• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.43-51
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• 2001

Now our ocean environment pollution is very serious. Its harm hinders in marine breeding and the safe navigation of ships at the coast. We have used an assembly system for a measure taken against environment pollution like this. But, here are some problems awaiting solution. First, most of combustible materials among ocean waste are high polymer, so it is necessary some special equipment to incinerate them. In the process we can't overlook air pollution by exhaust gas. Also, when we reclaim these wastes, we remember that they can't be decomposed naturally and leaking water may pollute soil. Thus now a days new treatment method has been developed, it recycles and doesn't product secondary pollution materials by recovering oil from pyrolysis. For it, this study investigated chemicalㆍphysical properties of wastes. And it found condition of recovering the most oil. Also it probed that the variation of temperature raising speed affects the weight reduction characteristics of wastes. Also, while studying recovered oil by waste pyrolysis and the rate of non-condensing gas in accordance with the variation of temperature raising speed. Finally we had confidence the development of pyrolysis oil recovery would succeed because we carried out evaluation at an economic point of view about it.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.310-315
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• 2017

Although studies evaluating the effects of the blasting vibration on the adjacent structures from various angles have continued, cases of securing the safety of the adjacent buildings and researching the proper blasting method for the field condition by analyzing the vibration waveform of the measuring field while performing the open pit blasting are poor. Therefore, it is necessary to present a remedy for blasting pattern selection through test blasting that is appropriate for field conditions, and is economical and efficient. In this study, open pit blasting work was conducted based on the separation distance applied according to the standard blasting method by test blasting and the vibration regulation standard in the road expansion construction site to measure the blasting vibration value, and the vibration prediction equation by blasting methods was examined using a regression analysis computer program to calculate K, N, and R of the confidence level 95%. By setting the blasting allowed vibration standard of the test blasting target area to 0.3cm/sec, and the charring weight and blasting method by the separation distances according to the blasting vibration estimation equation of the open pit blasting guideline and the blasting vibration estimation equation of the test blasting were compared/analyzed, it was possible to identify the factors that increased the working expenses. In addition, the measurement and analysis of the adjacent structures during open pit blasting and the blasting vibration were performed after selecting the most adjacent structure to the open pit blasting spot to analyze the problems on the test blasting procedure and analysis method in the open pit blasting design/construction guidelines, which appeared in the process of completing open pit blasting construction, and a remedy is presented.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.282-291
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• 2010

As compared with existing center-boring timber, skin timber which be hollowed out of its considerable inner parts has some merits as like short drying time, less developed checks during drying, a advantage of lower MC (8~%), more easy injection of chemicals, a possibility of using as a lighter structural heavy timber including Hanok and heavy timber construction, a possibility for the various living necessaries and furniture materials. However, development of hybrid skin timber is required for using as a value-added materials and giving a confidence for the structural safety of skin timber to general user. Thus, improved pine skin timber (IPST) and improved larch skin timber (ILST) were manufactured using the lighter steel plate possible. And compressive capacity of improved skin timber was analyzed. From the results of this study, the following conclusions have been made: 1. Both of IPST and ILST can give a uniformity of material capacity compared with non-treated skin timber. 2. Both IPST and ILST, there was not statistical significancy among the thickness of steel plate. Therefore, it concluded that it was not necessary to use thicker steel plate. 3. There was also not statistical significancy between IPSR and ILST, so it need not to be selective about the species of improved skin timber. 4. IPST showed various failure types, but most failure types of ILST is a splitting type.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1615-1621
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• 2013

Background: Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is related to tumor invasion and metastasis. However, the role of MMP-9 expression in breast cancer survival remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to accomplish a more accurate estimation of the association between MMP-9 expression and survival results in breast cancer patients through meta-analysis. Methods: A meta-analysis of published studies investigating the effects of positive MMP-9 expression on both relapse free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) was performed. Relevant literature was confirmed by searching electronic databases including PubMed, Ovid, EMBASE and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) before November 1, 2012. Individual hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted and pooled HRs with 95% CIs were used to evaluate the strength of the association between positive MMP-9 expression and survival results of breast cancer patients. Funnel plot and Egger's regression tests were used to evaluate publication bias. Heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis was also conducted. All the work was completed using STATA. Results: A total of 2,344 patients from 15 evaluative studies were finally included. Pooled HRs and 95% CIs suggested that MMP-9 overexpression had an unfavorable impact on both OS (HR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.41-2.04) and RFS (HR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.17-2.01) in breast cancer patients. There was no significant heterogeneity observed in the studies reported for OS (P=0.360, $I^2$=8.8%), but not RFS (P=0.002, $I^2$=67%). Publication bias was absent among the studies both in OS and RFS cases (t=-0.54, P=0.605 and t=1.71, P=0.131, respectively). Omission of any single study had little effect on the combined risk estimates on sensitivity analysis. Conclusion: The results of this meta-analysis suggest that positive MMP-9 expression confers a higher risk of relapse and a worse survival in patients with breast cancer. Larger prospective studies are now needed to evaluate the clinical utility of MMP-9 expression.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.4
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• pp.679-686
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• 2014

This study analysed differences between importance and performance of 2014 forest interpreter training program through IPA with the aim to provide suggestions and improvement. First the results of a comparison of the overall average of performance and importance showed importance is higher than performance. Afterwards, the result of IPA showed that confidence of being an interpreter, active involvement, the understanding of the value of forest, expansion of the understanding of forest, the understanding of the mission of interpreter, and the understanding of the qualification of interpreter, those 6 items belong to the I quadrant. In the case of the II quadrant there were interest of the content of education and to learn a lot of things through education. Next, those how to deal with service, planning interpreter programs, clarity of the content of education, accuracy of the content of education, validity of the content of education, appropriate number of participants, and appropriate time of education involved in III quadrant. Finally, concentration in the education and the understanding of the topic of education situated in IV quadrant.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.131-136
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• 2018

Decrease in seawater temperature during winter is one of the most important and serious issues confronted by fish net-cage aquaculture farms. This can become the cause of the manifestation of diseases and ensuing mass mortality. The present study was conducted to assess the survival rate, the range of limited low-temperature, the response of oxidative stress in the blood of red sea bream Pagrus major with decrease of water temperature. Low-lethal temperature for 7 days of P. major ($7day-LT_{50}$) was $6.54^{\circ}C$ (confidence limit: $6.31{\sim}6.71^{\circ}C$). Oxygen consumption rate was decreased with lower temperature. It showed the minimum value at the range of low-lethal temperature. Osmolality at $5^{\circ}C$ and $6^{\circ}C$ experimental group was higher significantly than control group. SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity was increased significantly at $5^{\circ}C$ experimental group compared to control group. This study data will be used to determine the appropriate area for aquaculture of red sea bream. It also manage fish net-cage farm to cope with the mass mortality occurring frequently during winter season.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.552-566
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• 2010

This paper is an in-depth case study to analyze integrated elementary science lesson planning and practical teaching by two teachers at an urban elementary schools. One is an experienced teacher and the other is a beginning teacher. For this study, researchers asked teachers to design 5 stages of lesson planning after sharing basic theories about the integrated science education. The first of the 5 lesson planning stages is curriculum analysis and choice of integrated science topic. The second stage is constructing the frame of integrated science lesson contents, and the third is drawing a diagram of the integrated science lesson development. The fourth stage is making a table of lesson plans, and the last stage is writing integrated science lesson plans. Then, the teachers implemented the lessons they created. They taught students one unit of science which is composed of 8 lessons. Difficulties that teachers meet during designing plans and integrated science class were analyzed. 5 staged lesson planning, video transcriptions, teacher interview about lesson planning and teaching, researchers' checklists, reports of inspection classes, teachers' self evaluation, and students interviews were used for this study. One of the significant results of this study is that both experienced and beginning teachers had many difficulties in deciding on time to teach and contents of science and other subjects, as well as selection and organization of whole topics of integrated science teaching. The beginning teacher especially had greater issues with developing definite teaching-learning strategy to conduct thoughts and views for integrated science at the whole unit and each lesson. However, the experienced teacher was using various teaching-learning strategies by utilizing integrated science teaching professionalism to develop students' integrated thinking ability during the instruction of other subjects. The outcomes of this study are that both teachers could deeply understand the need and value of integrated science education at the elementary school through planning and teaching 8 lessons, and that they could have self-confidence with development of teaching professionalism for integrated science teaching. It may be possible that this study could help the development of pre- and in-service program for improvement of integrated science teaching professionalism for elementary school teacher.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.369-375
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• 2013

Objectives: This study was conducted to identify factors determining the toxicity of manufactured silver nano-particles (AgNPs) on aquatic organisms. Methods: For this purpose, we prepared several AgNPs with varied characteristics, including hydrodynamic size (nano-$^{ABC}Ag^{Cit}\;vs$-sized-$^{ABC}Ag^{Cit}$), impurities ($^{ABC}Ag$ stock vs $^{ABC}Ag$), and citrate capping ($^{ABC}Ag^{Cit}$), using a commercially available manufactured AgNP ($^{ABC}Ag$ stock). Acute tests were conducted using larval zebrafish (Danio rerioI). In addition, in order to determine the ecotoxicological potentials of various capping agents, toxicity tests were conducted with microbes, waterfleas, and fish for eight different capping agents that are used for NPs. Results: The toxicity of AgNPs in terms of 96 h fish $LC_{50}$ increased in the following order: $^{ABC}Ag$ stock < $^{ABC}Ag=^{ABC}Ag^{Cit}=nano-^{ABC}Ag^{Cit}$ < ${\mu}$-sized-$^{ABC}Ag^{Cit}$ < $AgNO_3$. After removing impurities by dialysis, 96 h $LC_{50}$ value decreased significantly from $126.6{\mu}g/L$ (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 107.0-146.2) ($^{ABC}Ag$ stock) to $78.6{\mu}g/L$ (CI: 72.7-84.8) ($^{ABC}Ag$). For ${\mu}$-sized-$^{ABC}Ag^{Cit}$ (ranging between 3.9 and 40.6 nm) and $^{ABC}Ag^{Cit}$ (40.6 nm and $9.1{\mu}m$), the 96 h $LC_{50}$ of the former ($43.9{\mu}g/L$, CI: 36.0-51.7) was approximately two-fold lower than that of the latter ($87.0{\mu}g/L$, CI: 73.5-100.3). Conclusions: In this study, we found that for acute lethality, the contribution of impurities and particle size was significant, but that of citrate was negligible.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.95-110
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• 2001

The purpose of this research is to analyze how appropriately the sizing of domestically produced children's wear compares to children's sizes; it is based on an anthropometric survey conducted in 1998. By discovering and understanding discrepancies between the sizing system of children s wear and the real size of children, this study aims to suggest solutions that will lead to increased comfort and more suitable fitting in children's clothes. This research analyzes and compares 'the extent of growth between age groups' with 'the difference in sizing system in use by manufacturers'. The study focused on aged 4 to 12 children, who are usually divided in two groups; primary students and toddlers. In total, seven sizes were selected: bust, waist, and hip (which are girth sizes), and height, back neck to waist (top length), sleeve length, and waist to ankle (slacks length) as representing length. The results of this research are analyzed by basing on the actual increments between the sizes of children's wear in certain basic items rather than sizes themselves because each size quite differed according to companies, items and designs. Significantly, the increase in the sizing was not as great as the average biennial growth rate of children. The consequences are poorer fit and unsuitable representative value for each age group because the actual sizes of children increasingly differ from the sample size. Observing the increments in several sizes, we found that 81.8% of the companies used the certain and equal increases for grading sizes in sleeve length, waist, and bust. In addition, 72.7% of the companies adopted the same increments between sizes in height and hip girth, and 63.6% also chose equal increments in T-shirt length for making smaller or bigger sizes from the sample size. However, sleeve length and pant length were the components that displayed the most varied sizing. Interestingly, the few companies that used different increments between size groups, adopted the change only between one or two size groups, instead of all sizes. In conclusion, this research reveals the unsuitability of the current sizing system and the necessity to increase consumer confidence in the size tags on children's wear by modifying the system to reflect the actual growth of children. The results can also contribute to future study on the development of a new and more accurate sizing system for children's wear.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.3 s.67
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• pp.241-250
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• 2006

Backgrounds: Blood stasis is hon as an important pathologic factor for vascular disorder in Oriental medicine. Despite its clinical importance there have been few objective tests for diagnosing blood stasis. Objectives: This study was designed to examine the relationship between blood stasis and arterial stiffness measured by cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). Methods: The subjects were 104 ischemic stroke patients with onset after 14 days. Their general characteristics, lipid profiles and uric acid were recorded. The degree of arterial stiffness was assessed by CAVI, and blood stasis was evaluated by diagnostic criteria. The data were analyze4 by chi-square test, student t-test, spearman correlation analysis, and pearson correlation analysis. Then, stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis was applied in order to exclude the interactions among several factors. Results: There were significant differences in right, left and higher CAVI between the blood stasis group and the non blood stasis group (p-value<0.01). Age, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride and CAVI had relationships with blood static scores. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the adjusted odds ratio of blood stasis for arterial stiffness with CAVI above 9 were 7.091 (95% confidence interval, $1.641\sim30.638$). Conclusions: The results demonstrated the relationship between blood stasis and arterial stiffness measured by CAVI. Therefore, we suggest that CAVI should be one of the objective tests for diagnosing blood stasis.