• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.25-51
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• 2011

This study examine the firms fund R&D expenditures through cash and cash equivalents under financial distress in order to avoid huge adjustment costs that can be brought after R&D expenditures cut-down. Other study divided the firms' financial condition by only firms' year. This study identifies the firms' financial condition not only by a firm's year but also by firm size and Altman's Z-Score and K-Score. The results show that there are statistically negative relationship between R&D expenditures and cash and cash equivalents when firms are under financial distress. The results are same regardless of criteria of classification of firms' financial condition, which is consistent to the hypothesis. Young and small firms and firms with moderate possibility of bankruptcy fund R&D expenditures through cash and cash equivalent compared to the other firms. We can find the new evidence when we classify the firm by Z-Score and K-Score of Altman. The firms with high possibility of bankruptcy can not fund for R&D activities from cash, but only the firms with moderate possibility of bankruptcy fund R&D expenditures through cash and cash equivalent in the condition of financial distress. The evidence suggests that firms fund R&D expenditures by cash and cash equivalent when they are under financial distress. Findings provide an implication on the management of R&D expenditures and liquidity in the firms.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.94-102
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• 2023

Anomaly detection in human movements can improve safety in indoor workplaces. In this paper, we design a framework for detecting anomalous trajectories of humans in indoor spaces based on a variational autoencoder (VAE) with Bi-LSTM layers. First, the VAE is trained to capture the latent representation of normal trajectories. Then the abnormality of a new trajectory is checked using the trained VAE. In this step, the anomaly score of the trajectory is determined using the trajectory reconstruction error through the VAE. If the anomaly score exceeds a threshold, the trajectory is detected as an anomaly. To select the anomaly threshold, a new metric called D-score is proposed, which measures the difference between recall and precision. The anomaly threshold is selected according to the minimum value of the D-score on the validation set. The MIT Badge dataset, which is a real trajectory dataset of workers in indoor space, is used to evaluate the proposed framework. The experiment results show that our framework effectively identifies abnormal trajectories with 81.22% in terms of the F1-score.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.129-133
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• 2017

Objectives Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling psychiatric disorder, and more attention is recently paid on the quality of life (QoL) in OCD patients. The Euro-QoL-5D (EQ-5D) is a widely used self-report to calculate a single score which represents 'health utilities'. The aim of this study was to assess the health-related QoL for patients with OCD using the EQ-5D and to examine the relationship between health-related QoL and symptom severity. Methods Seventy-three patients with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) diagnosis of OCD were recruited from the outpatient clinic in Seoul National University Hospital. Symptom severity was assessed using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS), and QoL was assessed with the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire. Using Korean valuation study, a single score of QoL was calculated. Results Most of the OCD patients were relatively young (< 45 years) with the mean YBOCS total score of 19.33. The mean EQ-5D score was 0.71 and significantly correlated with symptom severity (r = -0.483, p < 0.001). 25% of the EQ-5D score was predicted by the YBOCS total score (b = -0.011, p < 0.001) by regression analysis. Conclusions OCD patients suffer from lower health-related QoL and QoL significantly decreased as symptom severity increased. The results of the EQ-5D would enable further studies on QoL comparison across medical disease and mental disorders.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1339-1343
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• 2012

Atopic dermatitis is characterized by chronically pruritic and inflammatory dermatitis. In this study, we investigated the effect of Platycodon grandiflorum including platycodin D (PG-Platycodin D) in an atopic dermatitis-like mouse model. An atopic dermatitis-like skin lesion was induced by repeated treatment of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on the dorsal skin of ICR mice. The efficacy of PG-Platycodin D was tested by observing scratching behavior, the skin severity score, and histopathologic analysis. PG-Platycodin D reduced the DNCB-induced increase in scratching behavior and the skin severity score. In addition, histopathologic analysis revealed a reduction in the thickening of the epidermis in the PG-Platycodin D group. These results may contribute to the development of a therapeutic drug for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.235-241
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• 2017

Purpose: The Palliative Performance Scale (PPS) is a widely used prognostic tool in patients with advanced cancer. This study examines the association between changes in PPS score and survival in patients with advanced cancer. Methods: We identified a cohort of 606 inpatients who died at a Korean university hospital's hospice/palliative care center. For each patient, the PPS score was measured twice according to a standard procedure: 1) upon admission, and 2) three days after admission (D3). "Change on D3" was defined as a difference between initial PPS and PPS on D3. We used a Cox regression modeling approach to explore the association between this score change and survival. Results: The changes in scores were associated with survival. A score change of >30% yielded a hazard ratio for death of 2.66 (95% CI 2.19~3.22), compared to a score change of ${\leq}30%$. PPS of ${\leq}30$ on D3 also independently predicted survival, with a hazard ratio of 1.67 (95% CI 1.38~2.02) compared to PPS of >30. Conclusion: A change of over 30% in PPS appears to predict survival in hospitalized patients with terminal cancer, even after adjustment for confounders. Changes in PPS may be a more sensitive indicator of impending death than a single PPS measured on the day of admission in terminal cancer patients. Further prospective study is needed to examine this important finding in other populations.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.150-157
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to suggest a convenient method of monitoring the gingival state through plaque detection. Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence-Digital (QLF-D), which can assess mature plaque, can be used to assess the oral hygiene status of individuals and to establish an adequate intervention plans for them. The subjects of the study participated in the clinical training at Department of Dental Hygiene, N University. The subjects completed questionnaires on general characteristics and oral hygiene methods. Then, photographs of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth of the subjects were taken using the QLF-D. After the oral examinations, gingival state was recorded according to the $L{\ddot{o}}e$ & Silness's Gingival Index (GI). In addition, a plaque control record was calculated in percentage using disclosing agent. The analysis of the relation between the plaque control record and the QLF-D scores showed positive correlation (r=0.638, p<0.001), and the analysis of the relation between the QLF-D scores and the gingival bleeding index scores also showed positive correlation (r=0.562, p<0.001). Besides, the study classified the participants into healthy gingiva group and the gingivitis group according to the classification criteria of GI, and when the difference of QLF-D scores between the groups was analyzed, the QLF-D scores were statistically significantly higher (t=-2.785, p=0.007) in the gingivitis group ($1.71{\pm}1.545$) than the healthy gingiva group ($0.74{\pm}1.290$). When the differences in mean values of the QLF-D scores were analyzed against and the gingival bleeding index scores, the QLF-D scores of 0 and 1 belonged to the category of normal gingival state while the QLF-D scores of 2, 3 and 4 belonged to the category of gingivitis state. Therefore, it is deemed that the red fluorescence detected by the QLF-D from the mature supragingival plaque can be used for monitoring the state of gingivitis.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.23 no.1_2
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• pp.257-268
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• 2007

An oriented graph is a digraph with no symmetric pairs of directed arcs and without loops. The score of a vertex $v_i$ in an oriented graph D is $a_{v_i}\;(or\;simply\;a_i)=n-1+d_{v_i}^+-d_{v_i}^-,\;where\; d_{v_i}^+\;and\;d_{v_i}^-$ are the outdegree and indegree, respectively, of $v_i$ and n is the number of vertices in D. In this paper, we give a new proof of Avery's theorem and obtain some stronger inequalities for scores in oriented graphs. We also characterize strongly transitive oriented graphs.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.303-315
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• 2008

- Abstract - Objectives: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of depression and identify its related factors among an urban elderly. Methods: The data for this study were obtained from 333 men and 514 women, aged 65-79 years who participated in '2007 community health survey' in Donggu, Gwangju metropolitan city. Their depressive symptoms were measured by Korean version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). Results: The mean CES-D score (mean±S.D) for all subjects was 7.68±0.31. The mean CES-D score was significantly greater in the women (9.09±0.43) than in the men (5.51±0.39) (p<0.001). The prevalence rates of possible depression (CES-D score ≥16), probable depression (CES-D score≥21), and definite depression (CES-D score≥25) were 8.1%, 5.4%, and 3.9% in men, respectively. The prevalence rates of possible depression, probable depression, and definite depression were 19.5%, 11.1%, and 7.2% in women, respectively. Existence of spouse (no/yes), education level (no/high school or higher), health security system (medical aid/national health insurance), self-reported health status (poor/good), vascular risk factors (present/absent) proved to be statistically significant related factors of depression. Conclusions: This study suggests that a systematic effort and attention to support for elderly people living alone, low educational level, medical aid, poor self-reported health status and vascular risk factors should be promoted to reduce the incidence of depression.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.475-480
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• 2010

The bovine fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) plays an important role to uptake intracellular fatty acid. It has been previously reported as a positional candidate gene for marbling score in livestock. The re-sequencing of FABP4 gene detected a polymorphic AT repeated sequence in intron II of FABP4 gene. Allelic distribution for this microsatellite marker was examined in other cattle breeds. A total of 8 alleles were detected with diverse repeat units (14 to 21 AT repeat) in Hanwoo and 7 breeds. Of the 8 alleles, the predominant alleles were $[AT]_{16}$, $[AT]_{18}$ and $[AT]_{19}$ in the Hanwoo and 7 cattle breeds. The linear mixed model for genotypic effect (3237AT) on carcass traits showed a significant effect on marbling score (MAR P=0.025) and live weight (LWT; P=0.04) in the 583 Hanwoo cattle population. Live weight (LW) was highest in the homozygous $(AT)_{17}$ genotype ($557.5{\pm}6.94$) and lowest in the heterozygous $(AT)_{16/17}$ genotype ($521.7{\pm}7.70$). On the other hand, the homozygous $(AT)_{17}$ genotype ($3.0{\pm}0.15$) has the highest effect on marbling score and the lowest effect was in homozygous (AT)$_{18}$ genotype ($2.2{\pm}0.15$). The marbling score difference between both groups was 0.8 which is around two times higher than SNP genotype effect on marbling score in Limousin $\times$ Wagyu crosses.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.15-25
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• 2011

Objectives : The aim of this study was to find correlations between characteristics of Four constitution and Hwa-byung. Methods : Clinical data were collected from Hwa-byung Epidemiologic study data. we selected 130 self-labelled Hwa-byung patients data and 83 of them were diagnosed as Hwa-byung by SCID. We used Hwa-byung SCID, Hwa-byung scale, CES-D, STAI, STAXI and Personality and Physiological Symptom Questionnaire(PPSQ) as evaluation tools. We performed statistical analysis of each 2 groups, self-labelled Hwa-byung group(N=130) and diagnosed Hwa-byung group(N=83). Results : 1. In self-labelled Hwa-byung group, Greater yin score showed significant negative correlation with 3 indices of Hwa-byung scale and significant positive correlation with 1 index. Lesser yin score showed significant positive correlation with 6 indices. In diagnosed Hwa-byung group, Greater yin score showed significant negaitive correlation with 5 indices. In both groups, Lesser yang score showed no significant correlation with any indices of Hwa-byung scale. 2. In self-labelled Hwa-byung group, Greater yin score showed significant negative correlation with both trait anger score and state anger score of STAXI. Lesser yin score showed significant positive correlation with trait anxiety score, state anxiety score and CES-D score self-labelled Hwa-byung group. Lesser yang score showed significant positive correlation with anger-out score of STAXI. But Lesser yin score showed significant negative correlation with same index diagnosed Hwa-byung group. Conclusions : 1. The higher Greater yin score, suppression or denial, psychological defense mechanism, become more stronger. 2. The higher Lesser yin score, anger-out tendency become more weakened and increased prevalence of Hwa-byung symptoms. 3. The higher Lesser yang score, anger-out tendency become more stronger.