• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.43
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• pp.285-320
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• 2016

Cartoons and Animation are convergent arts created with a composite application of language arts described in the form of literary texts and sounds, plastic arts visualized in the form of artistic paintings, and film arts produced in the form of moving pictures. An academic university major in cartoons and animation studies established in late 20th century however, did not satisfactorily meet the needs in academic research and development and the free expression of artistic creation was limited. In order to systematize the major in cartoons and animation studies, an convergent approach to establish and clarify following are in demand : the terms and definitions, the historical developments, the research areas and methods, the major education and related jobs and start-ups. New culture and arts industries including cartoons, animation, moving images, and games contents are not yet listed in the industries listing service jointly provided online by the portal site Naver.com and Hyung-Seol publishing company. Above all, cartoons and animation are inseparably related to each other that even if one uses the term separately and independently, the meaning may not be complete. So a new combined term "Animatoon" can be established for the major in cartoons and animation studies and also used for its degree with concentrations of cartoons, animation, moving images, games, and etc. In the Introduction, a new combined term Animatoon is defined and explained the use of this term as the name of the major and degree in cartoons and animation studies. In the body, first, the Historical Developments classified Animatoon in the ancient times, the medieval times, and the modern times and they are analyzed with the help of esthetics and arts using examples of mural frescos, animal painting, religion cartoons, caricatures, cartoons, satire cartoons, comics, animation, 2 or 3 dimensional webtoons, and K-toons. Second, the Research Areas of Animatoon reviewed the theories, genres, artworks, and artists and the Research Methods of Animatoon presented the curriculum that integrated the courses in humanities, science technologies, culture and arts, and etc. Third, the Major Education considered Animatoon education in children, young adults, students of the major and the Related Jobs and Start-Ups explored various jobs relating to personal creation of artwork and collective production of business-oriented artwork. In the Conclusion, the current challenges of Animatoon considered personalization of the artists, specialization of the contents, diversification of the types, and liberalization of the art creation. And the direction of improvement advocated Animatoon to be an academic field of study, to be an art, to be a culture, and to be an industry. The importance of cartoons and animation along with videos and games rose in the 21st century. In order for cartoons and animation to take a leading role, make efforts in studying Animatoon academically and also in developing Animatoon as good contents in the cultural industries.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.361-372
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to develop an assessment scale for healthy aging of middle aged women. The data were collected from 385 middle aged women in two large cities in Korea. The development processes of the scale were followed: Development of preliminary items; Verification of content validity and reliability; Factor analysis and criterion validity of final items. Results: Factor analysis resulted in the creation of the final scale, which consisted of 38 items that were grouped into 9 factors: self achievement, physical change adaptation, psychological change adaptation, interpersonal relationships, menopausal symptom adaptation, economic stability, physical health, social support, social change adaptation. The explanatory variance was 64.03%. The reliability of the scale was Cronbach's ${\alpha}=.90$. Correlation of the scale with healthy aging and depression, established its construct and concurrent validity was r=-.69, p<.001. The scale was confirmed to have a relatively high validity and reliability. The findings of the study can be useful as a measurement to evaluate healthy aging of middle aged women. Future researches with the scale will be helpful for basic data for the program development to support healthy aging of middle aged women.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.27-40
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• 2017

Humanity's sustainability issues have long been discussed, and the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) in 1987 proposed the concept of sustainable development and became a global issue. In September 2015, we announced the latest goals for sustainable development at the UN's 70th General Assembly to address social problems and achieve mature economic growth. In order to achieve social, economic and environmental sustainability goals, parallel development of various disciplines is required. However, existing disciplines are limited in supporting sustainable development due to inherent nature. This study proposes to revitalize service science research as a way to overcome limitations of existing studies, and suggests that sustainable development goals can be achieved through convergence with service science and existing disciplines. Modern economic societies need the evolutionary development of individual disciplines because the paradigm shifts from the existing tangible environment to the intangible environment, the boundary between industries is dismantled, and the boundaries between disciplines disappear. In particular, sustainable development goals require a convergent approach, so convergence service science research is useful. In this study, we analyze economics, business administration, pedagogy, sociology which are representative of related to sustainable development and suggest the necessity of introduction of service science. Through this study, the development of service science and interdisciplinary research in existing academic fields will be activated.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.15-40
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• 2008

With the explosive growth of the Internet, Internet shopping malls have become recognized as one of the major purchasing channels for consumers, as well as one of the competitive distribution channels for companies that allow them to contact with customers without intermediaries. It has motivated information systems(IS) researchers to examine the factors influencing consumer behavior and the purchase decision process in the context of Internet shopping malls. Despite the extensive research that has been conducted on the purchase decision process of consumers in online shopping malls, the results have demonstrated a need for further understanding of consumer behavior due to the unique features of virtual space and the characteristics of online consumers. Previous studies from marketing and consumer behavior domains have suggested that the concept of involvement plays an important role in explaining consumers' purchase behavior. Despite the critical role of involvement and the explosive growth of e-commerce, little research has examined the role of involvement in the Internet shopping mall context. With this motivation, this study has two research objectives. First, it introduces and tests an theoretical model capable of better explaining consumers' intention to purchase in the Internet shopping mall context. The proposed model extends and integrates existing models on purchase intention by incorporating purchase experience, innovativeness, and perceived self-control as the consumer factors, along with perceived risk, information provision, and perceived price as the Internet shopping mall factors. Second, this study examines how involvement differences may affect consumers' intention to purchase. For this purpose, two factors from involvement theory, involvement type and involvement level, are introduced into the research model as moderating variables. In order to test the proposed model, the overall approach employed was a field study using the structural equation model. We developed our data collection instrument by adopting existing validated questions wherever possible. All question items were measured with a seven-point, Likert-type scale, with anchors ranging from 'strongly disagree' to 'strongly agree.' Two IS researchers reviewed the instrument and checked its face validity. We collected empirical data for this study over a period of two weeks from subjects who had purchase experiences through Internet shopping malls. A total of 473 complete and valid responses were obtained. We carried out data analysis using a two-step methodology with AMOS 4.0. The first step in the data analysis was to establish the convergent and discriminant validity of the constructs. In the second step, we examined the structural model based on the cleansed measurement model. The empirical results partly support the proposed model and identify the moderating effect of involvement differences. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed, along with its limitations.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.65-77
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• 2018

Purpose - A trading area is very closely related to consumer life. A trading area is a cultural and social space that consumes culture and promotes human relationships as well as an economic space where consumers live their daily lives. In this context, a trading area research should be conducted objectively and empirically because it deals with the activities of consumer's life. The purpose of this study is to identify the intrinsic psychological motivation(push motivation) caused when consumers visit a trading area and to demonstrate how the push motivation for a trading area influence on consumer's flow, satisfaction, revisit intention. Research design, data, and methodology - In order to develop research hypotheses for this study, the development procedures for push motivation scale are as follows; (1) generating initial pool of items based on previous studies, (2) expert judgement to evaluate content and face validity, and (3) assessing convergent and discriminant validity using confirmatory factor analysis. In order to achieve these purposes, online surveys were conducted on frequent or familiar visitors to the trading areas around the Gangnam, Kunkuk University and Hongik University Station. Among the 1,343 questionnaires collected, 1,157 cases were analyzed by using SPSS 22.0 and SmartPLS 3.0 statistical package program, except for 186 responses in which responses were judged to be unfaithful. Results - The push motivation was classified into five sub-dimensions of excitement/stimulus, rest/relaxation, exit/refreshing, knowledge/learning and human relationship promotion as multidimensional and complex factors composed of individual and social-related dimensions. The excitement/stimulus and human relationship promotion of push motivation have positive effects on satisfaction. However, all dimensions of the push motivation have positive effects on flow. And flow has a positive effect on satisfaction and revisit intention. Meanwhile, the mediation test using boostrapping shows that flow plays a full mediating role in the relationship between rest/relaxation, exit/refreshing, knowledge/learning and satisfaction, but a partial mediating rol e between excitement/stimulus, human relationship promotion and satisfaction. Finally, satisfaction plays a partial mediating role between flow and revisit intention. Conclusions - This study shows that the push motivation is multidimensional and compositive depending on the situation of a consumer. In addition, it is found that the human relationship promotion(a social-related motivation) has a much more important effect on flow and satisfaction than other push motivations of individual dimensions. It also shows that satisfaction increases when consumers are being flowed at their visit and degree of revisit intention also grows as satisfaction increases. As implications of this study, a marketer should try to understand consumer's visit motivation at first and then develop factors that increase their flow, satisfaction, revisit intention. It also requires a marketer to approach subjects on a trading area more objectively and empirically based on the psychology and behavior of consumers, in order to establish a proper and efficient strategy on development of a trading area.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.663-686
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of convergent approach of mathematics education on students' problem-solving ability and self-efficacy by designing and applying mathematics curriculum based on STEAM. The results are as follows. First, the test results between the two groups did not show any statistically significant difference in terms of problem solving ability, but the experimental group showed a higher average score than the comparative group. Compared with the standard deviation of the experimental group, It can be seen that the level of difference between students is great. This suggests that STEAM-based mathematics lessons have a positive effect on the problem solving ability of low-level students. Second, the results of the self-efficacy t-test of STEAM-based mathematics class showed statistically significant results at a 5% significance level. In the sub-domain, the preference for the difficulty of the mathematics task, except math self-confidence and the math self-regulation efficacy, were statistically significant at a 5% significance level. This study shows that STEAM-based mathematics classes have a positive effect on the students' positive aspects. Through the STEAM program, students learn that mathematics is connected with other fields, and it provides an opportunity to explore on their own, and they more became interested, motivated, and achievement. Also, through the results of the STEAM-based mathematics class, it can be seen that the expressive power and self-confidence are increased by using the non-formal representation outside of the existing formal representation center. The result of this study can be summarized as follows: A STEAM-based mathematics class has a positive effect on problem solving ability and self-efficacy. Therefore, it is interpreted that the application of the STEAM program focusing on mathematics accounts for education effectives.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.373-384
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• 2000

The goal of this paper is to develop a computational method to predict cancellous bone density distributions based upon continuum levels of volumetric strain. Volumetric strain is defined as the summation of normal strains, excluding shear strains, within an elastic range of loadings. Volumetric strain at a particular location in a cancellous structure changes with changes of the boundary conditions (prescribed displacements, tractions, and pressure). This change in the volumetric strain is postulated to predict the adaptive change in the bone apparent density. This bone remodeling theory based on volumetric strain is then used with the finite element method to compute the apparent density distribution for cancellous bone in both lumbar spine and proximal femur using an iterative algorithm, considering the dead zone of strain stimuli. The apparent density distribution of cancellous bone predicted by this method has the same pattern as experimental data reported in the literature (Wolff 1892, Keller et al. 1989, Cody et al. 1992). The resulting bone apparent density distributions predict Young's modulus and strength distributions throughout cancellous bone in agreement with the literature (Keller et al. 1989, Carter and Hayes 1977). The method was convergent and sensitive to changes in boundary conditions. Therefore, the computational algorithm of the present study appears to be a useful approach to predict the apparent density distribution of cancellous bone (i.e. a numerical approximation for Wolff's Law)

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.1179-1206
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• 2018

Korea has entered into a post-industrial era with the Constitution of the industrial age, which defines 'science technology' as a means for national economic development. For Constitutional amendment for the new era, it is necessary to identify the "inertia of the industrial age" adhered to the Constitution. To this end, I analyzed the Constitution concerning 'science-technology' with comparative legal study and diachronic approach. The "inertia of the industrialization age" implied by the Constitution is as follows. First, it is constriction of 'science and technology'. In the Constitution, science is subordinate to technology, technology is limited to science. Second, it marks 'science and technology' as a means for economic development. Third, 'innovation' in Article 127 is still conceived as 'development or promotion'. The 'science' must be liberated from the means for industrial technology, and the 'technology' must be convergent with diversity and creativity. In addition, a constitutional provision acknowledging various influences of science and technology other than economic development is required, which means constitutional declaration of 'science and technology state principle'. Finally, in the era of so-called 'the Fourth Industrial Revolution', the Korean national innovation system(KNIS) should be re-established within the framework of the Constitution. In the post-industrial era, the pursuit of technological innovation system should based on individual freedom and creativity to the best in all areas of science, technology, politics, economy, society and culture. Therefore, renaissance of Article 5 of the constitutional Constitution is required for the KNIS, which had made 'Creativity' the basic character of the state along with 'Liberty and Equality'.

• Design Convergence Study
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.109-123
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• 2018

This exploratory research examines a new approach to the healing environment in the changed health paradigm, and seeks to conceptualize the extended characteristics of the healing environment in the context of mental health promotion. This study aims to, first, define the concepts of health, mental health, and the healing environment in the changed paradigm, and second, develop the healing characteristics of the physical environment for mental health promotion and create indicators. For these purposes, this study performed a theoretical exploration that could support the concept of the healing environment for mental health promotion by expanding its scope into not only architecture, psychology, and psychiatry but also philosophy of architecture and environment psychology, which concerns the relationship between humans and the environment. This study considers related theories and attempts to establish a new concept from a convergent perspective. The characteristics of the healing environment categorized as a result of exploratory research on previous studies and theories include (a) physical protection promotion, (b) psychological comfort promotion, (c) social exchange promotion, and (d) personal self-esteem promotion. Establishing the concept of the healing environment for mental health promotion is important to implement the actual healing environment. Based on the concept, more specific design indicators and guidelines could be developed to conduct applied research.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 2024

Background: This study examines the relationship between functional disability and work ability in workers affected by low back pain (LBP) through an analysis of correlations between the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Work Ability Index (WAI). The role of personal and work factors on functional disability/work ability levels has also been studied. LBP is the most common musculoskeletal problem and a major disabling health problem worldwide. Its etiology is multifactorial. Multidisciplinary approaches may help reduce the burden of pain and disability and improve job continuity and reintegration at work. Methods: A cohort of 264 patients affected by LBP from an Italian outpatient clinic were included in a clinical diagnostic/therapeutic trial aiming at rehabilitation and return to work through an integrated investigation protocol. Data were collected during the first medical examination using anamnestic and clinical tools. The final sample is composed of 252 patients, 57.1% man, 44.0 % blue collars, 46.4% with the high school degree, 45.6% married. Results: WAI and ODI reported a negative and fair correlation (r = -0.454; p = .000). Workers with acute LBP symptoms have a higher probability of severe disability than those with chronic LBP symptoms. White collars without depressive symptoms reported higher work ability - even in chronic disability conditions-than those with depressive symptoms. Conclusion: The study found that ODI and WAI have a convergent validity and this suggests that the two tools measure capture distinctive aspects of disability related to personal, environmental, and occupational characteristics. The most important and modifiable prognostic factors found for ODI and WAI were depressive symptoms, workday absence, and intensity of back pain. The study also found a mild association between age and ODI. The study's findings highlight the importance of using a multidisciplinary approach to manage and prevent disability due to LBP.