• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.180-191
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to identity the probability of cross-contamination from the environment. For this, we examined foodservices at 20 universities/colleges for microbiological analysis of their working facilities and environment as well as their preventive equipment against cross-contamination. Seventy percent of the 20 foodservices were found to maintain one unified working area, which suggests high probability of contamination of food/utensils/equipment in the cooking area by pre-preparation or dish washing. According to the microbiological analysis, the hygiene acceptance ratio of working facilities in the clean zone was 70%, which was higher than the average 45% hygiene acceptance ratio of working facilities in the contamination operating zone. There was a significant difference in the total plate count (P<0.001) and coliform count (P<0.01), which demonstrates that work tables in the clean zone were in a good state compared to those in the contamination operating zone. In the contamination operating zone, refrigerator shelves had a high probability of cross-contamination. Regarding the floor surface and airborne microbes, cooking areas which should be maintained as clean zones had higher cross-contamination probability than those in the contamination operating zone. So corrective actions such as cleaning and sanitizing, keeping dry floors, lowered temperature and humidity, shoe disinfecting facilities, and checking concentrations, are necessary to manage floor surfaces and airborne microbes in the cooking area.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.53-66
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• 1980

One of the most pressing problems of the day in our household economy is the scientific improvement of meal management, which has direct bearings on the efficiency of housewives, domestic economy, and health care for the whole family. The concern of this paper is to investigate the current meal management situation in which more than three hundred housewives in Seoul find themselves, and to propose a tentative plan for its improvement. The result of the investigation is summarized as follows : 1) The number of families with old-fashioned kitchens forms a percentage of 30.3 ; only 4.3 percent of them have waterworks and drainage system. 2) The number of families equipped with cooking machines and utensils constitutes 51.2 percent ; that of those without cooking machines reaches the high percentage of 92.8. 3) The expense for daily meals amounts to 37.9 percent of the whole domestic expenses. the number of those who prepare daily meals without any planning comprises 78 percent. It is from habit that 60.5 percent of them make no workable plan for their meals. 4) The frequency of housewives doing daily marketing is comparatively high. 5) The time spent in preparing and clearing the table is 280.4 minutes a day on the average. 6) In preparing daily meals the low income bracket tends to keep expense as low as possible, while the high income bracket is chiefly concerned with taste. 7) The frequency of home cooking is on the increase as the housewives grow older, especially in the large families with housemaids. 8) In most cases housewives do the cooking for themselves; the high income brackets have housemaids do the cooking. The number of husbands who help their wives do kitchen work a small percentage of 10-14. 9) The simplification of kitchen work presupposes the simplification of the daily cooking, the improvement of the structure and equipment of the kitchen, and a good help of the whole family.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.11-16
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• 1997

The Nara Dynasty of Japan lasted from 710 to 784 A.D, which corresponds to the period of the Unified Shilla Kingdom of Korea. The Nara Dynasty enacted the 'Daiho Law and Ordinance' by referring to those of Tang Dynasty of China. Under these legal systems, the Ministries were defined, and foods were used for paying taxes or as currency. The characteristics of the dietary culture in Nara Dynasty were as follows. 1) They obtained food from rice and other grain farming, hunting and fishery. Rice was their main staple and was also used for preparing porridge and brewing wine. 2) Under the influence of Buddhism, meat was prohibited, and milks or dairy products were supplemented for improving malnutritional status. 3) They also used seasonings, spices and sweeteners to enhance the taste and produced medicines by extracting plants, animals and minerals. 4) While chopsticks were made of bamboo, willow, silver, shell, tree or bronze, such utensils as pan earthenware steamer, or charcoal pots were used for preparing meals. 5) Highly qualified utensils, made of porcelains painted with lacguetr, metal, glass, horn and stone, were produced as handcraft art wad developed. 6) Chinese style cousines and cooking methods were popular and various types of preserving techniques like drying or salting were used. Processed cookies were also developed. 7) Although flour was used mainly among noble class people, ordinary people also used it. The royal families ate milk products a lot and even fried foods. 8) One can say that Buddism exerted an influence on Vegetarianism from this era.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.263-277
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• 2007

In order for a cook to cook, there should be a space called a kitchen; moreover, to prepare good food, there should be good kitchen facilities in the kitchen. With good facilities, the cook can save time and have higher productivity. On the other hand, with poor facilities, equipment and utensils, the cook can get demotivated, have poor capability, suffer from high stress and possibly can cause some diseases. Therefore, better facilities are essential for cooking environment. The purpose of this study is to find out how significant the job stress is according to the demographic characteristics. Also, how kitchen facilities and moving line influence the job stress. In order to answer above questions, 278 copies of questionnaire were made and given to cooks at hotels with five star or similar ranks. Using SPSS Win 12.0 the statistics package, frequency, factor and reliability analysis were conducted. Then, regression analysis was carried out. As a result of the test, difference analysis on statistic characteristics was partly found. In addition, facilities and moving line affected job stress. Also, working area in the kitchen inversely influenced the job stress.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.63-75
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• 2004

This study was conducted to establish the hygiene standards for chicken entrees (deep-fried breast chicken, chicken and potato in red pepper paste and smothered chicken) served with in 3 different elementary school lunch programs during 2002. The study evaluated the layout characteristics of the food facilities, and determined the physical and microbiological hazards for the production of chicken entrees based on the HACCP(Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) system. The kitchen layouts needed to be remodeled for the separation of soiled and clean work areas. The pH values for all items were over 6.0, which require careful attention. The microbial assessments of 3 chicken items revealed that the TPC, coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus were within normal ranges, but Salmonella was found at several stages in the production of all products, with the exception of smothered chicken. The bacterial counts of the kitchen utensils and cooks' hands exceeded acceptable limits, and workers' sanitary practices were poor in terms of sanitary handling and holding of foods and utensils. The CCPs determined related to the steps of receiving, cooking and breaking of egg shells. From our findings, it is recommended that chicken entrees should be prepared and served very carefully, as salmonella was detected at several stages during meal production, and the aim of the HACCP system is to secure against food-borne illnesses due to reckless school food service operations.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.189-194
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• 2014

본 연구의 목적은 식중독으로 인한 지속적인 위해 발생을 예방하기 위하여 학교의 급식시설 및 집기류에서 미생물 오염수준을 분석하고자 하였다. 그 결과, 총 세균 측정용 배지에서 $12.3{\pm}2.6$건으로 가장 많은 미생물이 배양되었고, 황색포도상구균 측정용 배지에서 $10.3{\pm}3.9$건과 대장균 측정용 배지에서 $9.5{\pm}3.9$건으로 미생물이 배양되었다. 그러나 비브리오 측정용 배지에서는 $1.5{\pm}1.0$건으로 가장 적은 미생물이 배양되었다. 급식시설 및 집기류에서 미생물 오염이 심한 곳은 전처리실 바닥으로 $4.5{\pm}0.6$건으로 가장 높고, 조리실 바닥도 $4.3{\pm}1.0$건으로 나타났다. 다음으로 조리대가 $3.3{\pm}1.0$건으로 나타났으며, 급식식탁에서도 $3.0{\pm}0.0$건으로 상당히 높은 미생물 오염을 확인할 수 있었다. 반면에 집기류에서는 시설들에 비하여 낮은 미생물 오염도를 보였다. 칼과 도마를 사용용도에 따라 구분하여 미생물을 분석한 결과, 생선용 칼에서 $2.0{\pm}0.8$건과 생선용 도마에서 $1.3{\pm}1.5$건으로 다른 용도에 비하여 약간 높은 미생물 오염도를 보였다. 배양된 미생물들을 동정한 결과, 다양한 미생물들이 오염되어 있으며 일부는 2번 이상씩 반복하여 검출되었다. 특히, 주요 식중독균인 Staphylococcus aureus는 조리대, 트렌치, 칼에서 3번에 걸쳐서 확인되었다. 또한 주요 식중독균에 속하는 Bacillus cereus가 칼에서 확인되었으며, 자연에 널리 분포하면서 때로는 급성폐렴을 일으키기도 하는 Klebsiella pneumoniae는 4번 반복하여 검출되었다. 위의 결과를 종합하여 보면, 황색포도상구균을 비롯한 주요 식중독균뿐만 아니라 식품의 부패를 일으키는 미생물들이 학교급식의 시설 및 집기류에 오염되어 있다는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 그러므로 학교급식의 안전성을 확보하고 학생들의 건강을 증진시키기 위하여 더욱 철저한 개인위생 및 효율적이고 체계적인 시설 관리가 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.383-387
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• 2006

호남지역 병원 6곳의 급식시설 및 부식류 등에 대한 미생물학적 안정성이 평가되어졌다. 조사된 병원급식시설의 공중낙하균 평가에서는 식탁, 조리장 및 냉동고에서 미생물균수가 비교적 높게 측정되어 이러한 시설에 대한 미생물학적 오염에 대한 철저한 관리가 요구됨을 보여 주었다. 또한 조리기구 및 용기 표면의 미생물학적 안정성 측정에서는 도마, 칼, 식판 등의 일반세균수는 비교적 높았으나 유의적인 수준은 아니었으며 대장균군, 황색포도상구균, 대장균 등의 수준도 일반적인 미생물 오염기준 미만으로 나타나 미생물학적 안정성은 양호하였다. 하지만 이들 급식시설에서 제공되는 부식류에 대한 미생물학적 안정성 평가에서는 대체적으로 가열조리식품의 미생물학적 오염은 기준 미만으로 나타났으나 기준을 초과한 부식에 대해서는 철저한 미생물학적 안전 관리가 이루어져야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.15-37
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• 2013

본 연구의 목적은 한식 관련 정보를 개념화하고 풍부하게 조직할 수 있는 패싯 구조를 개발하는 것이다. 이를 위해 한식 분야의 학문적인 흐름과 동향, 핵심적인 개념을 파악하여 한식 분야의 지적 구조를 분석하였고 한식 관련 국내서 776권의 목차 데이터와 인터넷 포털 사이트의 디렉터리에서 한식 관련 항목명, 총 23,470건을 수집 분석하였다. 수집된 용어를 범주화하여 공통 속성을 도출하고, 기본 패싯 및 하위 패싯을 정의하였으며, 패싯 간에 계층 구조, 기본 열거 순서와 기호화를 결정하였다. 한식에 관한 16개의 기본 패싯과 85개의 하위 패싯과 함께 패싯의 인용 순서를 '음식 종류'를 중심으로 재료, 에너지, 공간, 시간 순으로 조합하도록 제안하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 글로벌 한식 정보 조직과 검색의 효율화를 가져올 것이며, 패싯 분석을 통한 주제 분야별 분류체계 모형 개발의 기초가 될 것이다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.501-508
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• 2021

본 연구는 경상북도 예천군에 소재하는 100인 이하의 어린이급식소 32개소를 대상으로 급식 위생·안전 순회지도 및 위생교육 지원에 따른 교육효과를 조사·분석함으로써 어린이급식소의 문제점을 파악하고, 올바른 개선방안을 제시하고자 하였으며, 위생·안전 체크리스트 분석 결과와 ATP 측정 결과의 상관관계를 비교·분석함으로써 위생교육의 효과를 평가하기 위한 ATP bioluminescence assay의 적용성을 검토하였다. 조사결과 설립 유형은 법인 9.4%, 국공립 18.7%, 기타 18.7%, 가정 21.9%, 민간 31.3% 순으로 확인되었고, 규모별로 집단급식소 25.0%, 소규모 급식소 34.4%, 비집단급식소 40.6% 순으로 조사되었다. 위생순회지도의 결과들은 '조리실, 식품 등의 원료·제품 보관실 등을 정기적으로 소독하는지 여부' 항목을 제외한 모든 항목에서 유의적인 개선을 보였으며, 위생순회지원에 따른 교육효과의 평가를 위해 칼, 도마, 고무장갑, 냉장고 손잡이, 정수기 꼭지 등 5가지 항목에 대한 ATP bioluminescence analysis가 수행되었다. 칼과 도마의 경우 전 개소 모두 순회 지원 후 20 RLU/cm² 이하의 수치를 보였으며, 특히 국공립시설, 법인시설, 민간시설에서 칼과 도마 모두 10 RLU/cm² 이하의 수치를 보였다. 조리기구 중 식품위생의 주요 기준이 되고 있는 칼과 도마를 중심으로 이와 관련된 항목인 '자외선 또는 전기 살균 소독기 설치 여부', '주방용구의 살균·소독제 또는 열탕의 방법으로 소독한 것을 사용하는지 여부', '어류·육류·채소류를 취급하는 칼·도마 구분 사용 여부' 항목들이 상관관계 분석을 통해 검증되었으며, 칼과 도마 모두에서 음(-)의 상관관계를 가지며 높은 상관성을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과는 위생교육의 효과에 대한 간편하면서도 객관적인 평가수단으로서 ATP bioluminescence assay의 가능성을 제시하는 것으로 사료된다. 전반적으로 제한적인 점검횟수로 인해 전 항목 모두 뚜렷한 개선을 확인할 수는 없었으나, 지속적인 교육지원을 통한 개선의 효과를 기대할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.566-573
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to assess how the changes in the food services environment on patients satisfaction with the hospital food service. Statistical data analyses were completed using the SPSS 11.0 program. The results can be summarized as follows: The flow line and environment of the food services in the hospital were improved through remodeling, which included the replacement of all cooking utensils, ventilation facilities and material storages, the purchase of a combi steamer, and the change of meal carts and trays. After the remodeling, the hospital food service was improved so that it provided spoons at each meal, diversified the menu utilizing the combi steamer, served event meals three times a week as well as water boiled with burned rice in the morning twice a week. In addition, various types of tableware were used in the table settings to produce attractive visual effects. Among the 10 items included on the patient satisfaction questionnaire, ″satisfaction with offered menus″ (p < 0.01) showed significantly higher scores before the remodeling. ″cooking/seasoning of food″, ″amount of meals″ and ″taste of meals″ were not statistically significant, but showed increased satisfaction after the remodeling. However ″temperature of food″, ″cleanliness of clothes and features″ and ″satisfaction with meal times″ were not statistically significant, but showed decreased satisfaction after the remodeling. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(4) : 566-573, 2003)