest hosted by the Korea Animal Improvement Association from 1997 to 2001. A principal components analysis was used to classify the body types of the steers, and estimate the correlations between carcass traits and principal components for the body measurements of the first, second, third and fourth period, respectively. The first principal component of body measurements at the first, second, third and fourth period accounted for 76.0%, 83.0%, 72.7% and 57.4% of the total variance, respectively. The sum of first, second and third principal component at each period accounted for 86.69%, 90.49%, 84.62% and 77.26% of the total variance, respectively. At each period, all the first principal component of the body measurements were positive and it generally showed large framed body shape. The size of body was influenced mostly by chest depth(0.328${\sim}$0.339) and rump length(0.325${\sim}$0.341). The second, third and fourth principal component at the each period were various. There were positive correlations between principal components index of each period and carcass traits such as carcass weight(0.539${\sim}$0.755), average daily gain(0.256${\sim}$0.564), backfat thickness(0.227${\sim}$0.280), and eye muscle area(0.187${\sim}$0.344). The correlation with yield grade index(－0.246${\sim}$－0.110), however, was negative. The correlation with marbling score(0.066${\sim}$0.099) was low or statistically insignificant. According to principal component indexes of the second, third, and fourth components, the correlations with the carcass traits were various. There were no large differences between the correlations of the single body measurement trait with the carcass traits and the correlations of the first principal component indexes with the carcass traits.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.583-592
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary copper levels on performance, carcass characteristics, and economical analysis in Hanwoo steers. Fifteen Hanwoo steers weighing about 300kg were randomly allotted into one of three treatments. The three treatments consisted of Control(7mg Cu/kg feed), TI(12mg Cu/kg feed) and TII(17mg Cu/kg feed). Copper was formulated with concentrate from copper sulfate($CuSO_4$) and animals were fed the diets supplemented with copper from 300kg untill about 630 kg of body weight. Dietary copper levels did not affect daily weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency during the whole feeding period. Dressing percentage, rib eye area and backfat thickness were not different between animals fed the diets supplemented with copper. Animals fed the diets supplemented with copper received the same B grade in yield grade. Animals fed the diets supplemented with copper received same marbling score. Beef color, fat color, texture and maturity were not affected by Cu supplementation in diet. Animals received the same first grade between treatments in quality grade. Animals fed the diet supplemented with 12mg of copper per kg diet was higher in profit by 13.3% than animals fed the control diet. According to these results, it may be concluded that performance, yield and quality grade were not affected by the Cu levels of 7 to 17mg per kg feed but crude income was enhanced when Hanwoo steers were fed the diet containing 12mg Cu/kg feed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.455-462
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• 2003

A study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding a diet containing no Ca supplement (limestone) during the late finishing period on growth, marbling and serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin $D_3$ level in Korean native cattle. Twenty-four steers (20${\sim}$24 mo of age) were divided into two groups of 12 each: one group assigned to a control diet (concentrates containing 2.5% limestone) and the other to a diet containing no calcium supplement. They were allowed to have free access to diets (concentrates and orchard grass hay) and water during the entire feeding period (223 d). Serum $Ca^{2+}$, Ca and P concentrations were not influenced by diets, but serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin $D_3$ concentrations determined 2 or 6 mo after the beginning of feeding the experimental diets were higher (P<0.01) in steers fed the diet without Ca supplement than in those fed the control diet (78.3 vs 51.7 and 80.3 vs 51.1 pg/mL, respectively). Steers fed the diet without Ca supplement tended to have a higher intake of concentrates, but a lower intake of hay, compared to those fed the control diet. Average daily gain was higher (P<0.05) in steers fed the diet without Ca supplement than in those fed the control diet. Feeding the diet without Ca supplement remarkably (P<0.01) increased the marbling score (5.1 vs 2.2) and the muscle (M. longissimus dorsi) fat content (10.2 vs 6.7%) with a concomitant decrease in moisture content (67.6 vs 70.4%), compared to feeding the control diet. Ribeye area was increased (77.2 vs 82.8 $cm^2$) with the diet without Ca supplement, compared to the control diet (P<0.05). Meat color, pH and water-holding capacity in longissimus muscle were not different between the two groups. The Warner-Brazler Shear (WBS) force of the longissimus muscle was slightly (P=0.08) lower in steers fed the diet without Ca supplement than in steers fed the control diet (2.9 vs 3.2 kg/1.27-cm diameter core). Sensory evaluation showed that feeding the diet without Ca supplement slightly (P<0.05) improved tenderness (4.9 vs 4.5) and flavor (4.9 vs 4.6), compared to feeding the control diet, but juiciness was not affected by diets. Results showed that deletion of Ca supplement from finishing diets is beneficial, increasing growth and marbling partly through an increased energy intake and induced 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin $D_3$ synthesis that may increase intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration and in turn fat synthesis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.427-434
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the growth performance and meat quality improvement according to castration, optimal feeding management and ruminally protected amino acid-enriched fatty acid (RPAAFA) for the unselected Hanwoo bulls in the performance test. Bulls were castrated at approximately 14 months of age. Sixteen Hanwoo steers, 15 months of age and weighing $412.9{\pm}24.9kg$, were distributed into 2 groups. Steers were fed a basal diet supplemented with RPAAFA at 0 g (control) or 100 g (treatment), respectively for 12 months. Steers were slaughtered at 27 months of age. Average daily gain for treatment tended to be higher (p=0.10) than that of control, whereas feed conversion ratio tended to be lower (p=0.07) in treatment than in control. The supplementation of RPAAFA did not affect rib eye area, back fat thickness, meat color, fat color, texture and maturity. The appearance rates of yield 'A' grade and high quality grade ($1^{++}$, $1^+$ and 1) were higher in treatment than in control. The content of moisture, fat, protein and ash in longissimus muscles were similar between control and treatment. The supplementation of RPAAFA did not affect water-holding capacity, oxidation and reduction potential, myoglobin and fatty acid contents in longissimus muscles. Thus, present results indicate that castration, optimal feeding management and RPAAFA may be recommended for improving growth performance and quality grade of the unselected Hanwoo bulls in the performance test.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2009

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of surfactin in combination with Bacillus subtilis BC1212 isolated from Korean soybean paste, on feed utilization and growth performance during 4 weeks in weaning piglets. Eighteen weaning piglets(Landrace$\times$Yorkshire$\times$Duroc; weighing $7.68{\pm}0.97\;kg$) were divided into control(n=9) and experimental groups(n=9). The treatments included a control group consisting of the basal diet with no additives(control) and an experimental group consisting of the basal diet supplemented with 1 g of surfactin C and $1.0{\times}10^9CFU$ of Bacillus subtilis BC1212/kg feed. Piglets fed Bacillus subtilis BC1212 increased in average daily weight gain and feed efficiency. In comparison with the control group, the fecal Bacillus subtilis were significantly increased and the fecal coliform bacteria were markedly reduced in the experimental group. In addition, Bacillus subtilis BC1212 had excellent acid and bile tolerance. The treatment of surfactin($50{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$) in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated swine peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) for 6 h showed a significant inhibitory effect on INF-$\gamma$, TNF-$\alpha$ and NO secretion(p<0.05) in comparison with LPS treatment alone but not on IL-10 secretion, with levels of secreted IL-10 similar to those secreted by PBMCs stimulated with LPS alone. Supplementation with surfactin in combination with Bacillus subtilis BC1212 in diets improved the ecosystem of gastrointestinal tract by increasing probiotic population and enhanced the systemic immune response in weaned piglets.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.267-274
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• 2010

The objective of this experiment was to investigate effects of total mixed ration (TMR) of different nutrition level on milk production in dairy goats (Sannen). Twenty four lactating goats were randomly assigned to one of four TMRs; medium energy-medium crude protein (CP) TMR (control), high energymedium CP TMR (T1), medium energy-high CP TMR (T2) and high energy-high CP TMR (T3). The content of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and CP in the control diet were 67.0% and 13.9%. The TDN content of the high energy TMR was 73.7% and the CP content of the high CP TMR was 15.3%. Milk yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher for T1 ($2,198{\pm}115 ml$) than for T2 ($1,742{\pm}52 ml$) and T3 ($1,984{\pm}90 ml$). But there were no significant differences in milk composition between the treatments. Daily body weight gain was increased in T1 and T3 but reduced in control and T2. The result of the present study showed that dietary energy level supplied more than that of NRC recommendation did not affect milk yield of dairy goats in early lactation but prevented body weight loss.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.139-148
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate effects of feeding seleniferous whole crop barley silage (WCBS) on growth performance and blood characteristics in growing Hanwoo steers. A total of 20 growing Hanwoo steers, initially weighing on average 208.8 kg of body weight, were used and treatments were consisted of 1) controls : 0.1 mg/kg Se, 2) T1 : 0.3 mg/kg Se, 3) T2 : 0.9 mg/kg Se by combining seleniferous and/or non-seleniferous WCBS, and 4) T3 : 0.9 mg/kg Se of inorganic Se treatment. Five steers were allocated to each treatment, and the trial was lasted for 90 days. All experimental diets were included to 30% of combination of seleniferous and/or non-seleniferous WCBS, and in T3 diet, sodium selenite that corresponds to 0.9 mg/kg Se was added to control diets. Also, the diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric among treatments. Dietary level and type of selenium did not affect feed intakes and daily gain, and blood glucose concentration was significantly (p<0.05) lower for controls than T1 and T2 treatments. Blood total lipid concentration was significantly (p<0.05) decreased with increasing levels of dietary selenium, and also that of T2 and T3 was significantly (p<0.05) lower than controls. LDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly (p<0.05) lower for treatments including dietary selenium than controls, and also blood triglyceride concentration was significantly (p<0.05) lower for T2 than controls. Overall, it was tended that feeding seleniferous WCBS or inorganic Se increased blood IgG concentration, and in the same dietary selenium levels, T2 treatment was higher for IgG than T3 group (p>0.05). Blood selenium concentration was significantly (p<0.05) increased by feeding increasing levels of seleniferous WCBS, but there was no significant difference between controls and T3 group. These results showed that feeding seleniferous WCBS to growing Hanwoo steers was responsible for saccharide and lipid metabolism, and in particular, it reduced their total lipid and blood LDL-cholesterol concentrations. Furthermore, selenium present in seleniferous WCBS rather than inorganic selenium was better available in intestinal absorption, and it might help to enhance immunity in growing and younger stages of Hanwoo steers.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.250-257
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of mountain grazing on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Thirty two Hanwoo steers were randomly assigned. Control were fed concentrate + forage until 30 month of age. Treatment1 were fed concentrate + forage after mountain grazing from 8 to 13 months. Treatment2 and 3 were fed concentrate + forage after mountain grazing from 8 to 17 months. Hanwoo steers on Treatment 1 and 2 were slaughtered at the same age (30 months) as the control, and Hanwoo steers on Treatment 3 were slaughtered at 31 months. The average daily gain (ADG) were higher in the control than in the other treatments during the growing period (p<0.05). Carcass back fat thickness was thicker in the TRT 3 and marbling score was higher in the TRT 1 than in the other treatments; however, the differences were not statistically significant. There was no difference in the meat composition and shear force of the longissimus muscle according to the mountain grazing. However, the yellowness (b) of fat colors were significantly lower in the control than in the TRT 1 and TRT 2 (p<0.05). The effect of grazing on fatty acid composition was not constant. In conclusion, mountain grazing could reduce meat color without affecting the growth and meat quality of Hanwoo steers, and further research on the quality, yield and intake of grassland would be needed.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.134-140
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• 2005

This study was conducted to determine the effect of supplemented useful micro-organism on performance and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs for sixty days and broiler for six weeks. The pig and broiler were randomly allotted into 3 treatment; Control 0 (C), T1 (supplemented with $0.2\%$ Aspergillus terreus), T2 (supplemented with $0.2\%$ EM-pro). In total experimental period, feed conversion and dairy feed intake were tend to be higher in T2(2.09kg, 2.70kg) than others. But ADG (average daily gain) was tend to decreased n (0.78kg) according to supplemented of Aspergillus terreus diet These treatments were not significant difference. The chemical composition of pork were not significant difference except for crude fat Crude fat content was lower Aspergillus terreus treatments than others. The pH tenderness, WHC and heating loss were not significant difference in pork $(p>0.05)$. In chicken meat, heating loss and WHC of control was higher than that of T1 and n but shear value was higher in T1 and n. Values of juiciness, tenderness and flavor were improved with highly significant difference (p<0.05) in control (4.95, 4.85, 4.60) than T1 and n in pork. Although the meat color was not significant difference in pork but a and b values of control was higher than that of T1 and n in chicken meat (p<0.05).

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.316-321
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• 2005

A total of ninety six pigs ($L{\times}Y{\times}D$, 20.92(2.13kg average initial body weight) were used in a 16-week performance growth assay to determine the effect of supplemental medicinal plane (Artemisia, Acanthopanax and Garlic) on growth performance, IGF-1 of serum and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. The dietary treatments were included 1) CON (basal diet; Control), 2) MP1 (basal diet added $0.02\%$ of medicinal plant mixtures), 3) MP2 (basal diet added $0.04\%$ of medicinal plant mixtures) and 4) MP3 (basal diet added $0.06\%$ of medicinal plant mixtures). Through entire experimental period, as medicinal plants mixture (MP) increased, there was a decrease (linear, P<0.08) in average daily feed intake and an increase (linear, P<0.02; quadratic, P<0.08) in gain/feed. The backfat thickness tended to decrease in pigs fed MP diet compared to pigs fed CON diet (linear, P<0.09; quadratic, P<0.01). Increasing medicinal plane mixture tended to increase in IGF-1 content in serum (linear, P<0.09). The hunter $a^{*}$ (redness) (linear, P<0.01) and $b^{*}$ (yellowness) (linear, P<0.02) values of longissimus muscle were affected by the dietary MP treatments. The color of longissimus muscle was higher in the dietary MP treatments than that of the muscle in the control diet (linear, P<0.03). In conclusion, the result obtained from this feeding triad suggest that the medicinal plants mixture supplementation below $0.06\%$ in diets for growing-finishing pigs can be improved growth performance, IGF-1 and meat quality.