• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.23-40
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• 2020

This study examined the background of IMO environmental regulations and countermeasures of domestic and foreign liner shipping companies and also analyzed the additional cost and profitability of container shipping companies by implementation of IMO 2020, when the fuel oil is converted to low sulfur oil. The results show that the national flag carrier would incur significant additional costs when using low sulfur oil, which would worsen its profitability in all scenarios. These analysis results suggest that for regional shipping companies need reasonable BAF setting standards, which is flexible to the price of fuel oil and also seek ways to co-exist through mutual cooperation among oil refiners, shippers and shipping companies.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to explore the nature of the relationship between several factors representing perceived port service quality and the adaptability to the marketing strategy of container terminal. An empirical study was carried out to examine not only the determinants of port service quality using PZB's SERVQUAL model but also its implications to the service marketing strategy. The data investigating the determinants of port service quality were collected from 136 managers from shipping companies by the use of questionnaire method. Factor analysis and t-test were carried out to analyze the data. The results of this study were as follows ; First, Shipping companies perceive the port service quality on two the dimensions of personnel and material aspects. Second, Shipping companies put more emphasis on the reliance of port service quality even though the port authority offers good facilities and materials as parts of port shipping quality. Third, There is a significant relationship between the purchase intention and the customer satisfaction. These findings help not only to formulate service marketing strategy based on service quality but also to be a concept tool to enhance port service quality.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.267-275
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• 2006

Due to the growth of container traffic and port competition, ports have increasingly been under pressure to improve their efficiency in port operation and port management for competitive edge. The purpose of this study is to compare the technical efficiency among major container terminals in China, Korea and Singapore using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). This paper analyses the returns-to-scale using the output orientation of VRS and CRS model. The benefits of this study examining the relative performance of container terminals will enable container terminal operating companies or port policy makers in those countries to identify current slacks and to set up a proper port management and operation plan to improve their productivity.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.215-234
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• 2012

Since ports play a role of gateway to the sea and hinterlands, it is essential to analyse the networks of shipping and inland when evaluating the function and development of a port. The container port of Gwangyang, starting to operate its facilities in 1998, has developed itself as a hub port. Using the data of shipping schedules of Korean ports and the measurement of centrality in sociology, this study analyses the process of world-wide shipping network expansion in Gwangyang and concludes some implications including earlier development of shipping networks due to incentives to shipping companies. Although Gwangyang port also has been expanding its inland network through developing trucking, railway transport, and coastal shipping, it has weakness in inland network as in the cases of interruption in 2004, resumption in 2009 and re-interruption in 2012 at coastal shipping. In 2000s the expansion of shipping and inland networks at the newly built container ports such as Pyungtaek, Ulsan, and Gunsan has enticed the competition among Korean ports at each hinterland. Nevertheless, the operation of Gwangyang container port is considered to affect indirectly the relocation of some manufacturers including Samsung Electronics. Studies on interrelation between development of container port and geographical demography of manufacturers are needed to assess the effects of container port on regional economy.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 2005

It has been more recent trends in container trade to make bogger ship from shipowners that many more parties concerned are getting involved. Well, it is natural to swift these situations if we have looked into container trade market in present time, which a lot of trade volumes has increased in world economy. Thus, supply side of shipping service needs to employ more capacity in the shipping market, then newbuilding may be compulsory options, that is deployment of larger ships. To cope with market situations as able shipowner, some alternatives can be also adopted, such as newbuilding, chartering and securing the space by strategic alliance. But whatever he does, shipowner has to keep in mind to prepare for the future. This is much more important factor considered to make investment decision in case of newbuilding and then he can make more efficient decision as well. However, there has been a little problems arisen due to larger ship employed on the trade route, which is linked with seaport, shipping companies and freight rates as well. Although shipowner decides to build new larger vessel as one of corporate strategic decision, there are many questions to be considered in advance. Therefore, in order to take more efficient decision, shipowner has to take into an account various situations surrounded, and then it can lead truly thoughtful decision making process.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.92-100
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• 2009

Today international trade through maritime transportation is significantly increasing. Due to this increase, shipping companies are faced with problems concerning the repositioning of empty containers from import dominant ports. The liner shipping service network has been provided to transport containers which load customers' freights. Container ships are moved on the liner shipping service network by observing the predetermined route and transportation time. This research deals with the empty containers distribution problem considering the container ship route. A mathematical model based on the mixed integer program has been introduced in this study. The objective is to minimize the total relevant costs of empty containers such as handling, leasing, and inventory holding, etc. Due to the complexity of the problem, a genetic algorithm has been suggested to solve large sized problems within a reasonable time. Numerical experiments have been conducted to show the efficiency of the genetic algorithm.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.19
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• pp.96-118
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• 2003

Government tries to revise the article 25 in Korea Maritime Transport Act which describes subject of coastal carriage for exported-imported container cargoes. The subject of coastal carriage will be replaced coastal carrier by ocean liner carrier according to the revised article 25. By adopting the revised article, coastal shipping industry will be deteriorated in terms of returns on investment, sales and etc. Even though the revision is inevitable to harmonize the flow of exported-imported container cargo movement, coastal shipping industry should be developed and restructured to get competitive power and to set up an efficient international logistics system. To enhance competitive power of coastal shipping companies successfully, government must realize the importance of coastal shipping, and aid the industry through various methods such as arrangement of law and regulation, indirected financial assistance, decrease of tax rate, etc.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.11-30
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• 2017

In addition to recession, world shipping companies are undergoing restructuring due to excess of "World Container Cargo volume" per "World Containership capacity" (in TEU terms). This excess is attributed to the absence of standard index of calculating the "World Containership capacity" (in TEU terms) for "World Container Cargo volume." The purpose of this study is to develop indices and terms: "World Containership capacity (in TEU terms) Standards Index; WCSI" and "World Containership capacity (in TEU terms) Expected Index; WCEI." The comparison between "WCSI" and "WCEI" made in this study is presented below. WCSI (Average voyage 9.3) > WCEI Excess shipping (in TEU terms) WCSI (Average voyage 9.3) = WCEI Optimum shipping (in TEU terms) WCSI (Average voyage 9.3) < WCEI Short shipping (in TEU terms) WCSI=HRCI $1000{\pm}150$ Value approx. The study shows that it is possible to predict "optimal supply of the world's containership capacity" (in TEU terms), "excess or shortage of shipping" (in TEU terms), "order time of container-ship capacity building" (in TEU terms), "order quantity of containership capacity" (in TEU terms), and "stable of World Shipping Companies" by "WCSI" and "WCEI." The development of "WCSI" and "WCEI" aim to help overcome the crisis of recession by establishing effective business strategies for world shipping companies and their supporting companies.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.775-781
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• 2004

This study aims at helping Chinese container liners keep constant competitiveness in the heated competition Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a mathematics-based, multi-criteria decision analysis methodology is applied in the study to the performance evaluation on the three biggest Chinese container liners: COSCON, CSCL, and Sinolines. Through the final results of AHP model, we completely learn the current situation of Chinese liners, therefore they are able to enhance the competitive advantage from modifying operation strategy and competition strategy in accordance with the shipping market.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.19-31
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• 2021

This study is aming at analysing the current trend of container shipping industry before and after COVID-19 Pandemic circumstances. Also, this study offers the political implications for 'the Korean Shipping Nation Rebuilding'. As a result of this study, the several global shipping lines have decreased their ship capacity in response to International Maritime Organization(IMO)'s environmental regulation. This finding is differ from the media reports, that is many shipping companies increased idling vessel to match the lower demand induced COVID-19 pandemic. This study also provides the two implications of the direction about Korean shipping policy. The first one is that the casual relationship of over-vessels' supply and Korea shipping policy is needed to be thoroughly analyzed. The importance of Koreans shipping industry is generally devaluated by most citizens so as to the Korean government should develop the mass media contents to enlighten the less wellknown people regarding shipping industry.