• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2002

동물성 부산물 사료(우모분, 우지박, 내장분)단백질의 반추위내 분해특성과 하부장기내 이용성에 대한 열처리 효과를 구명하기 위하여 반추위와 십이지장에 누관이 장착된 Holstein 건유우 3두를 공시하였다. 시험사료에 대한 열처리는 149$^{\circ}C$가 유지되는 oven에서 4시간동안 처리한 후, 1 mm체를 통과시켰다. 시험사료의 반추위내 분해특성은 발효시간별 분해율에서 비선형회귀식을 유도하여 구하였고, 사료단백질의 하부장기내 이용성은 mobile nylon bag기법으로 추정되었다. 농후사료와 orchard grass를 60:40의 비율로 급여하였으며, 물과 mineral block은 자유섭취토록 하였다. 조단백질의 반추위내 유효분해도(k=0.05) 및 하부장기내 소실율에 있어서 우모분은 각각 30.2% 및 56.2%, 우지박은 75.0% 및 18.6% 그리고 내장분은 56.4% 및 37.9%였다. 시험사료에 대한 열처리효과에 있어서 조단백질의 반추위내 유효분해도는 우모분과 내장분은 증가하였으나 우지박은 감소되었고(P$<$0.05), 하부장기내 조단백질 소실율에서는 우지박은 증가된 반면, 우모분과 내장분은 감소되어(P$<$0.05) 상반되는 결과를 나타내었다. 반추위 미분해 사료단백질의 하부장기내 이용율은 우모분, 우지박 및 내장분에 대해서 각각 80.4%, 83.8% 및 86.9%였으며, 열처리를 함으로써 우모분과 우지박은 각각 94.0% 및 91.3%로 향상되었으나, 내장분은 76.5%로 낮아졌다(P$<$0.05).

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2010

본 연구는 반추위 및 십이지장 cannula를 동시장착한 거세한우 3두 (평균체중 $623{\pm}18.5kg$)를 공시하여 in situ 기법으로 수확시기별 총체 벼 사일리지의 한우 생체 영양소 분해율 및 TDN을 분석하고자 실시하였다. 총체벼 사일리지의 조단백질 함량 (평균 4.81%)은 황숙기를 제외하고는 수확시기가 늦어질수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 총체벼 사일리지 건물의 반추 위 시간대별 분해율은 유숙기에서 배양 후 12시간 이후부터 다른 수확시기에 비해서 다소 낮은 경향을 보였다. 반추위 단백질 a-fraction은 유숙기에서 호숙기에 비해 유의성있게 높았고 (p<0.05), b-fraction의 경우, 황숙기와 호숙기가 다른 수확시기의 총체벼 사일리지보다 통계적으로 높게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 반추위 EPD는 황숙기가 다른 수확시기에 비해 수치적 (호숙기 및 유숙기) 및 통계적 (완숙기)으로 높게 나타났다. 소화장관별 총체벼 사일리지 단백질 소화율에서는 전체적으로 수확시기별 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 한우 생체 사료가치 평가를 통한 총체벼 사일리지의 TDN은 황숙기가 다른 수확시기에 비해 통계적 (유숙기) 및 수치적 (호숙기 및 완숙기)으로 높게 나타났다. 현재 연구 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 거세한우 생체 내 총체 벼 사일리지는 황숙기에 수확 시 그 사료가치가 가장 높을 것으로 판단된다. 향후 보다 정확한 사료가치 평가를 위해서 in vivo 반추위 발효 패턴 탐색 및 수확시 영양소 손실 최소화 등의 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.59-74
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• 2012

본 시험에서 건초(티머시, 알팔파 및 클라인)와 짚류(톨페스큐 및 볏짚)의 buffer 용해도와 단백질 분획이 실시되었으며, 조사료 자원의 buffer 추출이 $In$ $vitro$ 발효 성상, 분해율 및 가스($CO_2$ 및 $CH_4$) 생성량에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 다른 조사료에 비해 총 단백질 중 buffer 가용성 조단백질과 A fraction은 알팔파 건초에서 각각 61% 및 41.77%로 가장 높았으며 볏짚에서 가장 낮았다(각각 42.8% 및 19.78%). 총단백질 중 B1 fraction은 조사된 조사료간 비교적 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나 B2 fraction에서는 다른 조사료(6.34~8.85%)에 비하여 톨페스큐짚(10.05%) 및 클라인 건초(12.34)%에서 다소 높은 수준을 보였다. 총 단백질 중 B3 fraction이 차지하는 비율은 톨페스큐짚에서 38.49%로 가장 높았으나 다른 조사료 자원 간에는 큰 차이가 없었으며, C fraction의 경우 볏짚에서 가장 높은 비율(15.05%)을 보였다. 모든 사료에서 배양 개시 후 3시간(P<0.01) 및 6시간(P<0.05)에서 buffer 추출 전에 비해 추출 후 배양액의 pH가 증가되었으며, 배양 6시간(P<0.05) 및 12시간(P<0.001)에서 다른 사료에 비해 티모시 건초 및 알팔파 건초로부터의 pH가 낮았다. 배양액의 암모니아 농도는 모든 배양시간에서 가용성 물질의 추출 전 후에 다른조사료에 비해 알팔파 건초에서 가장 높았으나 모든 사료의 추출효과는 배양 3시간(P<0.01)에서만 나타났다. 배양액의 총 VFA 농도는 배양 24시간까지 알팔파 건초에서 가장 높았던 반면 톨페스큐짚과 볏짚에서 가장 낮았다. 또한 모든 조사료에서 buffer 추출 전에 비하여 추출후에 총 VFA 농도가 감소되었다(P<0.01~P<0.001). Acetic acid ($C_2$)의 조성 비율에서는 배양 6시간까지 추출 전에 더 높았으나(P<0.001) 사료 간 차이는 없었다. Propionic acid ($C_3$) 조성 비율 역시 배양 개시 후 3, 24 및 48시간(P<0.001)에서 추출 전에 더 높았으며, 6 및 12 시간의 배양액에서 대부분 건초(티모시, 알팔파 및 클라인)와 짚류(톨페스큐짚 및 볏짚) 간 차이가 있는 것으로 조사되었다(P<0.05). 그러나 butyric acid ($C_4$) 조성비율의 경우 대부분의 배양시간에서 사료 간 차이는 없었다. 건물에서의 분해율 관련 parameter 중 a 값은 조사된 전체 조사료에서 buffer 추출 전이 추출 후에 비해서 높았으며(P<0.001), 다른 조사료에 비해 톨페스큐짚과 볏짚에서 크게 낮았다(P<0.05). 또한 b 값의 경우 역시 추출 전에 비해 추출 후에서 현저히 낮았으나(P<0.001) 사료 간 차이는 없었다. 볏짚을 제외한 조사료에서 추출 후에 비해 추출 전의 건물 유효분해율(EDDM)이 더 높았다(P<0.001). 조단백질에서의 a, b 및 c 값은 추출 전에 비해 추출 후에서 현저히 낮았으나(P<0.05) 사료 간 차이는 없었다. 조단백질 유효분해율(EDCP)에서는 다른 조사료 종류에 비해 톨페스큐짚과 볏짚에서 낮았다(P<0.05). 한편, NDF의 경우 a 값과 b 값(P<0.01) 및 NDF 유효분해율(EDNDF, P<0.001)은 추출 후에 비해 추출 전에 더 높았으나(P<0.01) 사료 간 차이는 보이지 않았다. 반추위미생물에 의해 사료분해과정 중 생성되는 $CO_2$ 량도 24시간 배양까지는 추출 전에 더 많았으며(P<0.05~P<0.001), 톨페스큐짚과 볏짚에 비해 건초 형태의 조사료로부터의 $CO_2$ 생성량이 더 많았다(P<0.05~P<0.01). 메탄가스($CH_4$) 생성량 역시 모든 배양시간에서 추출 전에 비해 추출 후에 크게 감소되었으며(P<0.01~P<0.001), 12~24시간을 제외하고는 짚류에 비해 건초에서 현저히 높은(P<0.05) 것으로 나타났다. 본 시험의 결과를 종합하면, 조사료 자원에 대한 buffer 용해도와 단백질의 분획이 $In$ $vitro$ VFA 농도와 분해율 및 gas ($CO_2$ 및 $CH_4$) 발생량 간 상호 밀접한 관계를 보이는 것으로 여겨진다. 이에 따라 조사료 이용 효율 개선을 위해 조사료자원에 대한 buffer 용해도와 단백질 분획을 반추동물 TMR 조제에 활용할 필요가 있는 것으로 여겨진다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.319-329
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• 1996

During the monsoon in Bangladesh, the possibility of preserving wet ($700g\;H_2O$) straw by urea (50 g/kg straw DM) with or without polythene cover has been studied. The quality of preserved straw (PS) in terms of colour, smell and fungal infestation were recorded. Nutritive value of the PS was compared to that of a dry straw (DS) in two separate feeding trials on growing bulls (about 290 kg) without (Expt. 1) or with (Expt. 2) concentrate supplements. Over 96% of the wet straw was excellently preserved for over 5 months when covered with polythene in horizontal heaps (of appx. 4 tons). Whereas only 33% of the straw was well preserved in the uncovered (dome shaped) heaps (of approximately 9.5 tons). Each ton of wet straw costed Tk. 1413 and its preservation cost incurred Tk. 345. Urea preservation increased the crude protein content (95 vs. 50 g/kg), dry matter (DM) degradability at all (8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96) hours of incubation and at 48 hours, DM degradability (%) were 45 and 25 respetively for the PS and the DS. When fed alone, DM intake (75 vs. $106g/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$), total microbial N yield (27 vs. 54 g/d) and growth rate (-379 vs. 283 g/d) were higher (p < 0.01) in the PS than the DS. Supplementation of concentrate reduced the straw DM intake both in the DS ($51g/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$) and the PS ($958g/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$), but the substitution rate (SR%) was higher in the PS (42) than the DS (27). Higher substitution rate was probably responsible for the reduction in the differences between the DS and PS in their nutrient digestibilities, total microbial N yield (62 vs. 64 g/d) and growth rate(669 vs 339 g/d) when supplemented with concentrate. On 28th day of Expt. 2, feeding PS from one of the polythene covered heaps resulted nervous disorder due to unknown reason(s). Further studies on the effect of size and shape of heap on the preservation quality need to be determined.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.781-790
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• 2011

The effects of seedtime and maturity stage on nutritive value of five maize stover varieties, including conventional maize (Kexiangyu 11, CM), fodder maize (Huqing 1, FM), high oil maize (Gaoyou 115, HOM), sweet maize (Kexiangtianyu 1, SM) and waxy maize (Kexiangluoyu 1, WM), were examined based on chemical composition, in vitro gas production and in situ incubation techniques. Maize stover was sampled at d 17 and d 30 after tasseling, and designated as maturity stage 1 and stage 2, respectively. The average dry matter (DM) organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and fiber contents were the greatest for HOM, SM and FM, respectively. CM had the highest in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration. The highest ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) concentration in the incubation solution, and effective degradability of DM ($ED_{DM}$) and neutral detergent fiber ($ED_{NDF}$) were observed in SM. Advanced maturity stage increased (p<0.05) DM content, $ED_{DM}$ and $ED_{NDF}$, but decreased (p<0.05) OM and CP contents, and decreased (p<0.05) b and a+b values, IVOMD and molar proportion of valerate in the incubation solution for maize stover. Maize sown in summer had greater (p<0.05) OM content, but lower DM, CP, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content compared with maize sown in spring. Maize sown in summer had greater (p<0.001) IVOMD, $NH_3$-N concentration in the incubation solution and $ED_{NDF}$, but lower (p<0.01) ratio of acetate to propionate compared to maize sown in spring. The interaction effect of variety${\times}$seedtime was observed running through almost all chemical composition, in vitro gas production parameters and in situ DM and NDF degradability. The overall results suggested that SM had the highest nutrient quality, and also indicated the possibility of selecting maize variety and seedtime for the utilization of maize stover in ruminants.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.29-38
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the feeding value, meat nutrients and associative effects of a diet comprised of various corn silages inclusion with peanut vine or wheat straw in finishing beef cattle. Methods: One hundred and eighty Simmental crossbred beef steers were blocked and assigned to the follow treatments: i) whole plant corn silage-based diet (control, WPCS), ii) mixed forages-based diet (replacing a portion of corn silage with wheat straw, WPCSW), iii) corn stalklage-based diet (CS), and iv) sweet corn stalklage-based diet (SCS). Each group consisted of 5 repeated pens with 9 steers/pen. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic with same forage to concentrate ratio. Experimental diets were fed for 90 d. Results: The effective ruminal degradability of dry matter and crude protein were highest for WPCS diet (p<0.05), for neutral detergent fiber was highest in SCS diet (p<0.05). The average daily gain was greater for cattle offered the WPCS diet, intermediate with WPCSW and SCS and lowest with CS (p<0.001). The concentration of non-esterified fatty acid in serum was higher for steers fed with CS and SCS diets than those offered WPCS and WPCSW steers (p<0.001). The treatments did not affect the general nutritional contents and amino acids composition of Longissimus dorsi of steers (p>0.05). Conclusion: The corn silage-based diet exhibited the highest feeding value. The sweet corn stalklage and wheat straw as an alternative to corn silage offered to beef cattle had limited influence on feeding value and meat nutrients. However, the value of a corn stalklage-based diet was relatively poor. To sum up, when the high quality forage resources, such as corn silage, are in short supply, or the growth rate of beef cattle decreases in the later finishing period, the sweet stalklage and wheat straw could be used as a cheaper alternative in feedlot cattle diet without sharp reducing economic benefits.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.215-222
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• 1997

Ten rice varieties were planted at two locations (lowland and highland), during the wet and dry seasons of different years. In vivo digestibility and voluntary intake of the straw, were determined in groups of fat-tail sheep, supplemented with $18g{\cdot}kg^{-0.75}$ concentrate DM, containing ~20% crude protein. Voluntary intake of digestible straw organic matter (DOMI) consistently varied from 15.2 to $20.9g{\cdot}kg^{-0.75}$ between straw varieties, averaged over locations, years and seasons, despite considerable variation between individual batches. This variation in the nutritive value of the straw was independent of straw and grain yield, so it would seem that there is scope for selection of rice varieties with straw of higher nutritive value. The variation in DOMI of straw among location of growth, year and season, was of a magnitude similar to the improvement brought about by urea-ammoniation. The in sacco degradation characteristics and digestibility of rice straw residues were superior to those of the offered straw. This can be attributed to a preference for rice straw leaves relative to stems. Averaged over location of growth, year and season, characteristics of in sacco degradation, i.e. the rate of fermentative degradation and the truly undegradable fraction, emerged as accurate predictors of the nutritive value of rice straw.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권5호
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• pp.638-647
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• 2020

This study determined the substitution effects of rice for corn as the main grain source in a total mixed ration (TMR). In vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and microbes were assessed using two experimental diets. Diets included 33% dry matter (DM) of either corn (Corn TMR) or rice grains (Rice TMR). In a 48-h in vitro incubation, DM digestibility (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber degradability (IVNDFD), crude protein digestibility (IVCPD), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), pH and ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) were estimated. Gas production has been calculated at 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. Our results indicate that the gas production, VFAs, IVDMD, and IVNDFD of Rice TMR were higher than those of Corn TMR (p < 0.05). Ruminal pH and total fungi were significantly higher in Corn TMR (p < 0.05) than in Rice TMR; however, NH₃-N and IVCPD were not affected by treatment type. In conclusion, substituting rice for corn at 33% DM in TMR appears to have no negative effects on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Therefore, rice grains are an appropriate alternative energy source in early fattening stage diets of beef cattle.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.182-189
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• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculation to domestically-cultivated Italian ryegrass (IRG) on silage fermentation and in vitro ruminal fermentation. There were six treatments based on the LAB inoculants: 1) no addition of LAB (negative control: NC), additions of 2) commercially-available LAB (positive control: PC), 3) Lactobacillus plantarum (LPL), 4) L. paracasei (LPA), 5) L. acidophilus (LA), and 6) L. pentosus (LPT). All treatments were inoculated at a concentration of 10⁶ CFU/g and ensiled for 3, 7, 21, and 42 days in triplicate and analyzed for nutritive values when ensiling was terminated. Day 42 silage from all treatments were also examined for in vitro ruminal fermentation. After 42 days, LAB-inoculated silages had higher (P<0.05) lactic acid concentration compared to the NC. In terms of nutritive values, the silages treated with LPA, LA, and LPT showed higher (P<0.05) crude protein and lower (P<0.05) neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content compared to the rest of the treatment. In vitro ruminal dry matter degradability was not affected by LAB addition. However, LAB-treated IRG had shown higher (P<0.05) ammonia-N compared with that of the NC. LPA had shown the highest (P<0.05) volatile fatty acid concentration among the LAB examined. In conclusion, the addition of a single strain of LAB appeared to produce a quality IRG silage compared with the NC and the PC. Among the strains examined, LPA seemed to be superior to the others.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.825-829
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• 2004

Influence of different levels of corn steep liquor (CSL) on chemical composition of urea treated wheat straw (UTWS) and its dietary effect on nutrient intake, digestibility, milk yield and its composition were studied. The 5% UTWS was ensiled with 0, 3, 6 and 9% CSL on dry matter (DM) basis. Total nitrogen and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of UTWS ensiled with 0, 3, 6 and 9% CSL increased linearly with the increasing level of CSL. Increase in NDF content was due to increased neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen contents. Four experimental diets were formulated to contain 35% UTWS ensiled without CSL (control), 45 (WS45), 55 (WS55) and 65% (WS65) UTWS ensiled with 9% CSL, respectively. Dry matter, NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) intakes by lactating buffaloes fed diets containing varying levels of UTWS ensiled with or without CSL remained similar across all treatments. However, DM, NDF and ADF intakes as a percent of body weight and digestible DM, NDF and ADF intakes were higher in animals fed WS65 diet compared to those fed other diets. Apparent DM, crude protein (CP), NDF and ADF digestibilities were higher in diets containing UTWS ensiled with CSL compared to control. These differences may be attributed to higher rates of degradability of UTWS ensiled with 9% CSL than that ensiled without CSL. The 4% fat corrected milk and CP were statistically higher with WS65 diet compared to other diets. Percent milk fat, solid not fat and total solid remained unchanged across all treatments.