• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.359-366
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• 2016

The health of Alaska pollock Theragra chalcogramma seedlings was monitored during February and April 2015. After microscopic examination for parasites, 20 samples sets were made by pooling 50 individuals for each sample set. Then, they were homogenized and examined for viral and bacterial pathogens. No parasites or viruses were detected using either microscopy or PCR. Colonies suspected of belonging to the genus Vibrio were isolated from Tryptic Soya Agar and Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts Sucrose Agar plate incubations, and identified as Vibrio anguillarum based on biochemical and physiological examinations and PCR amplification of the 16S rDNA, recA, and pyrH genes. Although there was no mortality during the sampling period, 65.0% (13/20) of the pooled samples were PCR-positive for V. anguillarum. To prevent possible outbreaks, the pathogenic potential of V. anguillarum should be investigated in the future.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 1999

Hantavirus is a genus of the Bunyaviridae family causing two serious diseases, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Puumala virus is a member of hantavirus originally found in Europe, and its natural reservoir is Clethrionomys glareolus. It is also associated with the human disease nephropathia epidemica, a milder form of HFRS. To identify the hantaviruses in bats, bats were collected from Jeong-Sun, Won-Joo, Chung-Ju and Hwa-Cheon area in Korea, and nested RT-PCR was performed with serotype specific primer from M segment. Interestingly, Puumala virus was detected in bats (Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum) only from Won-Joo. The 327 bp nested RT-PCR product, was sequenced. The sequence database search indicates that the sequence is homologous to the published sequence of Puumala viruses. The sequence similarities were ranged from 71% to 97%. The highest sequence similarity was 97% with Puumala virus Vranicam strain, and the lowest was 71% with Puumala virus K27 isolate. Puumala virus Vranicam strain was isolated from a bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) in Bosnia-Hercegovina. Puumala virus K27 was isolated from human in Russia. This analysis confirms that bats (Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum) in Korea are natural reservoir of Puumala virus.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.627-633
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• 1996

To analyze the genomic diversity of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), the N-terminal half of the spike (S) glycoprotein gene and nonstructural protein gene (open reading frames 3 and 3-1) were amplified by reverse transcriptase reaction and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and analyzed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of the amplified DNA. In this study, TGEV Miller (M6) and Purdue (P115) strains were used as reference strains, and two vaccine strains (MSV and STC3) and four Korea isolates (P44, VRI-WP, VRI-41, and VRI-48) were analyzed. All TGEV strains were amplified with three TGEV primer pairs. Although there was some exception in RFLP analysis, this method differentiated TGEV strains into following groups : Miller group (M6 and MSV), Purdue group (PUS, STC3, P44, VRI-WP, VRI-41, and VRI-48). Using Sau3AI and SspI, VRI-48 was differentiated from the Miller and Purdue type viruses. The RT/PCR in conjuction with RFLP analysis was a rapid and valuable tool for differentiating several strains of TGEV. This study revealed the occurences of distinct difference in genome of TGEV strains.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.295-302
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• 1991

From 1988 to 1989, 8 strains of canine parvovirus-2(CPV-2) were isolated from the fecal specimens from the dogs that were clinically diagnosed as canine parvoviral enteritis in the veterinary hospitals located in the regions of Taejeon and Chungbuk province. The biological and physicochemical properties for the isolates were studied. Among 62 fecal samples collected from the dogs with enteric diseases, 24(38.7%) showed the haemagglutinating activity to porcine erythrocyte ranging from 16 to 16,384 of HA titers. In cytopathological studies with CRFK cells, intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in all of eight specimens with the high HA titer over 1,000, of which three specimens showed cytoplasmic inclusions concurrently with the intranuclear inclusion bodies. It was found that the isolates revealed the highest haemagglutinating activity with porcine erythrocytes and the relatively lower haemagglutination titers with the erythrocytes from cat and rabbit. None of erythrocytes from the other animals reacted with the isolates. By the cross-haemagglutination inhibition test for the isolates with the reference viruses and sera, the isolates were evidently identified as the strains of CPV-2. In physicochemical property test, the isolates were stable in lipid solvent, pH and heat treatment at $56^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, and showed the virus particle size less than 25 nm, containing a DNA genome.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.380-387
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• 2017

The foamy viruses are currently considered essential for development as vectors for gene delivery. Previous studies demonstrated that prototype foamy virus (PFV) can infect and replicate prevalently in a variety of cell types for its exclusive replication strategy. However, the virus-host interaction, especially PFV-transportin3 (TNPO3), is still poorly understood. In our investigation of the role of TNPO3 in PFV infection, we found lower virus production in TNPO3 knockdown (KD) cells compared with wild-type 293T cells. PCR analysis revealed that viral DNAs were mostly altered to circular forms: both 1-long terminal repeat (1-LTR) and 2-LTR in TNPO3 KD cells. We therefore suggest that TNPO3 is required for successful PFV replication, at least at/after the nuclear entry step of viral DNA. These findings highlight the obscure mysteries of PFV-host interaction and the requirement of TNPO3 for productive infection of PFV in 293T cells.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.403-420
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• 2010

Nano and micro structure-based biosensors are promising tool for label-free detection of biomolecular interactions with great accuracy. This review gives a brief survey on nano and micro platforms to sense a variety of analytes such as DNA, proteins and viruses. Among incredible nano and micro structure for bio-analytical applications, the scope of this paper will be limited to micro and nano resonators and nanowire field-effect transistors. Nanomechanical motion of the resonators transducers biological information to readable signals. They are commonly combined with an optical, capacitive or piezo-resistive detection systems. Binding of target molecule to the modified surface of nanowire modulates the current of the nanowire through electrical field-effect. Both detection methods have advantages of label-free, real-time and high sensitive detection. These structures can be extended to fabricate array-type sensors for multiplexed detection and high-throughput analysis. The biosensors based on these structures will be applied to lab-on-a-chip platforms and point-of-care diagnostics. Basic concepts including detection mechanisms and trends in their fields will be covered in this review.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1350-1358
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• 2012

Viral pathogens, alongside other pathogens, have major effects on crustacean aquaculture. Hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) is an emerging virus in the shrimp industry and has been detected in shrimp farms worldwide. The HPV genome has greater diversity than other shrimp viruses owing to its wide host range and geographical distribution. Therefore, developing diagnostic tools is essential to detect even small copy numbers from the target region of native HPV isolates. We have developed two easy to use quantitative real-time PCR kits, called Green Star and Dual Star, which contain all of the necessary components for real-time PCR, including HPV primers, using the primers obtained from the sequences of HPV isolates from Korea, and analyzed their specificity, efficiency, and reproducibility. These two kits could detect from 1 to $1{\times}10^9$ copies of cloned HPV DNA. The minimum detection limits obtained from HPV-infected shrimp were $7.74{\times}10^1$ and $9.06{\times}10^1$ copies in the Green Star and Dual Star assay kits, respectively. These kits can be used for rapid, sensitive, and efficient screening for HPV isolates from Korea before the introduction of postlarval stages into culture ponds, thereby decreasing the incidence of early development of the disease.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.43-49
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• 2011

The increasing number of analytes in concern and the alarming health and environmental consequences have required effective means of monitoring for safety control. Biosensors offer advantages as alternatives to conventional analytical methods because of their inherent specificity, simplicity, and quick response. Colorimetric biosensor, one of biosensor group, is one of the easiest and the most convenient methods because detection can be done using naked eye. Recently, a novel method for rapid detection and read-out of specific immunoassays with naked eye using polydiacetylene (PDA) was developed. Polydiacetylene has recently been in the limelight as a transducing materials because of its special features that allow optical transduction of sensory signals and inherent simplicity and ease of use in supramolecular chemistry. Various forms of PDA are used as a sensor platform for detection of various biological analytes such as viruses, DNA, proteins, bacteria and hazardous molecules.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.379-388
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• 2019

Chlorination and UV illumination are being widely applied to inactivate a number of pathogenic microbials in the environment. Here, we evaluated the inactivation efficiency of individual and combined treatments of chlorination and UV under various aqueous conditions. UV dosage was required higher in waste water than in phosphate buffer to achieve the similar disinfecting efficiency. Free chlorine generated by electrolysis of waste water was abundant enough to inactivate microbials. Based on these, hybrid system composed of sequential treatment of electrolysis-mediated chlorination and UV treatment was developed under waste water conditions. Compared to individual treatments, hybrid system inactivated bacteria (i.e., E. coli and S. typhimurium) and viruses (i.e., MS-2 bacteriophage, rotavirus, and norovirus) more efficiently. The hybrid system also mitigated the photo re-pair of UV-driven DNA damages of target bacteria. The combined results suggested the hybrid system would achieve high inactivation efficiency and safety on various pathogenic microbials in wastewater.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.313-317
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• 2019

Bats influence overall ecosystem health by regulating species diversity and being a major source of zoonotic viruses. Hence, there is a need to elucidate their migration, population structure, and phylogenetic relationship. The complete mitochondrial genome is widely used for studying the genome-level characteristics and phylogenetic relationship of various animals due to its high mutation rate, simple structure, and maternal inheritance. In this study, we determined the complete mitogenome sequence of the bird-like noctule (Nyctalus aviator) by Illumina next-generation sequencing. The sequences obtained were used to reconstruct a phylogenic tree of Vespertilionidae to elucidate the phylogenetic relationship among its members. The mitogenome of N. aviator is 16,863-bp long with a typical vertebrate gene arrangement, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 1 putative control region. Overall, the nucleotide composition is as follows: 32.3% A, 24.2% C, 14.3% G, and 29.2% T, with a slight AT bias (61.5%). The base composition of the 13 PCGs is as follows: 30.3% A, 13.4% G, 31.0% T, and 25.2% C. The phylogenetic analysis, based on 13 concatenated PCG sequences, infers that N. aviator is closely related to N. noctula with a high bootstrap value (100%).