• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.550-563
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• 2006

Software product line engineering is a method that prepares for the future reuse and supports to seamless reuse in application development process. Commonality and variability play central roles in all product line development processes. Reusable assets will become core assets by explicitly representing C&V. Indeed, the variabilities that art identified at each phase of core assets development have different levels of abstraction. In the past, these variabilities have been handled in an implicit manner and without distinguishing the characteristics of each core assets. In addition, previous approaches have depended on the experience and intuition of a domain expert to recognize commonality and variability. In this paper, we suggest a 2-dimensional analyzing method that analyzes the variabilities of core assets in software product line. In horizontal analysis process, the variation types are analyzed in requirements, architecture, and component that are produced at each phase of development process. In vertical analysis process, variations are analyzed in different abstract levels, in which the region of commonality is identified and the variation points are refined. By this method, the traceability of variations between core assets will be possible and core assets can be reused seamlessly.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.1-24
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• 2018

In the last decade, the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) as a new technology has been applied with traditional Computer-aided design implementations in an increasing number of architecture, engineering, and construction projects and applications. Its employment alongside construction management, can be a valuable tool in helping move these activities and projects forward in a more efficient and time-effective manner. The traditional stakeholders, i.e., Owner, A/E and the Contractor are involved in this BIM system that is used in almost every activity of construction projects, such as design, cost estimate and scheduling. This article extracts major features of the application of BIM from perspective of participating BIM components, along with the different phrases, and applies to them a logistic analysis using a fuzzy performance tree, quantifying these phrases to judge the effectiveness of the BIM techniques employed. That is to say, these fuzzy performance trees with fuzzy logic concepts can properly translate the linguistic rating into numeric expressions, and are thus employed in evaluating the influence of BIM applications as a mathematical process. The rotational fuzzy models are used to represent the membership functions of the performance values and their corresponding weights. Illustrations of the use of this fuzzy BIM performance tree are presented in the study for the uninitiated users. The results of these processes are an evaluation of BIM project performance as highly positive. The quantification of the performance ratings for the individual factors is a significant contributor to this assessment, capable of parsing vernacular language into numerical data for a more accurate and precise use in performance analysis. It is hoped that fuzzy performance trees and fuzzy set analysis can be used as a tool for the quality and risk analysis for other construction techniques in the future. Baldwin's rotational models are used to represent the membership functions of the fuzzy sets. Three scenarios are presented using fuzzy MEAN, AND and OR gates from the lowest to intermediate levels of the tree, and fuzzy SUM gate to relate the intermediate level to the top component of the tree, i.e., BIM application final performance. The use of fuzzy MEAN for lower levels and fuzzy SUM gates to reach the top level suggests the most realistic and accurate results. The methodology (fuzzy performance tree) described in this paper is appropriate to implement in today's construction industry when limited objective data is presented and it is heavily relied on experts' subjective judgment.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.95-103
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• 2019

Introduction and use of Building Information Modeling(BIM) in construction projects have increased steadily over the past few years. However, the level of domestic BIM utilization is still tenuous compared to the international scene. Therefore, this study aims to present the possible directions for BIM research through an analysis of research literatures in Korea as well as in foreign countries. Papers on BIM were collected for this study from Korea and foreign countries for the field of architecture, and analyses and comparisons were performed by year and field. Further, the research patterns were analyzed using WordCloud, which is one of the popular big data techniques. From the analysis, it is found that the design field still constitutes the largest component of research, but the construction field is actively developing as well. In addition, it is realized that domestic BIM research continues to grow on collaboration and environment-friendly methodologies since 2012; it is also demonstrated that foreign BIM research has undergone changes in research trends every year including recently, and is progressing actively. Therefore, this study concludes that it is necessary to actively conduct research in the field of Industry Foundation Class(IFC) in the future. The results of this study can further be used as reference data for conducting BIM studies in Korea in the future.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.24-47
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• 2013

This study focused on the constructional concepts, landscape design techniques and changes made of the Sandan(山壇) area in the rear garden of Changdeokgung Palace based on the spatial organization of the zone. The results of this study are as below. Constructional layers that have been maintained throughout the centuries from King Injo(仁祖), King Sukjong(肅宗), King Sunjo(純祖), the Japanese colonial period to the present, were found in the Sandan area. The Sandan area, which was developed with the establishment of Chuiseungjeong(取勝亭) during the ruling of King Injo(仁祖), was created as a resting place for the King, and its usage continued until King Sukjong(肅宗) built Nakminjeong(樂民亭). However, the whole area was reorganized to host ritual ceremonies, where ancestral rites were performed for the mountain gods, after Sandan and Baekunsa(白雲社) were built during King Gojong's reign, before the drawing of 'Painting of Eastern Palaces(東闕圖).' The architectural component used then appears to have been designed to serve ancestral ritual formalities for the god of land, or to satisfy the religious desires of the royal family not fulfilled by Confucian courtesy. These are characteristics that define the Sandan area. Meanwhile, the analysis of the ground plan of the Changdeokgung Palace revealed that the Sandan had been maintained until the Japanese colonial era, but was removed sometime after liberation. The area underwent extensive reform in the early 1970s, when the whole area was developed into a tourist destination called Bingcheon(氷泉). Then, a new road that runs through Bingcheon was laid, and the present condition reflects the construction result of the time. An interview with a person who had taken part in the repair work in the 1970s confirmed that the construction work at the time had the goal of establishing two drainage systems for drinking water and copied the Okryuchon(玉流川) well.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.222-234
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• 2020

Autonomous vehicles are equipped with a wide rage of sensors such as GPS, RADAR, LIDAR, camera, IMU, etc. and are driven by recognizing and judging various transportation systems at intersections in the city. The accident ratio of the intersection of the autonomous vehicles is 88% of all accidents due to the limitation of prediction and judgment of an area outside the sensing distance. Not only research on non-signalized intersection collision avoidance strategies through V2V and V2I is underway, but also research on safe intersection driving in failure situations is underway, but verification and fragments through simple intersection scenarios Only typical V2V failures are presented. In this paper, we analyzed the architecture of the V2V module, analyzed the causal factors for each V2V module, and defined the failure mode. We presented intersection scenarios for various road conditions and traffic volumes. we used the ISO-26262 Part3 Process and performed HARA (Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment) to analyze the risk of autonomous vehicle based on the simulation. We presented ASIL, which is the result of risk analysis, proposed a monitoring concept for each component of the V2V module, and presented monitoring coverage.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.340-348
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• 2021

Continuous monitoring of RGB (Red, Green, Blue) vegetation indices is important to apply remote sensing technology for the estimation of crop growth. In this study, we evaluated the performance of eight vegetation indices derived from soybean RGB images with various agronomic parameters under drought stress condition. Drought stress influenced the behavior of various RGB vegetation indices related soybean canopy architecture and leaf color. In particular, reported vegetation indices such as ExGR (Excessive green index minus excess red index), Ipca (Principal Component Analysis Index), NGRDI (Normalized Green Red Difference Index), VARI (Visible Atmospherically Resistance Index), SAVI (Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index) were effective tools in obtaining canopy coverage and leaf chlorophyll content in soybean field. In addition, the RGB vegetation indices related to leaf color responded more sensitively to drought stress than those related to canopy coverage. The PLS-DA (Partial Squares-Discriminant Analysis) results showed that the separation of RGB vegetation indices was distinct by drought stress. The results, yet preliminary, display the potential of applying vegetation indices based on RGB images as a tool for monitoring crop environmental stress.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.27
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• pp.125-146
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• 2022

The Wooden Gamsil with Inscription of "Botajeon" in the collection of the Dongguk University Museum was made in imitation of the wooden architecture style of the late Joseon period. The Gamsil had suffered exfoliation in the pigment and loss of components and thus underwent conservation treatment. Prior to the conservation treatment, the damage was classified by type and form, scientific analysis was carried out on the fiber and the species of wood, and portable X-ray fluorescence (P-XRF) analysis was conducted for the pigment component analysis. According to the analyses, Korea Pine(Soft pine) was used for most parts of the Gamsil, Manchurian walnut (Jugalns spp.) was used for the signboard, and the fiber used was identified as rice straw (Oryza sativa). The P-XRF identified white lead and zinc oxide in the white pigment, red lead in the red pigment, ultramarine blue in the blue pigment, and emerald green in the green pigment. For the conservation treatment, contaminants attached to the gamsil were removed by both dry and wet cleaning, detached parts were reattached in their original places, and lost parts were restored.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.204-216
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• 2024

Understanding the trade-off effect in ecosystem services and measuring the interrelationships between services are crucial for managing limited environmental resources. Accordingly, in this study, we identified the dominant trends and increases and decreases in ecosystem services derived from changes in land cover over about 30 years and tracked changes in the relationships between ecosystem services that occurred over time. Through it, we determined the relationship between land cover changes and ecosystem service changes, as well as the distinct characteristics of service changes in different areas. The research primarily utilized the InVEST model, an ecosystem service assessment model. After standardizing the evaluation results between 0 and 1, it went through principal component analysis, a dimensionality reduction technique, to observe the time-series changes and understand the relationships between the services. According to the research results, the area of urbanized regions dramatically increased between 1989 and 2019, while forests showed a significant increase between 2009 and 2019. Between 1989 and 2019, the national ecosystem service supply witnessed a 13.9% decrease in water supply, a 10.5% decrease in nitrogen retention, a 2.6% increase in phosphorus retention, a 0.9% decrease in carbon storage, a 1.2% increase in air purification, and a 3.4% decrease in habitat quality. Over the past 30 years, South Korea experienced an increase in urbanized areas, a decrease in agricultural land, and an increase in forests, resulting in a trade-off effect between phosphorus retention and habitat quality. This study concluded that South Korea's environment management policies contribute to improving ecosystem quality, which has declined due to urbanization, and maximizing ecosystem services. These findings can help policymakers establish and implement forestry policies focusing on sustainable environmental conservation and ecosystem service provision.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine the design ＆ construction methods of the traditional landscape space of the past and the repair and maintenance of cultural heritages to maintain it today. To this end, the method of narrative description, process extraction and construction related to traditional landscaping were compared to each other based on the 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 and 'Standard Specification for Repairing Cultural Heritages'. The results are as follows; First, to analyze at the description methods of the 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 and 'Standard Specification for Repairing Cultural Heritages' and related processes in the field of traditional landscaping. 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 was an encyclopedia of the overall construction method of the living space, describing the location, effect, and advantages and disadvantages of each component and presenting quantitative figures to institutionalize the construction of traditional landscaping spaces. 'Standard Specification for Repairing Cultural Heritages' presented the entire process of repairing cultural heritages, and it is becoming a kind of guide for reference at the site. Among them, foundation construction, roof construction, landscape construction, and fence construction were drawn as items that could be applied to traditional landscaping areas. Second, the traditional landscape space construction method was divided into the processes of foundation construction, roof construction, landscaping construction, and fence construction. Foundation construction is a way of repeating the process of land-tramping. During the construction of the roof, the tile-roofed building was built on top of the rafters and roofed with tiles. And thatched roof was made to a number of rice straws bundles to cover the roof one after the other. Instead of tiles, the stone roof was made of thin and wide stones, and the wooden boards were used for the single roof and the bark roof were constructed with many layers of dried corrugations. Landscape construction mainly consists of the Paving technique through tramping rubble and the construction of terraced flower by planting stone, plants, and shrubs on the top. According to the building materials, the wall construction was derived from the earth-stacked earthen wall, stone walls using stone and clay, marble walls made of tile patterns, and the construction of a board wall using a wood board as a wall. Third, comparing the construction methods of the 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 and 'Standard Specification for Repairing Cultural Heritages', 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 focuses on standardizing the construction methods to create a new traditional space. There is a difference in the setting of the scope of the 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 and the construction because 'Standard Specification for Repairing Cultural Heritages' provides the overall construction procedure considering the diversity of the cultural heritages. In addition, the traditional landscape space used to be a residential space in the past, but today, the maintenance process of the already established facilities as designated cultural heritages has been carried out, and construction methods have been added to create viewing conditions. In terms of the succession of traditional knowledge, some similar methods were found in the repair of cultural assets today, and some cases were also confirmed in the reconstruction of traditional technologies such as application of some materials or mix, separation of added facilities and introduction of efficient construction methods.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.164-173
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• 2018

Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ($CO_2$) is a major component of climate change, and this increase can be expected to continue into the crop and food security in the future. In this study, Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Research (SPAR) chambers were used to examine the effect of elevated $CO_2$, temperature, and drought on the canopy architecture and concentration of macronutrients in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). Drought stress treatments were imposed on potato plants 40 days after emergence. Under AT+2.8C700 (30-year average temperature + $2.8^{\circ}C$ at $700{\mu}mol\;mol^{-1}$ of $CO_2$), at maximum leaf area, elevated $CO_2$, and no drought stress, a significant increase was observed in both the aboveground biomass and tuber, and for the developmental stage. Even though $CO_2$ and temperature had increased, AT+2.8C700DS (30-year average temperature + $2.8^{\circ}C$ at $700{\mu}mol\;mol^{-1}$ of $CO_2$ under drought stress) under drought stress showed that the leaf area index (LAI) and dry weight were reduced by drought stress. At maturity, potatoes grown under $CO_2$ enrichment and no drought stress exhibited significantly lower concentrations of N and P in their leaves, and of N, P, and K in tubers under AT+2.8C700. In contrast, elevated $CO_2$ and drought stress tended to increase the tuber Mg concentration under AT+2.8C700DS. Plants grown in AT+2.8C700 had lower protein contents than plants grown under ATC450 (30-year average temperature at $400{\mu}mol\;mol^{-1}$ of $CO_2$). However, plants grown under AT+2.8C700 showed higher tuber bulking than those grown under AT+2.8C700DS. These findings suggest that the increase in $CO_2$ concentrations and drought events in the future are likely to decrease the macronutrients and protein concentrations in potatoes, which are important for the human diet.