• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
• /
• 제42권6호
• /
• pp.17-22
• /
• 2005

유무기 하이브리드 SiOC 박막은 차세대 유력한 저유전상수를 갖는 박막이다. SiOC 박막의 결합구조는 FTIR 분석기를 이용하여 화학적 이동이 일어나는 것을 확인하여 분석하였다. 유기화학분야에서의 일반적인 화학적 이동은 red shift에 해당하지만, 하이브리드 타입의 SiOC 박막은 red shift 뿐만 아니라 특이한 경우에 해당하는 blue shift도 관찰되었다. 화학적 이동의 원인은 전기음성도가 큰 원소가 주변에 존재하는 수소결합사이의 상호작용 때문인데, SiOC 박막에서 blue shift는 전자를 많이 포함하는 메틸그룹이 증가함으로 생기는 기공을 만드는 원인을 제공한다. SiOC 박막의 결합구조 역시 2가지 유형의 화학적 이동에 따라서 cross-link 구조와 case-link 구조의 두 가지 유형으로 나타난다. 유량비와 증착할 때 주어지는 열에너지에 따라서 두 가지 결합구조를 나타낸다. cross-link 구조와 cross-link breakage 구조는 박막의 유전상수가 낮아지는 원인 서로 다르며 화학적 물리적인 특성 또한 다르게 나타나는 것을 증명하고 있다. Si-O-C cross-link 구조는 red shift의 원인이 된 수소결합에 의한 원자사이의 길이가 길어지는 효과에 의해 표면접착력이 개선되며, 유전상수 역시 감소하였다.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제1권3호
• /
• pp.225-241
• /
• 1998

The high-rise supporting towers of long-span suspension and cable-stayed bridges commonly comprise a pair of slender prisms of roughly square cross-section with a center-to-centre spacing of from perhaps 2 to 6 widths and connected by one or more cross-ties. The tower columns may have a constant spacing as common for suspension bridges or the spacing may reduce towards the top of the tower. The present paper is concerned with the aerodynamics of such towers and describes an experimental investigation of the overall aerodynamic forces acting on a pair of square cylinders in two-dimensional flow. Wind tunnel pressure measurements were carried out in smooth flow and with a longitudinal intensity of turbulence 0.10. Different angles of attack were considered between $0^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$, and separations between the two columns from twice to 13 times the side width of the column. The mean values of the overall forces proved to be related to the bias introduced in the flow by the interaction between the two cylinders; the overall rms forces are related to the level of coherence between the shedding-induced forces on the two cylinders and to their phase. Plots showing the variation of the force coefficients and Strouhal number as a function of the separation, together with the force coefficients spectra and lift cross-correlation functions are presented in the paper.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.973-986
• /
• 2018

The objective of this paper is to present abacuses obtained from a parametric study of deep-lined tunnels using a numerical finite element model. This numerical model was implemented in software GEOMEC91, which is a two-dimensional axisymmetric model that considers the progress of excavation and the placing of the lining through the activation and deactivation of elements. It is adopted a step of excavation constant (1/3 of radius), constant velocity and circular cross section along the tunnel axis. It is used for rock mass a viscoplastic constitutive law with von-Mises criterion of viscoplasticity without hardening whose deformation rate over time is given by the Bingham model. The lining uses a linear elastic constitutive law. In total are 1716 analysis presented in 60 abacuses that show the value of ultimate convergence ($U_{eq}$) due to tunneling speed. In addition, it is shown an example of the use of the abacuses to determine the ultimate convergence ($U_{eq}$) of the tunnel and pressure ($P_{eq}$) on the lining.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제26권6호
• /
• pp.935-938
• /
• 2005

Nucleophilic addition reactions of benzylamines (BA; $XC_6H_4CH_2NH_2$) to $\alpha-cyano-\beta$-phenylacrylamides (CPA; $YC_6H_4CH=C(CN)CONH_2$) have been investigated in acetonitrile at 25.0 ${^{\circ}C}$. The rate is first order with respect to BA and CPA and no base catalysis is observed. The addition of BA to CPA occurs in a single step in which the addition of BA to $C_{\beta}$ of CPA and proton transfer from BA to $C_{\alpha}$ of CPA take place concurrently with a four-membered cyclic transition state structure. The magnitude of the Hammett ($\rho_X$) and Bronsted ($\beta_X$) coefficients are rather small suggesting an early tansition state (TS). The sign and magnitude of the crossinteraction constant, $\rho_XY$ (= −D0.26), is comparable to those found in the normal bond formation processes in the $S_N2$ and addition reactions. The normal kinetic isotope effect ($k_H/k_D\;{\gt}$ 1.0) and relatively low ${\Delta}H^{\neq}$ and large negative ${\Delta}S^{\neq}$ values are also consistent with the mechanism proposed.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.75-86
• /
• 2013

The effects of acoustic resonance and volute geometry on phase resonance are studied theoretically and experimentally using a centrifugal fan. One dimensional theoretical model is developed taking account of the reflection from the discharge pipe end. It was found that the phase resonance occurs, even with the effects of acoustic resonance, when the rotational speed of rotor-stator interaction pattern agrees with the sound velocity. This was confirmed by experiments with and without a silencer at the discharge pipe exit. The pressure wave measurements showed that there are certain effects of the cross-sectional area change of the volute which is neglected in the one dimensional model. To clarify the effects of area change, experiments were carried out by using a ring volute with a constant area. It was demonstrated that the phase resonance occurs for both interaction modes travelling towards/away from the volute. The amplitude of travelling wave grows towards the volute exit for the modes rotating towards the volute exit, in the same direction as the impeller. However, a standing wave is developed in the volute for the modes rotating away from the volute exit in the opposite direction as the impeller, as a result of the interaction of a growing wave while travelling towards the tongue and a reflected wave away from the tongue.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제29권3호
• /
• pp.230-235
• /
• 1996

The interaction of ${\alpha}-ketoglutarate$ dehydrogenase complex (${\alpha}-KGDC$) with a hydrophobic fluorescent probe [1,1'-bi(4-aniline)naphthalene-5,5'-disulfonic acid] (bis-ANS) was studied. The punfied ${\alpha}-KGDC$ was potently inhibited by bis-ANS with an apparent half maximal inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) of 9.8 ${\mu}m$ at pH 8.0. The catalytic activities of both the E1o and E2o subunits were predominantly inhibited while that of the E3 component was hardly affected. The binding of bis-ANS to the enzyme caused a marked enhancement and blue shift from 523 nm to 482 nm in the fluorescence emission spectrum. The dissociation constant ($K_d$) and the number of binding sites (n) were calculated to be 0.87 mM and 158, respectively. Allosteric regulators such as purine nucleotides and divalent cations further increased the fluorescence intensity of the $bis-ANS-{\alpha}-KGDC$ binary complex. These data suggest that the binding of these allosteric regulators to ${\alpha}-KGDC$ may cause the conformational changes in the enzyme and that bis-ANS could be used as a valuable probe to study the interaction of the multi-enzyme complex and its allosteric regulators.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제35권5호
• /
• pp.1329-1332
• /
• 2014

The kinetic studies on the reactions of O,O-diethyl Z-S-aryl phosphorothioates with X-pyridines have been carried out in dimethyl sulfoxide. The free energy correlations with X in the nucleophiles are biphasic concave upwards with a break point at X = H, while those for substituent Z variations in the leaving groups are linear. The negative sign of ${\rho}_{XZ}$ implies that the reaction proceeds through a concerted mechanism for both the strongly and weakly basic pyridines. The biphasic concave upward free energy relationships with X are rationalized by a change in the nucleophilic attacking direction from frontside with the strongly basic pyridines to backside with the weakly basic pyridines.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제35권9호
• /
• pp.2797-2802
• /
• 2014

Nucleophilic substitution reactions of Y-aryl methyl (8) and Y-aryl propyl (10) chlorothiophosphates with substituted anilines and deuterated anilines are investigated kinetically in acetonitrile at $55.0^{\circ}C$. A concerted mechanism is proposed for 8 based on the negative ${\rho}_{XY}$ (= -0.23) value, while a stepwise mechanism with a rate-limiting leaving group departure from the intermediate is proposed for 10 based on the positive ${\rho}_{XY}$ (= +0.68) value. The deuterium kinetic isotope effects (DKIEs; $k_H/k_D$) are 0.89-1.28 and 0.62-1.20 with 8 and 10, respectively. Primary normal and secondary inverse DKIEs are rationalized by a frontside attack involving hydrogen bonded, four-center-type transition state and backside attack involving in-line-type transition state, respectively.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제34권6호
• /
• pp.1829-1834
• /
• 2013

The nucleophilic substitution reactions of Y-aryl ethyl isothiocyanophosphates with substituted X-anilines and deuterated X-anilines were investigated kinetically in acetonitrile at $75.0^{\circ}C$. The free energy relationships with X in the nucleophiles exhibited biphasic concave downwards with a break point at X = H. A stepwise mechanism with rate-limiting bond formation for strongly basic anilines and with rate-limiting bond breaking for weakly basic anilines is proposed based on the negative and positive ${\rho}_{XY}$ values, respectively. The deuterium kinetic isotope effects (DKIEs; $k_H/k_D$) changed gradually from primary normal with strongly basic anilines, via primary normal and secondary inverse with aniline, to secondary inverse with weakly basic anilines. The primary normal and secondary inverse DKIEs were rationalized by frontside attack involving hydrogen bonded, four-center-type TSf and backside attack involving in-line-type TSb, respectively.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.91-94
• /
• 2003

Kinetic studies of the reaction of O-methyl-S-phenylthiocarbonates with benzylamines in methanol at 45.0 ℃ have been carried out. The reaction proceeds by a stepwise mechanism in which the rate-determining step is the breakdown of the zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate, $T^{\pm}$, with a hydrogen-bonded four-center type transition state (TS). These mechanistic conclusions are drawn based on (ⅰ) the large magnitude of ${\rho}_X\;and\;{\rho}_Z$, (ⅱ) the normal kinetic isotope effects $(k_H/k_D\;>\;1.0)$ involving deuterated benzylamine nucleophiles, (ⅲ) the positive sign of ${\rho}_{XZ}$ and the larger magnitude of ${\rho}_{XZ}$ than that for normal $S_N2$ processes, and lastly (ⅳ) adherence to the reactivity-selectivity principle (RSP) in all cases.