• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.399-406
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• 2000

The effect of inlay surface treatment on bonding was investigated when resin inlay was bonded to resin-modified glass-ionomer base with resin cement. For the preparation of glass-ionomer base, resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (Fuji II LC, GC Co., Japan) was filled in class I cavities of 7mm in diameter and 2mm in depth made in plastic molds. Eighty eight resin inlay specimens were made with Charisma$^{(R)}$ (Kulzer, Germany) and then randomly assigned to the four different surface treatment conditions: Group I, $50{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide sandblasting and silane treatment ; Group II, silane treatment alone ; Group III, sandblasting alone, and Group IV (control), no surface treatment. After a dentin bonding agent with primer (One-Step$^{TM}$, Bisco Inc., IL., U.S.A.) was applied to bonding surface of resin inlay and base, resin inlay were cemented to glass-ionomer base with a resin cement (Choice$^{TM}$, Bisco Inc., IL., U.S.A.). Shear bond strengths of each specimens were measured using Instron universal testing machine (4202 Instron, lnstron Co., U.S.A.) and fractured surfaces were examined under the stereoscope. Statistical analysis was done with one-way ANOVA and Dunkan's multiple range test. The results were as follows: 1. Sandblasting and silane treatment provided the greatest bond strength(10.56${\pm}$1.95 MPa), and showed a significantly greater bond strength than sandblasting alone or no treatment (p<0.05). 2. Silane treatment provided a significantly greater bond strength(9.77${\pm}$2.04 MPa) than sandblasting alone or no treatment (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in bond strength between sandblasting treatment and silane one (p>0.05). 3. Sandblasting alone provided no significant difference in bond strength from no treatment (p>0.05). 4. Stereoscopic examination of fractured surface showed that sandblasting and silane treatment or silane treatment alone had more cohesive failure mode than adhesive failure mode. 5. In relationship between shear bond strength and failure mode, cohesive failure occurred more frequently as bond strength increased.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.502-508
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• 1997

Rice bran dietary fiber extract, which was obtained after termamyl treatment of defatted rice bran contained $27.3{\sim}30.5%$ protein, $49.7{\sim}54.1%$ insoluble dietary fiber, and $1.9{\sim}2.7%$ soluble dietary fiber. Extrusion decreased the insoluble dietary fiber content but increased the soluble dietary fiber content, while roasting did not. Influence those content. Each mineral element content was depended upon heat processing method. Extrusion increased the water binding capacity and L value, while roasting reduced the water binding capacity and L value. Scanning electron microscopy showed damaged cell walls for extruded sample compared to roasted one which had fully collapsed cell walls. The increase of water absorption, developing time, and stability and the of MTI of wheat flour-dietary fiber extract composites with addition of dietary fiber extract were observed by Farinograph. Rice bran dietary fiber extract had an effect on the bread making resulting in increase of bread weight and color of crumb and crust, and decrease of bread volume and texture. As a result of sensory evaluation, appearance, texture, overall acceptability were significantly different from control but flavor and taste were not different significantly up to 6% level. Heat treated samples had differences in mean values, but not significant differences statistically.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.657-661
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• 2001

Osteoporosis that is associated with ovarian hormone deficiency following menopause (postmenopausal osteoporosis) is by far the most common cause of age-related bone loss. Isoflavone has been reported as a natural substance that possibly minimizes bone loss in postmenopausal women. This study was conducted to investigate the preventing, treating effects of isoflavone on bone loss in ovariectomized rats. 120 Sprague Dawley rats of 13 week-old were devided into 2 groups, a treatment group and prevention group. Each group was consisted of six subgroups; control (CON), sham operated (SH) or ovariectomized (OVX) and isoflavone supplemented goups: OVX+0.25mg isoflavone/kg diet (OL), OVX+0.8mg isoflavone/kg diet(OM) and OVX+2.5mg isoflavone/kg diet(OH). to study the preventing effects of isoflavone on bone loss, OL, OM and OH groups were fed with isoflavone from 4 days after ovariectomization. Treating effects of isoflavone on bone metabolism were investigated with OL, OM, OH groups supplemented with isoflavone from 8 weeks after ovariectomization. Isoflavone supplementation continued for 8 weeks. At 8 weeks after ovariectomization significant increase in alkaline phosphatase occurred comparing with CON and SH group. By isoflavone supplementation from 4 days after ovariectomy alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline were lowered and bone mineral density, bone strength of the femur and tibia and bone dry weight were slightly enhanced with no significant difference. Isoflavone supplemented group at the level of 0.8mg/kg diet (OM group) had significantly lower serum alkaline phosphatase, urinary hydroxyproline, and higher strength of femur than OVX group. Groups with isoflavone supplementation fro 8 weeks after ovariectomy had lower level of serum alkaline phosphatase, urinary hydroxyproline than OVX group. Bone mineral density, bone dry weight and bone strength of the femur and tibia were slightly enhanced by isoflavone supplementation. However there was no significanct difference between OVS ad isoflavone supplementation groups. The results suggest that isoflavone might have potential role for preventing postmenopausal bone loss. Isoflavone supplementation at early stage of postemenopause may be beneficial to age-related bone health.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.3
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• pp.314-322
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• 1989

For the improvement of nursery condition and the study of eco-physiological characteristics of Pinus koraiensis(2-2) seedlings, the primary productivity was investigated and the growth characteristics and their correlationship were analyzed from May to September in 1987. Seedlings used in this study were grown at the nursery of Experimental Forestry of Kyung Hee Univ. The installation of experimental plots were divided into control plot (100%), 63%, 37% and 19% relative light intensity, and each relative light intensity plots were split into $15{\times}15/m^2$, $12{\times}12/m^2$, $9{\times}9/m^2$ and $6{\times}6/m^2$ plnting density by randomized black design method. To take into account the edge effect of plant population, material were selected from each plot by random sampling at 30 days interval. Each sampled material was divided into leaf and stem drived in a drying oven at the temperature of $85^{\circ}C$ until it had constant weight and weighed. and leaf area was surveyed. Growth analysis for RGR and NAR was done by Blackman method and correlation coefficient were investigated between RGR and NAR by analyzing the dry matter production and growth characteristics of the material, cultivated on the experimental nursery under the condition of different treatment the obtained result were as follows : 1. The increasing rate of dry matter was similar at early stage of growth, but not at late stage. 2. Leaf area growth was the maximum value at 63% relative light intensity and the minimum at 19% RLI 3. The value of RGR was the highest on June under $6{\times}6/m^2$ planting density in 63% relative light intensity, the lowest on September under $12{\times}12/m^2$ of 19% relative light intensity. 4. The change NAR decreased in early stage of growth, while it increased on August and September, The value of RGR on June under $6{\times}6/m^2$ planting density in 100 light intensity was the highest, and on September under $12{\times}12/m^2$ planting density in 19% relative light intensity was the lowest. 5. Regression and correlation between RGR and NAR showed significantly positive.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.111-115
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• 2007

It is inevitable to use germicidal agents like parabens, imidazolidinyl urea, phenoxyethanol and chlorphenesin to preserve the cosmetics. Although effective in reducing microblological contamination, chemical preservatives are irritative, allergenic and even toxic to human skin. So it is needed to decrease or eliminate usage of preservatives in cosmetic products Glycerin, butylene glycol (BG), prorylene glycol (PG), and dipropylene glycol (DPG) are widely used in cosmetics as skin conditioning agent or solvents. At high concentrations, they have antimicrobial activities, but deteriorate product quality like sensory feeling or safety. The purpose of study is to evaluate the effects of polyols on antimicrobial and preservative efficacy and confirm whether using adjusted polyols can decrease the contents of preservatives without deterioration of the quality of cosmetics. Effects of common polyols on antimicrobial activities of general preservatives were measured. BG and PG significantly (p < 0.05) increased activities of preservatives, but glycerin influenced little. It was inferred from the regression analysis of the results with S. aureus that adding 1% of PG increased activities of preservatives up to $2.1{\sim}8.4 %$ and BG improved activities of preservatives up to $1.8{\sim}8.4 %$. The challenge test results for oil in water lotions and creams showed that BG and PG improved the efficacy of preservative systems up to 40 % at a range of $5.5{\sim}9.9 %$, but glycerin had little effect on it. The measured rates of improvement were analogous to the inferences from regression analysis. It can be concluded that is possible to reduce total chemical preservatives up to 40 %, consequently improve the safety and sensory quality of cosmetics with the precision control of polyols. Added to that, using this paradigm, low preservative contents, praraben-free system, and even preservative-free systems can be expected in the near future.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.197-205
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• 2007

This study was to investigate the chemical content and antioxidant activity by the part of Salicornia herbacea as part of using Salicornia herbacea as materials of functional foods. On a basis of the materials, this study was to clarify the nutritional excellence, chemical composition, and antioxidant activity of Salicornia herbacea. From the result of this research above, it may be summed up as follows.The Salicornia herbacea used in the experiment contained the moisture and crude fiber in the stalks a lot, and the protein, fat, and ash in the branches more. As to the content of free amino acid, the content of arginine took in the branches and stems most. Then, it contained threonine, glycine, tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, and lysine, etc. in the branches a lot. Also, it contained threonine, glutamic acid, tyrosine tryptophan alanine, and isoleucine in the stalks a lot. It was shown to be contained of essential amino acids like isoleucine, leucine, threonine, valine, methionine, lysine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan in the branches and steams more. As to the content of fatty acid in Salicornia herbacea, it found out that it contained the unsaturated fatty acid more than the saturated fatty acid. It took the content of eicosenoic acid(20:1) in the branches and stalks most. And then, it contained linoleic acid(18:2), pehtadecenoic acid(15:1), palmitic acid(16:0), and oleic acid(18:1), etc. a lot. As to the antioxidant activity in Salicornia herbacea using the DPPH radical, it was shown to be existed in the largest antioxidant activity when the concentration of methanolextract from Salicornia herbacea was 1 mM. There was higher antioxidant activity than 100 ppm BHT used as control plot when the concentration of methanol extract from the stalks was $100{\mu}M$. From the result of experiment above, Salicornia herbacea contained the essential amino acid a lot. It will be possible to be used as natural antioxidants because it has excellent antioxidant effect. Therefore, this researcher concludes that it will be available in using it as materials of functional foods.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.1
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• pp.65-81
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• 1980

This study is aimed at investigating the compensatory education which was already implemented or is being implemented in the U.S.A. and Japan; and at studying the types of programs and their characteristics; and at sounding out the possibilities of the application of such programs in family and social conditions is Korea. In order to achieve the above mentioned objectives, the established items for the study are as follows: (1) Various types of early children's education (2) Programs of compensatory education for the disadvantaged Children (3) Head Start Program, Early Training Project and Montessori School (4) Integrated Preschool Programs (5) Day-Care Center for employed mothers We investigated the various compensatory education programs for the preschool children who are in economically, socially, culturally disadvantaged conditions. Head Start Programs were federally supported programs for preschool children and opened as summer programs in 1965 for the first time. The purpose of Head Start has been to give preschool children the kinds of experiences they need in preparation for school. The Head Start children were found to be significantly better prepared for school than the normal children. However, after six to eight months, their initial advantages had virtually. disappeared and then the simple problem with Head Start and other such programs was that little long-term good could be evidenced unless the high quality educational environment was maintained. Therefore, to solve this problem, three other programs were funded as part of the overall Head Start. These three programs are the Parent-Child Center, Home Start, and the Child and Family Resources Program. The Early Training Project for disadvantaged children was implemented by Klaus and Gray of Peabody College in 1962. The program was a field research study concerned with the development and testing over time of procedures for improving the educability of young children from low income homes. Its major concern was to study whether it was possible to offset the progressive retardation observed in the public schooling careers of children, living in deprived circumstances. Children, who were trained through the Early Training Project were superior to control groups in the test of IQ and vocabulary as well as linguistic abilities, and preparation for reading. This project showed the possibilities which could prevent preschool children from being disadvantaged socially, culturally and mentally. In 1907, Montessori School was established by Maria Montessori in Italy and her school program has been introduced at present to several countries in the world as one compensatory educations. She first began her experimental methods with retarded children, followed by disadvantaged children from the tenements of Rome. The Montessori approach futures a prepared environment and carefully designed, self-correcting materials. The Montessori curriculum presents tastes that feature sequence, order, and regularity, in addition to those that develop motor and sensory skills. She was interested in children's intellectual development and in developing good work habits. One of the latest developed programs for disadvantaged children is "Integrated Preschool Program" which has successfully integrated handicapped and nonhandicapped children. Several studies have showed that handicapped children in integrated school environments are accepted by and interact with their nonhandicapped peers. In fact, this program provides a number of potential, and perhaps opportunities for nonhandicapped children to serve as valuable resources in fostering the development of their handicapped peers. Next we turn to Japanese programs which are divided into two different types. One is Day-Care Center which was established by Child Welfare Law and the other is kindergarten organized by School Education Law. The kindergarten opened in 1876 and it has been part of school systems since 1947 by the implementation of education law, and the Day-Care Center which started in 1890 for the employed mothers. was changed into Day-Nursery by the enactment of child welfare law in 1947. The laws and operational regulations for the Day-Nursery were set up and were put in effect by the establishment standard acts of children welfare facilities, and the Day-Nursery has been operated in various types by the increasing demand, chiefly because of the socio-economical changes of family structures in both urban and suburban areas. Nursery education for physically and mentally disadvantaged children is for those who are blind, deaf and dumb, mentally retarded; physically disadvantaged by accidents or diseases. Montessori education in Japan was started in 1968 and many research groups for studying Montessori were organized. In 1977, Montessori remedial education society was also organized in which they started a number of studies; a study for developing materials; in-service training for the remedial education; and seminars and lectures, etc It is strongly suggested that we study the early educations that are being implemented in Japan and a variety of compensatory educations that were already implemented in the U.S.A. and modify them for the organization of our own model and properly accommodate them to our social needs.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.497-503
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• 2007

In order to develop a new rice bran danmooji, changes in physicochemical characteristics and texture of danmooji treated with rice bran, Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaf powder, succinic acid, or yeast extract were investigated during salting for 90 days. The PH of rice bran danmooji decreased from PH6.41 initially to pH 4.09 (control group), pH 4.10 (S. rebaudiana treatment S1), pH 3.84 (S. rebaudiana + succinic acid treatment S2), and pH 3.90 (S. rebaudiana+succinic acid+yeast extract treatment S3) after 90 days of salting. At this time, the salinities of rice bran danmooji of the S1, S52, and S3 groups were 2.32%, 1.94% and 2.15% respectively. The hardness of all groups decreased rapidly in the first 30 days of salting, and thereafter showed no changes. After 90 days of salting, the hardness of all groups was $1,186-1,368\;g/cm^2$ with no significant differences between groups. Redness, the a value, of the S2 and S3 groups treated with succinic acid, was lower than that of S3, whereas yellowness, the b value, of S3 treated with succinic acid and yeast extract was the highest of the three groups. Sensory evaluation of rice bran danmooji after 90 days of salting resulted in S3 attaining the highest scores for flavor, taste, texture, and overall acceptability. These results indicate nut high-quality rice bran danmooji may be prepared by addition of S. rebaudiana leaf powder, succinic acid and yeast extract to rice bran.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.445-456
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• 2009

Statement of problem: Many studies have been conducted to improve the primary stability of implants by providing bioactive surfaces via surface treatments. Increase of surface roughness may increase osteoblast activity and promote stronger bonding between bone and implant surface and it has been reported that bioactive surface or titanium can be obtained through alkali and heat treatment. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stability of alkali and heat treated implants via histomorphometric analysis. Material and methods: Specimens were divided into three groups; group 1 was the control group with machined surface, the other groups were treated for 24 hours in 5 M NaOH solution and heat treated for 1 hour at $600^{\circ}C$ in the atmosphere (group 2) and vacuum (group 3) conditions respectively. Surface characteristics were analyzed and fixtures were implanted into rabbits. The specimens were histologically and histomorphometrically compared according to healing periods and change in bone composition were analyzed with EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer). Results: 1. Groups treated with alkali and heat showed increase of oxidization layer and Na ions. Groups 2 which was heat treated in atmosphere showed significant increase of surface roughness (P<.05). 2. Histomorphometric analysis showed significant increase in BIC (bone to implant contact) according to increase in healing period and there was significant increases in groups 2 and 3 (P<.05). 3. BA(bone area) ratio showed similar results as contact ratio, but according to statistical analysis there was significant increase according to increase in healing period in group 2 only (P<.05). 4. EPMA analysis revealed no difference in gradation of bone composition of K, P, Ca, Ti in surrounding bone of implants according to healing periods but groups 2 and 3 showed increase of Ca and P in the initial stages. Conclusion: From the results above, it can be considered that alkali and heat treated implants in the atmosphere have advantages in osseointegration in early stages and may decrease the time interval between implantation and functional adaptation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.490-500
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• 2017

This study was performed to evaluate repeated dose oral toxicity upon administration of the test substance 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one for 90 days and to determine NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) and target organs in Sprague-Dawley rats. Single, 2-week repeated, and 13-week repeated oral dose toxicity studies were conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats. The dose levels of groups were 1,250, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg/d. All dose groups were compared with the vehicle control group. The animals were observed for clinical signs and weekly body weight. Urinalysis, hematology, and serum biochemistry analyses were conducted. Subsequently, animals were sacrificed and subjected to histopathological examination. For the result, NOAEL of ethanol extract from unripe fruit of bitter melon had an optimal dose of 5,000 mg/kg/d and acceptable daily intake up to 3,000 mg/man. There was no target organ detected. Therefore, bitter melon, which contains a variety of bioactive substances, could be widely used as a health functional food ingredient.