• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.87-107
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• 2005

Land Remote Sensing' is defined as the science (and to some extent, art) of acquiring information about the Earth's surface without actually being in contact with it. Narrowly speaking, this is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and applying that information. Remote sensing technology was initially developed with certain purposes in mind ie. military and environmental observation. However, after 1970s, as these high-technologies were taught to private industries, remote sensing began to be more commercialized. Recently, we are witnessing a 0.61-meter high-resolution satellite image on a free market. While privatization of land remote sensing has enabled one to use this information for disaster prevention, map creation, resource exploration and more, it can also create serious threat to a sensed nation's national security, if such high resolution images fall into a hostile group ie. terrorists. The United States, a leading nation for land remote sensing technology, has been preparing and developing legislative control measures against the remote sensing industry, and has successfully created various policies to do so. Through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's authority under the Land Remote Sensing Policy Act, the US can restrict sensing and recording of resolution of 0.5 meter or better, and prohibit distributing/circulating any images for the first 24 hours. In 1994, Presidential Decision Directive 23 ordered a 'Shutter Control' policy that details heightened level of restriction from sensing to commercializing such sensitive data. The Directive 23 was even more strengthened in 2003 when the Congress passed US Commercial Remote Sensing Policy. These policies allow Secretary of Defense and Secretary of State to set up guidelines in authorizing land remote sensing, and to limit sensing and distributing satellite images in the name of the national security - US government can use the civilian remote sensing systems when needed for the national security purpose. The fact that the world's leading aerospace technology country acknowledged the magnitude of land remote sensing in the context of national security, and it has made and is making much effort to create necessary legislative measures to control the powerful technology gives much suggestions to our divided Korean peninsula. We, too, must continue working on the Korea National Space Development Act and laws to develop the necessary policies to ensure not only the development of space industry, but also to ensure the national security.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.32 no.2 s.91
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• pp.107-115
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• 2002

The aim of this study was to investigate experimentally the mechanical and histological effect of drilling process on the stability of micro-implant used for the orthodontic anchorage. For this purpose, 32 micro-implants(Osas$^{(R)}$, Epoch medical, ${\phi}$1.6 mm) were inserted into maxilla, mandible and palate in two beagle dogs. 16 micro-implants(8 per dog) were inserted after drilling with pilot drilling bur (drill method group). 16 micro-implants(8 per dog) were inserted without drilling (drill-free method group). After 1 week, micro-implants were loaded by means of Ni-Ti coil spring (Ni-Ti springs-extension$^{(R)}$, Ormco) with 200-300 gm force. Following 12 weeks, the micro-implants and the surrounding bone were removed. Before sacrifice, the mobilities were tested with Periotest$^{(R)}$(Siemens). Undecalcified serial sections with the long axis were made and the histologic evaluations were done. The results of this study were as follow ; 1. The osseointegration was found in both of drill-free method group and drill method group 2. Two of drill method group and one of drill-free method group in 32 micro-implants were lost after loading. 3. The mobilities of drill-free method group were less than drill method group 4. The bone contact on surface of micro-implants in drill-free method group was more than drill method group but there was no significant difference between groups. 5. The bone density in threads of micro-implants in drill-free method group was more than drill method group and there was significant difference between groups. These results suggest that drill-free method in insertion of micro-implants is superior to drill method on the stabilities, bone remodeling and osseointegrations under early loading.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.213-230
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to analyze the initial movement and the stress distribution of each tooth and periodontal ligament during the lingual lever-arm retraction of 6 maxillary incisors using FEA. Two kinds of finite element models were produced: 2-properties model (simple model) and 24-properties model (multi model) according to the material property assignment. The subject was an adult male of 23 years old. The DICOM images through the CT of the patient were converted into the 3D image model of a skull using the Mimics (version 10.11, Materialise's interactive Medical Image Control System, Materialise, Belgium). After series of calculating, remeshing, exporting, importing process and volume mesh process was performed, FEA models were produced. FEA models are consisted of maxilla, maxillary central incisor, lateral incisor, canine, periodontal ligaments and lingual traction arm. The boundary conditions fixed the movements of posterior, sagittal and upper part of the model to the directions of X, Y, Z axis respectively. The model was set to be symmetrical to X axis. Through the center of resistance of maxilla complex, a retraction force of 200g was applied horizontally to the occlusal plane. Under this conditions, the initial movements and stress distributions were evaluated by 3D FEA. In the result, the amount of posterior movement was larger in the multi model than in the simple model as well as the amount of vertically rotation. The pattern of the posterior movement in the central incisors and lateral incisors was controlled tipping movement, and the amount was larger than in the canine. But the amount of root movement of the canine was larger than others. The incisor rotated downwardly and the canines upwardly around contact points of lateral incisor and canine in the both models. The values of stress are similar in the both simple and multi model.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.295-305
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• 2020

Treatment for beauty using oxidizing agents damages hair with inducing structural alteration in cuticle layer, degradation of protein, and loss of lipid. This study connects a frictional coefficient upon the damaged hair by an instrumental test to the texture test by human being, and considered a moisture as a factor of the damage. A friction coefficient has been measured upon the hair with successive treatment of dye, perm, and bleach. The friction coefficient from the hair dye-treated three times was defined with 0.60, where 58% of answerer indicated an initial damage point as the hairs of iteration of dye-treatment increased. Even bleach treated three times results in 0.84 of friction coefficient corresponding to 88% of answerer attributed the hair to an initially damaged hair. In order to figure out a lipid loss in hair for human being to respond damage, a friction coefficient of the hair was controlled by removing 18-methyleicosanoic acid (18-MEA). The initial damage has been recognized by 0.60 of the friction coefficient for the 68% of answerer. Since moisture is the largest portion of the components in hair, moisture analysis has been performed to study a relationship between texture of damage and the friction coefficient from an instrumental evaluation. As an iteration of dye increases, the hair became hydrophilic with smaller contact angle. It is found that a damaged hair by dyeing possessed more than 0.42% of moisture compared to a healthy hair. Finally, it is elucidated that an increase of moisture in hair induced higher adhesive force corresponding to the friction coefficient, and the friction coefficient above 0.6 is attributed to the preception of hair damage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.51-52
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• 2017

"Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture" means any genetic material of plant origin of actual or potential value for food and agriculture. "Genetic material" means any material of plant origin, including reproductive and vegetative propagating material, containing functional units of heredity. (Internal Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, ITPGRFA). The "Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (ABS) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (shortly Nagoya Protocol)" is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity. It provides a transparent legal framework for the effective implementation of one of the three objectives of the CBD: the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. The Nagoya Protocol on ABS was adopted on 29 October 2010 in Nagoya, Japan and entered into force on 12 October 2014, 90 days after the deposit of the fiftieth instrument of ratification. Its objective is the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, thereby contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. The Nagoya Protocol will create greater legal certainty and transparency for both providers and users of genetic resources by; (a) Establishing more predictable conditions for access to genetic resources and (b) Helping to ensure benefit-sharing when genetic resources leave the country providing the genetic resources. By helping to ensure benefit-sharing, the Nagoya Protocol creates incentives to conserve and sustainably use genetic resources, and therefore enhances the contribution of biodiversity to development and human well-being. The Nagoya Protocol's success will require effective implementation at the domestic level. A range of tools and mechanisms provided by the Nagoya Protocol will assist contracting Parties including; (a) Establishing national focal points (NFPs) and competent national authorities (CNAs) to serve as contact points for information, grant access or cooperate on issues of compliance, (b) An Access and Benefit-sharing Clearing-House to share information, such as domestic regulatory ABS requirements or information on NFPs and CNAs, (c) Capacity-building to support key aspects of implementation. Based on a country's self-assessment of national needs and priorities, this can include capacity to develop domestic ABS legislation to implement the Nagoya Protocol, to negotiate MAT and to develop in-country research capability and institutions, (d) Awareness-raising, (e) Technology Transfer, (f) Targeted financial support for capacity-building and development initiatives through the Nagoya Protocol's financial mechanism, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) (Nagoya Protocol). The Rural Development Administration (RDA) leading to conduct management agricultural genetic resources following the 'ACT ON THE PRESERVATION, MANAGEMENT AND USE OF AGRO-FISHERY BIO-RESOURCES' established on 2007. According to $2^{nd}$ clause of Article 14 (Designation, Operation, etc. of Agencies Responsible for Agro-Fishery Bioresources) of the act, the duties endowed are, (a) Matters concerning securing, preservation, management, and use of agro-fishery bioresources; (b) Establishment of an integrated information system for agro-fishery bioresources; (c) Matters concerning medium and long-term preservation of, and research on, agro-fishery bioresources; (d) Matters concerning international cooperation for agro-fishery bioresources and other relevant matters. As the result the RDA manage about 246,000 accessions of plant genetic resources under the national management system at the end of 2016.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.111-121
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• 2010

Purpose: This 3D-FEA study was performed to investigate the influence of marginal bone loss pattern around the implant to the stress distribution. Material and methods: From the right second premolar to the right second molar of the mandible was modeled according to the CT data of a dentate patient. Teeth were removed and an implant ($\Phi\;4.0{\times}10.0mm$) was placed in the first molar area. Twelve bone models were created; Studied bone loss conditions were horizontal bone loss and vertical bone loss, assumed bone loss patterns during biologic width formation, and pathologic vertical bone loss with or without cortification. Axial, buccolingual, and oblique force was applied independently to the center of the implant crown. The Maximum von Mises stress value and stress contour was observed and von Mises stresses at the measuring points were recorded. Results: The stress distribution patterns were similar in the non-resorption and horizontal resorption models, but differed from those in the vertical resorption models. Models assuming biologic width formation showed altered stress distribution, and weak bone to implant at the implant neck area seams accelerates stress generation. In case of vertical bone resorption, contact of cortical bone to the implant may positively affect the stress distribution.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.3-39
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• 2011

People may operate unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones) thousands of miles from the drone's location. Drones were first used (like balloons) for surveillance. By 2001, the United States began arming drones with missiles and using them to strike targets during combat in Afghanistan. By mid-2010, over forty states and other entities possessed drones, many with the capability of launching missiles and dropping bombs. Each new development in military weapons technology invites assessment of the relevant international law. This Insight surveys the international law applicable to the recent innovation of weaponizing drones. In determining what international law rules govern drone use, the most salient feature is not the fact that drones are unmanned. The fact drones carry no human operator may be the most important new technological breakthrough, but the key feature for international law purposes is the type of weaponry drones carry. Whether law enforcement rules govern drone use depends on the situation and not necessarily who is operating the drone. Battlefield weapons may also be lawfully used before an armed conflict in the following situations: when initiating self-defense under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter; when authorized by the UN Security Council; when a government seeks to suppress internal armed conflict; and, perhaps, when a state is invited to assist a government in suppressing internal armed conflict. The rules governing resort to force in self-defense are found in Article 51 of the UN Charter and a number of decisions by international courts and tribunals. Commentators continue to debate whether drone technology represents the next revolution in military affairs. Regardless of the answer to that question, drones have not created a revolution in legal affairs. The current rules governing battlefield launch vehicles are adequate for regulating resort to drones. More research must be undertaken, however, to understand the psychological effects of deploying unmanned vehicles and the effects on drone operators of sustained, close visual contact with the aftermath of drone attacks.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.42
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• pp.505-524
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• 2016

This study examines the ways District 9, a film released in 2009, reworks the sci-fi genre to explore the human encounter with "other" alien populations. Like Avatar, released in the same year, District 9 addresses the tropes of conflict over land and human-alien hybridity and introduces non-humans and aliens, not as invaders, but as objects of human oppression and cruelty. Unlike many other science fiction films where the encounter between humans and non-humans occurs in an unidentifiable future time and location, District 9 crosses genre barriers to engage with urban realism, producing a social critique of contemporary urban population problems. The arrival of aliens in District 9 occurs as part of the recorded human past and the film's action is carried out in the present time in the specifically identified city of Johannesburg. A distinctly anti-Hollywood film that locates the action at the street level, District 9 plays out human anxieties about contact with others by referencing the divisions and conflicts historically attached to South Africa's sprawling metropolis and its current problems of urban poverty and illegal immigrants. Focusing on how this particular urban setting frames the film, the study investigates the ways Blomkamp's sci-fi film about extra-terrestrials presents a curious postcolonial mix of aliens and immigrants surviving in abject conditions in an urban slum and forces a realistic examination of the contemporary social problems faced by South Africa's largest city and by extension other major global cities. The paper also examines the film's representation of the human-alien hybrid and its potential as a force to resist human exploitation of the other. It also claims that though the setting is highly local, District 9 speaks to a wider global audience by making obvious the exploitative practices of profit-seeking multinationals. A sci-fi film that is keen on making a social commentary on urban population conflicts, District 9 resonates with the wider sense of insecurity and fear of others that form the horizon of the uncertain and potentially violent contemporary human world.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.39
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• pp.137-174
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• 2021

The main theme of this paper centers on how to promote Three Major Works of Daesoon Jinrihoe, charity aid, social welfare, and education projects, during the unification period. Determining the best methods of promotion is crucial because the Three Major Works must be carried out after unification, and the works must remain based on the practice of the philosophy of Haewon-sangsaeng (the Resolution of Grievances for Mutual Beneficence). The idea of Haewon-sangsaeng is in line with the preface of the U.N. Charter and the aim of world peace. North Korean residents are suffering from starvation under their devastated economy, which is certain to face a crisis of materialistic deficiency during reunification. In this study, the peaceful unification of Germany, unification under a period of sudden changes in Yemen, and the militarized unification of Vietnam were taken as case studies to diagnose and analyze the conditions which would affect the implementation of the Three Major Works. These three styles of unification commonly required a considerable budget and other forms of support to carry out the Three Major Works. Especially if unification were to occur after a period of sudden changes, this would require solutions to issues of food, shelter, and medical support due to the loss of numerous lives and the destruction of infrastructure. On the other hand, the UNHCR model was analyzed to determine the implications of expanding mental well prepared and sufficiently qualified professionals, reorganizing standard organizations within complex situations, task direction, preparing sufficient relief goods, budgeting, securing bases in border areas with North Korea, and establishing networks for sponsorship. Based on this, eight detailed tasks in the field of system construction could be used by the operators of the Three Major Works to prepare for unification. Additionally, nine tasks for review were presented in consideration of the timing of unification and the current situation between South and North Korea. In conclusion, in the event of unification, the Three Major Works should not be neglected during the transition period. The manual "Three Major Works during the Unification Period" should include strategic points on organizational formation and mission implementation, forward base and base operation, security and logistics preparation, public relations and external cooperation, safety measures, and transportation and contact systems.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.27
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• pp.197-222
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• 2009

The Reform Movement(戊戌變法) of 1898 was a boundary tablet of modern history of science and technology which inherited the past and ushered in the future. Kang Youwei(康有爲), as a leader, his scientific thoughts opened up the way of Chinese enlightenity campaign and pushed the development of Chinese modem science and had an important position in modem history of scientific thoughts. The dissertation analyses the source, establishment and content of Kang Youwei. Kang Youwei developed the useful and discarded the useless of the view of implement science held by the Westernized Party, undertook a deep and throughout thinking on the nature of science, had cognition of scientific methods and spirit, by which he criticized negative proneness of ancient Chinese views of science. He put forwards a series of practical suggestions on political reform that provided a solid guarantee and support in system for scientific development. Kang Youwei rooted in the soil of Chinese traditional academic culture, but also western learning in modern western civilization. Kang go through Westernization Movement since the in-depth study of Western natural and inevitable outcome of the social sciences, are giving to science and technology. Although he was originally of Western "science" has a lot of misunderstandings and prejudices, but these shallow hazy perceptual knowledge, his view of science which constitutes the basis of the formation. In the course of scientific inquiry, Kang has begun to explore the essence of scientific development. He has a gut feeling that behind the scientific discovery of the existence of a force, which is the scientific truth and is used to grasp the scientific method. After contact with the Western world, with the traditional "Heaven(天)", and modern Chinese intellectuals began to "axiom(公理)" to recover his traditional "Heaven" of the new understanding is reflected mainly in "Zhutianjiang(諸天講)". "Zhutianjiang" is the Kang Yuwei in the absorption of traditional astronomy knowledge base, will the traditional arithmetic, as well as Buddhism and the West since the twentieth century, new knowledge of astronomy combines written. Kang while recognizing that scientific instruments, is nothing more than an extension of the role of the human senses and make the "Dao(道)" is more clear, but the "artifacts(器物)" caused by the inherent limitations of the limited nature of human knowledge, which is "Heaven" boundless nature of the broad terms, refused to concede defeat to. In reality, the activities of political reform, he gradually recognize this real-world helpless, and he recognized that the real world to achieve common ground of social ideal is impossible, so he chose comfort in life that people really get a stage of "Tianyou(天遊)". This is the cause that his writing "Datongshu(大同書)", at the same time, followed by writing "Zhutianjiang" talk "Tianyou".