• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.375-384
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• 2016

Objectives: This paper analyzes the intersection of tort law and environmental health in a recent court decision. Methods: This paper analyzes Supreme Court Decision 2011Da7437, Decided on September 4, 2014 and related lower court decisions. Results: The plaintiffs sought financial compensation from the defendants, arguing that air pollutants in gases emitted by vehicles produced by the defendants had caused them to acquire respiratory diseases. The district court highlighted the need to mitigate the burden of proof for the plaintiffs, but proceeded to review whether the plaintiffs proved the actual toxicity levels of the air pollutants, whether the defendant's vehicles were the main source of the emissions, the plaintiff's level of exposure to the pollutants, and causation between the emissions and the injury. By doing so, the district court required the plaintiffs to prove both indirect and direct facts of causation, increasing burden of proof for plaintiffs. The appellate court upheld the district court's decision, adding that the defendant's conduct did not constitute an illegal act because it did not violate the emissions standards set by environmental law. The Supreme Court upheld the appellate court's decision, reasoning that the epidemiological evidence cannot establish a direct causation for diseases that lack specificity. Conclusion: This case demonstrates that discussions in environmental health have significance in tort lawsuits. For each fact that the plaintiffs and defendants attempted to prove, environmental health research studies were offered as evidence. In addition, the courts decided the legality of the defendant's conduct based on emission standards set by environmental law.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.62-70
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• 2005

본 연구는 각종 부하에 전력을 공급하고 있는 저압 전원계통에 나타나는 전압과 전류고조파의 실태조사에 관한 것으로 22.9[kV]/380[V]/220[V] 수전용 변압기 2차측 모선에서 측정하고, 그 결과를 IEEE와 IEC의 고조파 제한규격과 비교하여 검토하였다. 본 연구 대상의 전원선의 전압 종합왜형률은 적정수준으로 $5[\%]$이하이었다. 이에 반하여 전류왜형은 전압보다 매우 크게 나타났으며, 전류고조파는 전압고조파보다 훨씬 크게 나타났으며, 전류고조파 왜형율은 $15.7\~60.4[\%]$로 매우 넓은 범위에 분포되어 있다. 특히 개인용 컴퓨터와 형광조명을 주로 사용하는 사무용 건물의 전원선 전류왜곡은 공장의 부하전류의 왜곡에 비해 심하게 나타났다. 본 연구 조사 대상의 전원선 고조파 실태에서 전압고조파는 IEEE와 IEC규격의 제한값 이내이었지만 전류고조파는 이들 규격의 제한을 훨씬 초과하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2007년도 심포지엄 논문집 정보 및 제어부문
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• pp.26-28
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• 2007

The motion estimation is the most important technique in the image compression of the video standards. In the case of next generation standards in the video codec as H.264, a high compression-efficiency can be also obtained by using a motion compensation. To obtain the accurate motion search, a motion estimation should be achieved up to 1/2 pixel and 1/4 pixel uiuts. To do this, the computational complexity is increased although the image compression rate is increased. Therefore, in this paper, we propose the advanced sub-pixel block matching algorithm to reduce the computational complexity by using a statistical characteristics of SAD(Sum of Absolute Difference). Generally, the probability of the minimum SAD values is high when searching point is in the distance 1 from the reference point. Thus, we reduced the searching area and then we can overcome the computational complexity problem. The main concept of proposed algorithm, which based on TSS(Three Step Search) method, first we find three minimum SAD points which is in integer distance unit, and then, in second step, the optimal point is in 1/2 pixel unit either between the most minimum SAD value point and the second minimum SAD point or between the most minimum SAD value point and the third minimum SAD point In third step, after finding the smallest SAD value between two SAD values on 1/2 pixel unit, the final optimized point is between the most minimum SAD value and the result value of the third step, in 1/2 pixel unit i.e., 1/4 pixel unit in totally. The conventional TSS method needs an eight.. search points in the sub-pixel steps in 1/2 pixel unit and also an eight search points in 1/4 pixel, to detect the optimal point. However, in proposed algorithm, only total five search points are needed. In the result. 23 % improvement of processing speed is obtained.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.81-113
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• 2013

The World Trade Organization (WTO) offers remedies for non-compliance by the introduction of compensation or retaliation in the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU). There are no the provisions under the WTO DSU and it seems unclear what retaliation is attempting to achieve. Therefore, it is unclear whether the goal of WTO retaliation is to induce compliance or to restore the balance between the rights and the obligations of WTO members. It has been claimed the WTO has a strong dispute settlement system by providing retaliation when the recommendations and rulings of Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) are not complied with. But this seems to be inadequate to bring about effective and timely compliance. Especially there is a problem with free riding by a violating member because the level of retaliation is determined from the expiration of a reasonable period of time, providing an incentive to delay compliance. Also the level of the suspension of concessions or other obligations authorized by the DSB is equivalent to the level of nullification or impairment, according to DSU Article 22.4. However, if the member concerned objections to the level of the suspension proposed, the matter shall be referred to arbitration. The arbitrator shall not examine the nature of the suspension of concessions or other obligations to be suspended but shall determine whether the level of such suspension is equivalent to the nullification or impairment. The arbitrator makes an assessment standard of equivalence by comparing the suspension of concessions or other obligations and the nullification or impairment calculated in terms of the amount of trade. But it is necessary that other standards replace the quantitative standards when the level of the nullification or impairment cannot be quantified by concrete damages.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.241-246
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• 2021

자율주행자동차 활성화를 위한 법·제도 연구는 많았지만, 전략적 관점에서의 자율주행자동차의 활성화 방안에 대한 연구는 미흡하였다. 본 연구에서는 자율주행자동차의 이슈 및 해결방안에 대해 살펴보고, 이를 기반으로 전략적 관점에서의 활성화 방안에 대해 제안하고자 한다. 자율주행자동차의 이슈 및 문제 해결을 위해 안전성 강화를 기반으로 법·제도 표준에 대한 명확한 정립이 필요하며, 교통사고시 책임의 소재와 배상책임의 확보가 선행 되어야 한다. 전략적 관점에서 자율주행자동차의 활성화를 위해서는 자율주행단계에 따른 확산전략을 수립하고, 정부지원정책을 초기 활성화의 트리거로 활용하고, 세그멘테이션(segmentation), 타켓팅(targeting), 포지셔닝(positioning) 전략을 기초로 효과적인 마케팅믹스(4P Mix)전략이 실행되어야 한다.

• 의학교육논단
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.41-50
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• 2019

The aim of this study is to analyze the current status and performance evaluation systems of faculty in Korean medical colleges and professional graduate medical schools (called medical schools). We developed a research tool based on previous studies and distributed it to 40 medical schools from July to October 2017. The response rate was 100%. We calculated the number of faculty members and analyzed the faculty evaluation systems and awareness according to national and private medical schools. As of 2017, the number of medical faculty in Korea was 11,111 (4,973 faculty were employed by their alma mater, which is 44.76% of the total), with non-medical doctor faculty accounting for 754 of the total. The medical schools reflect research achievements as most important for re-appointment and screening to promote faculty, and the area of education is secondary excepting clinical faculty of private medical schools. However, important issues in the faculty evaluation deal with the relevance of research achievement and the need for qualitative assessment. Some medical schools revised or have been revising the faculty evaluation system in areas such as minimum standards of education for promotion and separation of promotion and tenure review. Opening non-tenure track lines for faculty show positive effects such as increasing the number of positions for hire and easing the financial burdens of medical schools. Downfalls include inconsistencies between the responsibilities and actual practices of tenure not being available and the instability of faculty's status. In conclusion, medical schools need to prepare a faculty evaluation system that fits the position of faculty members and attempt to establish a reasonable compensation system.

• 중환자간호학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2023

Purpose : This study explores the professional status of Advanced Practice Nurses (APNs) in Korea, who, despite being legally certified, face instability in their professional standing, including their scope of practice and compensation. Method : The study uses Flexner's professional characteristics as a framework to analyze and project the future trajectory of Korean APNs. Results : First, to ensure social accountability, professional bodies need to establish uniform nursing policies related to job roles, and healthcare institutions must adhere to these policies. Second, nursing leaders should spearhead the creation of nursing knowledge essential for the profession's advancement, aiming to establish it as the foundation for nursing practice through a consensus process within the nursing community. Third, the curriculum for APNs should enhance the quantitative and qualitative aspects of practice in response to societal needs. Fourth, professional bodies should formulate consistent nursing policies based on a thorough analysis of the healthcare environment and legal considerations, and guide their implementation in clinical practice through a consensus process within the nursing community. Lastly, guidelines should be established for professional standards suitable for the Korean context. Conclusion : Based on this review, it is recommended that all APNs adhere to the professional standards set by their respective organizations, actively participate in personal quality improvement initiatives, and fulfill their duties and roles as members of these professional bodies. Furthermore, these organizations should devise practical strategies to solidify the APN system and should spearhead a systematic consensus process that garners the agreement of all members within the nursing community.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.86-95
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 장래 교통수요의 변화에 영향을 주는 요인을 위험요인으로 선정하여, 위험요인 변화에 따라 달라지는 수요예측 값의 범위를 제시할 수 있는 교통수요 보정모형을 개발하였다. 장래 교통수요의 변화에 영향을 주는 요인으로 영향권인구, 1인당 자동차 등록대수, 3차산업종사자 비율, 도시간격 등이 선정되었고, 이를 바탕으로 수요예측의 오차율을 산정하는 모형을 개발하였다. 6개의 고속도로 노선에 모형을 적용하여 대상구간의 영향권 인구(20만명 기준)에 따라 각각 다른 사분위값을 반영하여 교통수요예측 결과의 오차율을 산정하여 수요예측을 보정하였다. 개발된 모형을 청원-상주 고속도로에 적용해 본 결과, 교통량 오차율의 차이를 50% 이상 보정 가능한 것으로 분석되어 본 연구를 통해 개발된 모형이 효과가 있음을 검증하였다. 또한 논문의 말미에 본 연구의 한계와 논문의 향후 연구과제에 대해서도 논하였다.

• 한국건설관리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건설관리학회 2001년도 학술대회지
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• pp.23-30
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• 2001

건설산업에 있어서 고유한 재무적 특성상 필연적인 차입구조에 따른 금융비용의 부담은 날로 증가되고 있고, 금융비용의 합리화는 수주전략과 함께 건설기업의 경영에 있어 가장 중요한 경영관리영역 중 하나가 되어 가고 있다. 이와 같은 배경에서 연구의 범위는 계약범위 외적 사안의 발생과 관련하여 계약상대자가 추가로 투입하는 비용에 수반하는 원가적 금융비용의 발생환경으로 한정하고, 연구의 목적은 원가적 금융비용의 배상구조에 관한 개선방안을 도출함에 있다. 연구의 방법과 절차는 국내외 연구동향의 탐색, 금융비용의 배상타당성과 인식도 조사를 위한 설문 및 사례조사의 실시, 금융비용이 건설기업의 경영에 미치는 영향의 분석, 현행 회계처리기준과 국가계약법령상의 관련문제점을 분석 · 개선방안을 제시하는 순서로 한다. 위와 같은 원가적 금융비용의 배상에 관한 연구결과로서 얻어진 결론은 다음과 같다. (1) 건설업회계처리준칙의 금융비용회계계정을 보완토록 한다. (2) 계약일방의 비용부담을 담보시키는 계약제도를 점진적으로 폐지하거나 배상규정을 보완하여야 한다. (3) 국가계약법 금융비용의 배상규정상 불합리한 내용을 합리화시켜야 한다. (4) 중요공정 관리기법(CPM)의 활용을 활성화시키고 EVMS와 연동관리함으로써 사안과 금융비용의 산정을 개관화시킬 수 있도록 한다. (5) 건설계약법체계를 제조업중심으로 제정된 현행 계약법체계로부터 분리운용토록 하여야 한다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제29권6C호
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• pp.857-864
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• 2004

MPEG이나 JPEG 영상 압축 표준에서는 영상을 블록 단위로 나누어서 DCT를 하고 양자화 시킨다. 그리고 역양자화 값으로 양자화 구간의 중앙값을 사용한다. DCT 평균제곱 오차를 줄이려면 평균값을 사용하는 것이 최적이나 현재에는 uniform 분포를 가정하고 중앙값을 사용한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 DCT 계수의 확률 분포함수가 Laplacian 분포를 따른다고 가정하고 역양자화 값으로 평균값을 사용했을 때 PSNR 개선 정도를 살펴왔다. 그리고 보정전의 양자화 오차와 보정 후의 양자화 오차를 이론적인 수식으로 나타내 보았다. 보정으로 인한 양자화잡음의 감소치의 이론적인 최대 값은 1.66 ㏈이다. 실험결과 제안된 대표값을 취했을 경우 기존의 방법보다 PSNR이 0.2∼0.4 ㏈정도 향상된다.