• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.184-190
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: Anthocyanins, potential health-promoting compounds, were major natural pigment in the blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). The objectives of this study was to investigate anthocyanin glycosides in the blueberry varieties.METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of seventeen anthocyanins were identified from highbush blueberry using HPLC (representatives, 530 nm) and ESI-MS in positive ion mode. The individual anthocyanins are containing cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, peonidin, and petunidin moieties which are acylated with aliphatic acid (acetic acid) and conjugated with sugar moieties (arabinose, galactose, and glucose). Among them, delphinidin 3-O-galactoside (D3Ga), peonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pn3G) + malvidin 3-O-galactoside (M3Ga) were major compounds in varieties. Total anthocyanins were found the highest level in 'Elizabeth' (1,406.3 mg/100 g dry weight) which was 3-fold higher than 'Darrow' (465.7). Especially, D3Ga was presented the 32% of total anthocyanins followed by Pn3G + M3Ga (20%) in 'Elizabeth'.CONCLUSION: This result was showed as valuable information regarding nutritional properties of the different varieties of the highbush blueberry.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.135-141
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• 1995

갯방풍(防風)의 품질(品質)은 홍색(紅色)의 착색과정(着色過程)에 따라 크게 좌우(左右)되기 때문에 보다 확실(確實)한 착색기술(着色技術)의 확립(確立)이 요망(要望)된다. 따라서 본 실험(實驗)은 갯방풍(防風)의 Anthocyanin 생성(生成)에 미치는 환경요인(環境要因)을 구명(究明)하고자 수행(遂行)하였던 바 얻어진 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 온도처리(溫度處理)에 따른 갯방풍(防風)의 발아율(發芽率)은 20/$15^{\circ}C$ 에서 가장 높았고, 30/$25^{\circ}C$에서는 거의 발아(發芽)가 되지 않았다. 또한 지상부(地上部) 생체중(生體重)은 25/$20^{\circ}C$에서 가장 양호(良好)했다. Anthocyanin 생성(生成)은 15/$10^{\circ}C$의 온도(溫度)에서 가장 높았고, 30/$25^{\circ}C$의 고온(高溫)에서 억제(抑制) 되었다. 2. 각(各) 온도조건(溫度條件)에서 광처리구(光處理區) 간(間)의 지상부(地上部) 생체중(生體重)에는 큰차가 없었다. 또한 광(光)은 Anthocyanin 생성(生成)을 촉진(促進)하는 것으로 인정(認定)되었으며, 특히 광(光)의 그 촉진작용(促進作用)은 저온(低溫)에서 더욱 효과적(效果的)이었다. 3. 자외선처리(紫外線處理)에 따른 지상부생육(地上部生育)은 전반적(全般的)으로 큰차는 없었지만, 25/$20^{\circ}C$에서는 자외선(紫外線) 투과구(透過區)가 자외선(紫外線) 차단구(遮斷區)에 비해 양호(良好)한 경향(傾向)을 보였다. Anthocyanin생성(生成)은 자외선투과구(자외선투과구)가 자외선차단구(紫外線遮斷區) 보다 많았던 점으로 보아 Anthocyanin생성(生成)에 대한 자외선(紫外線)의 효과(效果)가 인정(認定)되었다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2011

Objective : We investigated the neuroprotective effect of anthocyanin, oxygen radical scavenger extracted from raspberries, after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. Methods : The animals were divided into two groups : the vehicle-treated group (control group, n=20) received an oral administration of normal saline via stomach intubation immediately after SCI, and the anthocyanin-treated group (AT group, n=20) received 400 mg/kg of cyanidin 3-O-${\beta}$-glucoside (C3G) in the same way. We compared the neurological functions, superoxide expressions and lesion volumes in two groups. Results : At 14 days after SCI, the AT group showed significant improvement of the BBB score by $16.7{\pm}3.4%$, platform hang by $40.0{\pm}9.1%$ and hind foot bar grab by $30.8{\pm}8.4%$ (p<0.05 in all outcomes). The degree of superoxide expression, represented by the ratio of red fluorescence intensity, was significantly lower in the AT group ($0.98{\pm}0.38$) than the control group ($1.34{\pm}0.24$) (p<0.05). The lesion volume in lesion periphery was $32.1{\pm}2.4\;{\mu}L$ in the control and $24.5{\pm}2.3\;{\mu}L$ in the AT group, respectively (p<0.05), and the motor neuron cell number of the anterior horn in lesion periphery was $8.3{\pm}5.1$ cells/HPF in the control and $13.4{\pm}6.3$ cells/HPF in the AT group, respectively (p<0.05). Conclusion : Anthocyanin seemed to reduce lesion volume and neuronal loss by its antioxidant effect and these resulted in improved functional recovery.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.339-344
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• 2015

본 연구는 자색 옥수수 속대의 가공식품 및 기능성 식품의 원료로서 이용 가능성을 평가하기 위하여 자색 옥수수의 속대 추출 시간을 달리하여 추출물을 제조하고 품질특성을 조사하였다. 추출 시간에 따른 자색 옥수수 속대 추출물 분석 결과, 자색 옥수수 속대를 $30^{\circ}C$에 24시간까지 추출하면서 시간의 경과에 따라 가용성 고형물 및 적색도의 증가와 명도 및 황색도의 감소가 나타났다. 그러나 추출 시간이 24시간을 경과함에 따라 품질 특성은 24시간 추출물과 유사하거나 가용성 고형물 및 적색도가 감소하였으며 명도 및 황색도가 증가하였다. 특히 항산화 활성은 추출 24시간까지 유의적으로 증가했으며 24시간 이후 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 즉, 자색 옥수수 속대는 가용성 고형물 함량, 안토시아니딘 함량, 항산화활성이 24시간에서 유의적으로 높았기 때문에 자색 옥수수 속대의 최적 추출 시간은 24시간으로 판단되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.249-253
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• 2012

We analyzed the pharmacokinetics of C3G on data from twelve subjects, after 2-week multiple dosing of black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, Cheongjakong-3-ho) seed coat extract, using the mixed effect analysis method (NONMEM, Ver. 6.2), as well as the conventional non-compartmental method. We also examined the safety and tolerability. The PK analysis used plasma concentrations of the C3G on day 1 and 14. There was no observed accumulation of C3G after 2-week multiple dosing of black bean seed coat extract. The typical point estimates of PK were CL (clearance)=3,420 l/h, V (volume)=7,280 L, Ka (absorption constant)=9.94 $h^{-1}$, ALAG (lag time)=0.217 h. The black bean seed coat extract was well tolerated and there were no serious adverse events. In this study, we confirmed that a significant amount of C3G was absorbed in human after given the black bean seed coat extract.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권21호
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• pp.9517-9522
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• 2014

Purple rice (Oryza sativa L. var. indica) cv. Kum Doisaket is cultivated in northern Thailand. This study evaluated the mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of hydrophilic and lipophilic components of purple rice using the Ames test. The seed and hull of purple rice were extracted with hexane, methanol, ethanol, and water. The methanol extracts had the highest amounts of phenolic acids and flavonoids, while the hexane extracts contained large amount of tocols and ${\gamma}$-oryzanol. None of the extracts were mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. The hexane extract of rice hull and the methanol extract of rice seed were strongly effective against aflatoxin B1- and 2-amino-3, 4 dimethylimidazo (4, 5-f) quinoline-induced mutagenesis, while aqueous extracts showed weakly antimutagenic properties. All extracts with the exception of aqueous extracts enhanced the number of revertant colonies from benzo (a) pyrene induced-mutagenesis. None of the extracts inhibited mutagenesis induced by the direct mutagens 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-acrylamide and sodium azide. The hull extracts showed more potent antimutagenicity than the seed extracts. Based on a chemical analysis, ${\gamma}$-oryzanol and ${\gamma}$-tocotrienol in the hull and cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside in the seed are candidate antimutagens in purple rice. The antimutagenic mechanisms of purple rice might be related to either modulation of mutagen metabolizing enzymes or direct attack on electrophiles. These findings supported the use of Thai purple rice as a cancer chemopreventive agent.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.150-157
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze the anthocyanin contents of black soybean crude extracts derived using a countercurrent system and to compare the effects of stabilizers(${\beta}-cyclodextrin$, maltodextrin) and sugars(sucrose, maltose) on the color deterioration of the anthocyanin. When the extraction process was kept at 100$^{\circ}C$ for 120$\sim$180 min, only C3G (cyanidin-3-glucoside) was detected in the water extract. The C3G contents in the water extracts acquired at 8$^{\circ}C$, 60$^{\circ}C$, and 80$^{\circ}C$ were 2.38 ppm, 1.73 ppm, and 1.73 ppm, respectively. Sucrose and maltose retarded color deterioration of the crude pigment extract by the countercurrent method with methanol. Finally, the additions of maltodextrin or ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$ did not retard thermal color deterioration of the black soybean crude pigment extract.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.717-729
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• 2019

The chemical informs about 70 individual phenolic compounds were constructed from various lettuce samples based on literature sources and analytical data. A total of 30 phenolic compounds including quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, quercetin 3-O-(6''-O- malonyl) glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-(6''-O-malonyl)glucoside, chlorogenic acid and chicoric acid as major components were identified in 6 lettuce samples from Korea using UPLC-DAD-QToF/MS on the basis of constructed library. Among these, quercetin 3,7-di-O-glucoside(m/z 627 [M+H]⁺), quercetin 3-O-(2''-O-malonyl)glucoside(morkotin C, m/z 551 [M+H]⁺), quercetin 3-O-(6''- O-malonyl)glucoside methyl ester(m/z 565 [M+H]⁺), 5-O-cis-p-coumaroylquinic acid(m/z 339 [M+H]⁺) and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester(m/z 369 [M+H]⁺) were newly confirmed from the lettuce samples. In total content of phenolic compounds, 4 red lettuce samples(2,947.7~7,535.6 mg/100 g, dry weight) showed higher than green lettuce(2,687.3 mg) and head lettuce(320.1 mg).

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제50권spc1호
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• pp.171-174
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• 2005

국내에서 육성된 종실용 들깨와 잎들깨 품종을 대상으로 주요특성 및 함유성분을 분석하여 용도별 들깨의 주요특성 차이를 확인한 결과를 요약하면 아래와 같다. 1. 잎들깨 품종의 평균 개화기는 9월 28일로 종실용 들깨의 평균 개화기 9월 5일보다 약 23일 늦었으며, 경장 및 마디수도 종실들깨보다 낮은 양상을 나타내어 생육상의 뚜렷한 차이를 나타내었다. 2. 종실용 들깨의 평균 천립중, 종실수량 및 기름함량이 잎들깨 품종보다 높은 양상을 나타내어 종실특성은 종실들깨가 우수하였으나, 잎 수량 및 잎 함유 안토시아닌 함량은 잎들깨 품종이 종실들깨 품종보다 각각 1.8배 및 2.1배 높은 양상을 나타내어 잎 특성은 잎들깨 품종이 우수하였다. 3. 종실용 들깨 및 잎들깨 품종의 종실 지방산 조성은 차이가 없었으며, 잎 함유 평균 엽록소 함량은 종실용 들깨가 잎들깨 품종보다 다소 높은 양상을 나타내었다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.131-138
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• 2020

Ultraviolet (UV)-induced damage plays a major role in ocular diseases, such as cataracts and retinal degeneration. UV irradiation can generate free radicals including reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are known to cause lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes. It has also been shown that UV can damage DNA directly and induce apoptosis. Rhynchosia volubilis Loureiro (the small black bean or yak-kong, RV) and Beta bulgaris (beet, BB) are used as health supplements. In this study, we explored the protective effects of RV and BB against UVA-induced damage in human pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells and in mice. RV and BB mixture and their effective constituents (cyanidin, delphidin, petunidin glycosides) improved cell viability and suppressed intracelluar ROS generation. Phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), Erk1/2 was analyzed by immunoblotting. RV and BB mixture inhibited UVA-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, JNK, Erk1/2 in APRE-19 cells. RV and BB treatment also showed protective effects on ocular damage in UVA-irradiated mice by increasing the levels of endogenous antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione. RV and BB have the potential to be used in a range of ocular diseases and conditions, based on in vitro and in vivo study.