• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.674-684
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• 1991

The surgical treatment of tetralogy of Fallot [TOF] was initiated by Blalock and Taussig in 1945 with the establishment of the subclavian artery to pulmonary artery anastomosis. In an imaginative and daring effort, in 1954, Lillehei and collaborators [1955] using controlled cross-circulation, carried out the first intracardiac repair of TOF by closing the ventricular septal defect [VSD] and relieving the pulmonary stenosis under direct vision. Nowadays, total correction is the ideal operation for treatment of TOF and is accomplished with extracorporeal circulation. And the results of surgery for TOF have steadily improved over the years, thanks to important contributions of many surgeons. Nevertheless because of its protean physiologic and anatomic presentation, TOF continues to offer challenges to cardiologist and cardiac surgeons. Thirty two cases of TOF have undergone total corrective surgery using extracorporeal circulation in the Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Pusan Paik Hospital, Inje University, from Oct. 1985 to Feb. 1990. Clinical considerations were applied to these cases and the results were obtained as follows. 1. The heart lung machine used for extracorporeal circulation was SarnsO 7000, 5-head roller pump, and the number and type of oxygenators were 10 of bubble type and 22 of membrane type. The mean bypass time was 148.9 minutes and the mean aortic cross clamp time was 123.8 minutes. The GIK [glucose-insulin-potassium] solution was used as cardioplegic solution for myocardial protection during operation. 2. 20 cases were male and 12 were female, the mean age was 8 years old and the mean body weight was 25Kg. 3. The preoperative symptoms were cyanosis [29 cases], squatting [27 cases] and etc. The mean values of preoperative Hb., Hct., and SaO2 were 16.5 gm /dl, 50.3%, and 78.5%. 4. Combined anomalies were noticed in 16 cases [50%]. Among them 10 cases were PFO and 6 cases were ASD. 5. The degree of aorta overriding were 25% in 5 cases, 25 ~ 50% in 22 cases and above 50% in 5 cases. The dPA/Ao [ratio of diameter of pulmonary artery trunk to ascending aorta] were below 25% in 5 cases, 25 ~ 50% in 10 cases, 50 ~ 70% in 6 cases and above 75% in 11 cases. 6. The types of RVOT [right ventricular outflow tract] stenosis were valvular and infundibular in 14 cases [43.6%], diffuse hypoplastic type in 12 cases [37.5%], infundibular in 5 cases, and valvular and supravalvular in 1 case. 7. One stage radical corrective surgery was applied to the all cases. In widening of the RVOT, 3 types of patches were used: MVOP [monocusp ventricular outflow patch, Polystan BioprosthesesO] in 3 cases, knitted Dacron vessel patches in 2 cases, and double layer with bovine pericardium and woven Dacron prosthesis in 26 cases. 8. Postoperative complications were occurred in 15 cases. Among them, low output syndrome were occurred in 10 cases [31.3%] and 2 of them were expired postoperatively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.488-492
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• 2003

Yeast cell wall mutant, Saccharomyces cerevisiae IS2 was screened by the NTG treatment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCTC 7911. The mutant was highly resistant to zymolase, which specifically degrades ${\beta}$-1,3-D-glucose chain of ${\beta}$-glucan and mechanical disruption by glass beads. These phenomena demonstrate that the yeast mutant has cell wall structure different from the wild-type. The ${\beta}$-glucan of yeast mutant and wild-type strains was recovered by sequential extraction with NaOH. The injection of ${\beta}$-glucan into the abdominal cavity of mouse resulted in an increase in the number of peritoneal immune cells, NO (nitric oxide) production, and phagocytic activity of macrophage. The number of immune cells was found to be $3.90{\times}10^6\;cells/10\;mL$ and $5.48{\times}10^6\;cells/10\;mL$ with the wild-type and mutant ${\beta}$-glucan, respectively. The effect on the NO production and phagocytic activity of mutant ${\beta}$-glucan were 1.69 and 1.43-fold higher than those of wild-type. These results indicate that the immuno-stimulating activity of alternated ${\beta}$-glucan from mutant yeast is higher than that of wild-type.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.223-229
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• 2003

An amine rich diet with nitrate was incubated in simulated saliva, gastric juice, kale juice, and its ascorbate and methanol soluble portions (5, 10, 15 and 30 mL) for 1 hr at 37$^{\circ}C$ and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was detected in the digestion sample, Kale juice and its ascorbate and methanol soluble portions at 30mL inhibited NDMA formation by 60.1$\pm$4.4%, 49.3$\pm$1.2% and 50.1$\pm$2.0%, respectively. The methanol soluble portion was further fractionated by preparative-LC (prep-LC). Nitrite-scavenging effects of 7 methanol soluble portion (Kl, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 and K7) in kale juice were 2.0 ~56.2%. Among seven fractions, K3, K4, K5 and K7 exhibited weakly on nitrite scavenging effect. Fraction Kl and K2 inhibited NDMA formation by 71.0 and 65.5%, respectively. Fraction Kl and K2 was further separated by prep-LC into 6 subfractions (Kla, Klb, Klc, K2a, K2b and 2nc). Those subfractions inhibited NDMA formation by 40.9 ~80.4%. The K2a subfraction was screened by MS, $^1$H-NMR, $^{13}$ C-NMR and DEPT spectrum.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.280-286
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• 2003

Background : $^{99m}Technetium$ methylene diphosphonates($^{99m}Tc$ MDP) bone scintigraphy is current method of choice for the detection of bone metastases, but whole body $^{18}F$-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography($^{18}FDG$ PET) offers superior spatial resolution and improved sensitivity. So we compared whole body $^{18}FDG$ PET with $^{99m}Tc$ MDP bone scintigraphy in patients with skeletal metastases from lung cancer. Patients and Methods : Ninety-two patients with lung cancer taken $^{18}FDG$ PET together with a $^{99m}Tc$ MDP bone scintigraphy within 1 month between March 2000 and March 2003 were investigated retrospectively. Results : The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the $^{99m}Tc$ MDP bone scintigraphy versus $^{18}FDG$ PET for the detection of bone metastases in lung cancers were 59% vs 82%, 71% vs 94%, and 68% vs 91%, respectively. In the diagnosis of bone metastases from lung cancer, $^{18}FDG$ PET was statistically superior to $^{99m}Tc$ MDP bone scintigraphy in its specificity and accuracy(p<0.0001). Conclusions : Whole body $^{18}FDG$ PET may be useful in detecting bone metastases among patients with lung cancer.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.7 s.80
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• pp.1148-1157
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• 2006

A hyperthermophilic bacterium Thernotoga maritima produced thermostable ${\beta}-glucosidase$. The gene encoding ${\beta}-glucosidase$ from T. maritima MSB8 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The en-zyme (BgIB) hydrolyzed ${\beta}-glucosidase$ linkages between glucose and alkyl, aryl of saccharide groups such as salicin, arbutin, and $_pNPG$. The insert DNA contained ORF with 2,166 bp encodes a 721 amino acids (calculated molecular mass of 80,964 and pl of 4.93). The amino a.id sequence of BglB showed the similarity to family 3 glycosyl hydrolases. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be approximately 81kDa by MUG-nondenaturing PAGE (4-methylumbelliferyl 13-D-glucoside-nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electophoresis) and SDS-PACE. The ${\beta}-glucosidase$ exhibited maximal activity at pH 7.0 and $80^{\circ}C$. By exchanging two possible residues (Glu-232 and Asp-242) to Ala by site-directed mutagenesis method, it was found that these were essential for enzymatic activity.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 1991

In the traditional medicine, the basidiocarps of Poria cocos (Fr.) Wolf naturally collec­ted have been widely used as a traditional remedy for dropsy, diarrhea, gonorrhea and nervous disease more than 3500 years ago. It was recently found to be composed of the particular compounds having antitumor effects. Therefore, its demand has been gradually increased, whereas it is still dependent upon the natural harvest. The artificial cultivation of P. cocos was carried out to observe the morphological characteristics and to investigate the cultural characteristics of P. cocos isolates collected. The morphological characteristics of its basidiocarps was observed. The physiological aspects of its isolates were also investigated.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.69 no.2
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• pp.81-94
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• 2010

Background: Autophagy is an important adaptive mechanism in normal development and in response to changing environmental stimuli in cancer. Previous papers have reported that different types of cancer underwent autophagy to obtain amino acids as energy source of dying cells in nutrient-deprived conditions. However, whether or not autophagy in the process of lung cancer causes death or survival is controversial. Therefore in this study, we investigated whether nutrient deprivation induces autophagy in human H460 lung cancer cells. Methods: H460, lung cancer cells were incubated in RPMI 1640 medium, and the starved media, which are BME and RPMI media without serum, including 2-deoxyl-D-glucose according to time dependence. To evaluate the viability and find out the mechanism of cell death under nutrient-deprived conditions, the MTT assay and flow cytometry were done and analyzed the apoptotic and autophagic related proteins. It is also measured the development of acidic vascular organelles by acridine orange. Results: The nutrient-deprived cancer cell is relatively sensitive to cell death rather than normal nutrition. Massive cytoplasmic vacuolization was seen under nutrient-deprived conditions. Autophagic vacuoles were visible at approximately 12 h and as time ran out, vacuoles became larger and denser with the increasing number of vacuoles. In addition, the proportion of acridine orange stain-positive cells increased according to time dependence. Localization of GFP-LC3 in cytoplasm and expression of LC-3II and Beclin 1 were increased according to time dependence on nutrient-deprived cells. Conclusion: Nutrient deprivation induces cell death through autophagy in H460 lung cancer cells.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.566-569
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• 2007

Purpose: Analysis of volatile organic solvents in 2-deoxy-2-$[^{18}F]$ fluoro-D-glucose ($[^{18}F]$FDG) preparations was performed by gas chromatography (GC), in accordance with USP. Materials and Methods: Analyses were carried out on a Hewlett-Packard 6890 gas chromatography equipped with an FID. Results: We determined the amounts of ethanol and acetonitrile on every batch of our routine $[^{18}F]$FDG preparations, ranging between 5000 ppm and 100 ppm. In our routine preparation of $[^{18}F]$FDG, the amount of acetonitrile and ethanol in the final product were well below the maximum allowable limit described in the USP. Conclusion: Our $[^{18}F]$FDG preparations were in accordance with the suggested USP maximum allowable levels of the quality control analysis of volatile organic compounds.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.7-18
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• 2015

Objectives: Lawsone (1,4 naphthoquinone) is a non redox cycling compound that can be catalyzed by DT diaphorase (DTD) into 1,2,4-trihydroxynaphthalene (THN), which can generate reactive oxygen species by auto oxidation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of the phytomarker 1,4 naphthoquinone and its metabolite THN by using the molecular docking program AutoDock 4. Methods: The 3D structure of ligands such as hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH) were drawn using hyperchem drawing tools and minimizing the energy of all pdb files with the help of hyperchem by $MM^+$ followed by a semi-empirical (PM3) method. The docking process was studied with ligand molecules to identify suitable dockings at protein binding sites through annealing and genetic simulation algorithms. The program auto dock tools (ADT) was released as an extension suite to the python molecular viewer used to prepare proteins and ligands. Grids centered on active sites were obtained with spacings of $54{\times}55{\times}56$, and a grid spacing of 0.503 was calculated. Comparisons of Global and Local Search Methods in Drug Docking were adopted to determine parameters; a maximum number of 250,000 energy evaluations, a maximum number of generations of 27,000, and mutation and crossover rates of 0.02 and 0.8 were used. The number of docking runs was set to 10. Results: Lawsone and THN can be considered to efficiently bind with NOS, CAT, GSH, GR, G6PDH and NADPH, which has been confirmed through hydrogen bond affinity with the respective amino acids. Conclusion: Naphthoquinone derivatives of lawsone, which can be metabolized into THN by a catalyst DTD, were examined. Lawsone and THN were found to be identically potent molecules for their affinities for selected proteins.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.447-459
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• 2017

Purpose: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is defined as a cluster of inter-connected metabolic disorders involving the glucose metabolism, dyslipidaemia, high blood pressure, and abdominal obesity. The worldwide prevalence has been rapidly increasing to approximately 20~25%, and the prevalence in Korea as of 2012 was reported to be 31.3%. The association of MetS with various diseases needs to be analyzed by conducting an investigation of frequently consumed foods, such as dairy products, fish, and shellfish in prediabetic subjects. Methods: The dietary intake of subjects who met the criteria of the study from January to December 2015 was assessed using the 24-hour recall method. After adjusting the age, sex, BMI, and total energy intake, which are confounding factors that may affect the dietary intake of the subjects, the associations of dairy products, fish, and shellfish intake with the MetS risk factors was analyzed. Results: In prediabetes, the intake of subjects who consumed more than the dairy products median (187.0 g) and the elevation risk of TC [OR, 2.369; 95% CI, 1.057 to 5.312] showed a significant positive association. In prediabetes, the intake of subjects who consumed more than the fish and shellfish median (44.0 g) and the elevation risk of BP showed a significantly weak negative association [OR, 0.073; 95% CI, 0.010 to 0.520]. The probability that the blood LDL cholesterol was ${\geq}100mg/dL$ decreased 0.397 times [95% CI, 0.189 to 0.832]. Conclusion: To control the metabolic risk factors of pre-diabetic and vascular disease subjects, proper dairy, fish and shellfish intake will be important.