Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.4047/jkap.2009.47.4.445

A histomorphometric study on the effect of surface treatment on the osseointegration  

Choi, Woong-Jae (Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Dankook University)
Cho, In-Ho (Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Dankook University)
Publication Information
The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics / v.47, no.4, 2009 , pp. 445-456 More about this Journal
Abstract
Statement of problem: Many studies have been conducted to improve the primary stability of implants by providing bioactive surfaces via surface treatments. Increase of surface roughness may increase osteoblast activity and promote stronger bonding between bone and implant surface and it has been reported that bioactive surface or titanium can be obtained through alkali and heat treatment. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stability of alkali and heat treated implants via histomorphometric analysis. Material and methods: Specimens were divided into three groups; group 1 was the control group with machined surface, the other groups were treated for 24 hours in 5 M NaOH solution and heat treated for 1 hour at $600^{\circ}C$ in the atmosphere (group 2) and vacuum (group 3) conditions respectively. Surface characteristics were analyzed and fixtures were implanted into rabbits. The specimens were histologically and histomorphometrically compared according to healing periods and change in bone composition were analyzed with EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer). Results: 1. Groups treated with alkali and heat showed increase of oxidization layer and Na ions. Groups 2 which was heat treated in atmosphere showed significant increase of surface roughness (P<.05). 2. Histomorphometric analysis showed significant increase in BIC (bone to implant contact) according to increase in healing period and there was significant increases in groups 2 and 3 (P<.05). 3. BA(bone area) ratio showed similar results as contact ratio, but according to statistical analysis there was significant increase according to increase in healing period in group 2 only (P<.05). 4. EPMA analysis revealed no difference in gradation of bone composition of K, P, Ca, Ti in surrounding bone of implants according to healing periods but groups 2 and 3 showed increase of Ca and P in the initial stages. Conclusion: From the results above, it can be considered that alkali and heat treated implants in the atmosphere have advantages in osseointegration in early stages and may decrease the time interval between implantation and functional adaptation.
Keywords
Titanium implant; Alkali and heat treatment; Osseointegration;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 3  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Albrektsson T, Bra$\aa$nemark PI, Hansson HA, Lindstr$\H{o}$m J. Osseointegrated titanium implants. Requirements for ensuring a long-lasting, direct bone-to-implant anchorage in man. Acta Orthop Scand 1981;52:155-70   DOI   PUBMED
2 Kang BS, Cho IH. A histomorphometric and stability of two kinds of implants with different surface roughness. J Korean Acad Oral Maxillofac Implants 2001;5:42-69
3 Lautenschlager EP, Monaghan P. Titanium and titanium alloys as dental materials. Int Dent J 1993;43:245-53   PUBMED   ScienceOn
4 Babbush CA, Kent JN, Misiek DJ. Titanium plasmasprayed (TPS) screw implants for the reconstruction of the edentulous mandible. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1986;44:274-82   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Gotfredsen K, Wennerberg A, Johansson C, Skovgaard LT, Hj$\/{o}$rting-Hansen E. Anchorage of $TiO_2$-blasted, HA-coat ed, and machined implants: an experimental study with rabbits. J Biomed Mater Res 1995;29:1223-31   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Ishizawa H, Ogino M. Characterization of thin hydroxyapatite layers formed on anodic titanium oxide films containing Ca and P by hydrothermal treatment. J Biomed Mater Res 1995;29:1071-9   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Lee JM, Kim YS, Kim CW, Jang KS, Lim YJ. A study on the responses of osteoblasts to various surface-treated titanium. J Korean Acad Prosthodont 2004;42:307-19   과학기술학회마을   ScienceOn
8 Kim HM, Miyaji F, Kokubo T, Nakamura T. Effect of heat treatment on apatite-forming ability of Ti metal induced by alkali treatment. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1997;8:341-7   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Wang CX, Wang M, Zhou X. Nucleation and growth of apatite on chemically treated titanium alloy: an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study. Biomaterials 2003;24:3069-77   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Hench L. Bioceramics: From concept to clinic. J Am Ceram Soc 1991;74:1487-510   DOI
11 Tzaphlidou M, Speller R, Royle G, J Griffiths. High resolution Ca/P maps of bone architecture. Research Highlights 2002-2003;76-9
12 Tzaphlidou M, Speller R, Royle G, Griffiths J. Preliminary estimates of the calcium/phosphorus ratio at different cortical bone sites using synchrotron microCT. Phys Med Biol 2006;51:1849-55   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Tzaphlidou M, Zaichick V. Sex and age related Ca/P ratio in cortical bone of iliac crest of healthy humans. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2004;259:347-49   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Kim HW, Kim HE, Salih V, Knowles JC. Sol-gel-modified titanium with hydroxyapatite thin films and effect on osteoblast-like cell responses. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005;74:294-305   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
15 Donath K, Breuner G. A method for the study of undecalcified bones and teeth with attached soft tissues. The S¨age-Schliff (sawing and grinding) technique. J Oral Pathol 1982;11:318-26   DOI   PUBMED
16 Sennerby L, Thomsen P, Ericson L. Early tissue response to titanium implants inserted in rabbit cortical bone, Part 2: Ultrastuctural observations. J Mater in Med 1993;4:494-502   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Larsson C, Thomsen P, Lausmaa J, Rodahl M, Kasemo B, Ericson LE. Bone response to surface modified titanium implants: studies on electropolished implants with different oxide thicknesses and morphology. Biomaterials 1994;15:1062-74   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Sul YT, Byon ES, Jeong Y. Biomechanical measurements of calcium-incorporated oxidized implants in rabbit bone: effect of calcium surface chemistry of a novel implant. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2004;6:101-10   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Song YS, Cho IH. Surface characteristics and stability of implants treated with alkali and heat. J Korean Acad Prosthodont 2008;46:490-9   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Maitz MF, Poon RW, Liu XY, Pham MT, Chu PK. Bioactivity of titanium following sodium plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition. Biomaterials 2005; 26:5465-73   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Kasemo B, Lausmaa J. Biomaterial and implant surfaces: a surface science approach. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1988;3:247-59   PUBMED
22 Pouilleau J, Devilliers D, Garrido F, Durand-Vidal S, Mahe E. Structure and composition of passive titanium oxide film. Mater Sci Eng 1997;47:235-43   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Kokubo T, Miyaji F, Kim HM, Nakamura T. Spontaneous formation of bonelike apatite layer on chemically treated titanium metals. J Am Ceram Soc 1996;79:1127-9   DOI
24 Jon$\sov$\ L, M$\"{u}$ller FA, Helebrant A, Strnad J, Greil P. Hydroxyapatite formation on alkali-treated titanium with different content of Na+ in the surface layer. Biomaterials 2002;23:3095-101   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Park KH, Chang IT. Osseointegration of anodized titanium implants. J Korean Acad Prosthodont 2004;42:267-77
26 Wennerberg A, Albrektsson T, Lausmaa J. Torque and histomorphometric evaluation of c.p. titanium screws blasted with 25- and 75-microns-sized particles of Al2O3. J Biomed Mater Res 1996;30:251-60   DOI   PUBMED
27 Sul YT, Johansson C, Albrektsson T. Which surface properties enhance bone response to implants? Comparison of oxidized magnesium, TiUnite, and Osseotite implant surfaces. Int J Prosthodont 2006;19:319-28   PUBMED   ScienceOn
28 Sennerby L, Thomsen P, Ericson L. Early tissue response to titanium implants inserted in rabbit cortical bone, Part 1: Light microscopic observations. J Mater in Med 1993; 4:240-50   DOI
29 Sul YT, Johansson CB, Jeong Y, R$\"{o}$ser K, Wennerberg A, Albrektsson T. Oxidized implants and their influence on the bone response. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2001;12:1025-31   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Nishiguchi S, Nakamura T, Kobayashi M, Kim HM, Miyaji F, Kokubo T. The effect of heat treatment on bonebonding ability of alkali-treated titanium. Biomaterials 1999;20:491-500   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Buser D, Schenk RK, Steinemann S, Fiorellini JP, Fox CH, Stich H. Influence of surface characteristics on bone integration of titanium implants. A histomorphometric study in miniature pigs. J Biomed Mater Res 1991;25:889-902   DOI   PUBMED
32 Choi JW, Kim KN, Heo SJ, Chang IT, Han JH, Baik HK, Choi YC, Wennerberg A. The effects of various surface treatment methods on the osseointegration. J Korean Acad Prosthodont 2001;39:71-83   과학기술학회마을   ScienceOn
33 Kieswetter K, Schwartz Z, Dean DD, Boyan BD. The role of implant surface characteristics in the healing of bone. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1996;7:329-45   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Br$\aa$nemark P, Zarb G, Albrektsson T. Tissue integrated prostheses : Osseointegration in clinical dentistry. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co. 1985; p221-9
35 Pan J, Thierry D, Leygraf C. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study of the passive oxide film on titanium for implant application. Electrochim Acta 1996;41:1143-53   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Eliades T. Passive film growth on titanium alloys: physicochemical and biologic considerations. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1997;12:621-7   PUBMED   ScienceOn
37 Lim JB, Cho IH. A study on the surface characteristics and stability of implants treated with anodic oxidation and fluorideincorporation. J Korean Acad Stomatognathic Func Occl 2006;22:349-64
38 Sul YT, Johansson C, Wennerberg A, Cho LR, Chang BS, Albrektsson T. Optimum surface properties of oxidized implants for reinforcement of osseointegration: surface chemistry, oxide thickness, porosity, roughness, and crystal structure. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2005;20:349-59   PUBMED   ScienceOn
39 Darvell BW, Samman N, Luk WK, Clark RK, Tideman H. Contamination of titanium castings by aluminium oxide blasting. J Dent 1995;23:319-22   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Wennerberg A, Albrektsson T. Suggested guidelines for the topographic evaluation of implant surfaces. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2000;15:331-44   PUBMED   ScienceOn
41 Brauner H. Corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of physical vapour deposition coatings for dental applications. Surf Coat Technol 1993;62:618-25   DOI   ScienceOn
42 Johansson CB, Albrektsson T. A removal torque and histomorphometric study of commercially pure niobium and titanium implants in rabbit bone. Clin Oral Implants Res 1991;2:24-9   DOI   ScienceOn
43 Kokubo T, Kim HM, Kawashita M, Nakamura T. Bioactive metals: preparation and properties. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2004;15:99-107   DOI   ScienceOn
44 Wong M, Eulenberger J, Schenk R, Hunziker E. Effect of surface topology on the osseointegration of implant materials in trabecular bone. J Biomed Mater Res 1995;29:1567-75   DOI   PUBMED
45 Sanz A, Oyarz$\n A, Farias D, Diaz I. Experimental study of bone response to a new surface treatment of endosseous titanium implants. Implant Dent 2001;10:126-31   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
46 Marinho VC, Celletti R, Bracchetti G, Petrone G, Minkin C, Piattelli A. Sandblasted and acid-etched dental implants: a histologic study in rats. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2003;18:75-81   PUBMED   ScienceOn
47 Peutzfeldt A, Asmussen E. Distortion of alloy by sandblasting. Am J Dent 1996;9:65-6   PUBMED   ScienceOn
48 Chosa N, Taira M, Saitoh S, Sato N, Araki Y. Characterization of apatite formed on alkaline-heat-treated Ti. J Dent Res 2004;83:465-9   DOI   ScienceOn