• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.57-75
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• 2007

Ever since franchising emerged in the industry of distribution, it has been growing explosively in the U.S.A. and all other countries as well. It is a method of expanding a business by licensing independent businessman to sell the franchiser's products and/or services or to follow a format and trade style created by the franchiser using the franchiser's trade marks and trade names. Franchising is a form of business that touches upon many different areas of law including, but not limited to, general contract law, general principles of commercial law, law of intellectual property, competition law, fair trade practices law and other industry specific laws e.g., the Fair Practices in Franchising Act in Korea. Arbitration is a long established, legally recognized procedure for submitting disputes to an outside person(s), mutually selected by the parties, for a final and binding decision. Despite its merits as an alternative dispute resolution, it has been criticized, on the other hand, particularly by franchisees' attorneys on the ground that even though it is required to protect the franchisees against the enforcement of pre-dispute arbitration agreements because of the franchisees' paucity of bargaining power vis-a-vis the franchiser, arbitration cannot afford it. Until recently, however, little has been written about the legal issues pertaining to franchise agreement and arbitration clause contained therein in Korea. This treatise reviews the cases and arguments in relation to the subject especially of the U.S.A., which have been accumulated for decades. The issues addressed herein are the pre-emption by the FAA, the disputes to be arbitrated, the selection and qualification of arbitrators, the place of arbitration hearings and the evidentiary rules applicable, the expenses of arbitration, theory of fiduciary duty and the like, all of which are relevant to franchise agreement.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.69-90
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• 2020

The arbitration system has many advantages, including resilience, speed, ease of approval, and enforcement of foreign arbitration in international disputes, and it plays an important role in today's international business. As the world's economic activities increase, China's trade disputes are intensifying. In 2017, China emphasized the international cooperation and commercial expansion of foreign investment at "One Belt, One Road." Therefore, it is expected that international business will become more active, with the issue of how to recognize and enforce the foreign arbitration awards in China becoming highly important. In addition, South Korea and China maintained deep trade relations after establishing diplomatic relations in 1992 and concluding the Korea-China Free Trade Agreement, which will inevitably increase trade disputes. As far as South Korea is concerned, China is South Korea's largest trading partner, so it is important for South Korea to analyze how foreign arbitration awards are recognized and enforced in China. China's accession to the New York Convention in 1987 was the beginning of the enforcement of foreign arbitrators. However, since China has begun to recognize and enforce foreign arbitrators relatively late, there are many problems in terms of recognizing and enforcing foreign arbitral awards in China. This study introduces the concept and scope of foreign arbitral awards, as well as the legal basis and procedures for recognizing and enforcing foreign arbitral awards, and examines relevant cases and the denial of recognition and enforcement of a foreign arbitration award. In the end, some issues and remedies for the recognition and enforcement of the foreign arbitral awards system in China were concluded.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.211-226
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• 2006

This paper discusses the definition of the term "domestic industry" in relation to the application of the safeguards provisions of the WTO through the judicial interpretation made by the WTO Appellate Body and panel. The requirements for the imposition of safeguards include a rapid increase in import quantity, the existence of serious injury or threat of serious injury to the domestic industry, and a causal relationship between the increase in imports and the industrial injury. The domestic industry refers to the producers that account for a considerable portion of the total national production, or the national producers who produce articles "like" or "directly competitive" with the specific imports. Chronically, there have been controversial disputes relating to the interpretation of the term "like" or "directly competitive". Reviewing the disputes relating to the term "domestic industry" in application of the safeguards provisions since the establishment of the WTO, the interpretation of the term "like" has been made imposing weight on the physical characteristics of the products. This interpretation is in contrast with that of the interpretation of the term "directly competitive" which has been interpreted with imposed weight on the commercial elasticity of substitution which can be measured by the final use or consumer's taste.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.235-262
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• 2004

A study on the international Jurisdiction to Application in Electronic Transaction Disputes The implementation of electronic commerce raises some new legal and institutional problem so it is necessary for us to prepare alternatives. As the development of electronic commerce is difficult without smooth settlement of dispute the pursue of smooth settlement of dispute is very important menu. while the most common method relating to the settlement of dispute is litigation. them relating to the litigation, the subject of jurisdiction and the subject of governing laws should be resolved above all. Further more in addition, the old act prior act was regarded as insufficient in that it lacked rules on international jurisdiction to adjudicate, or international adjudicatory jurisdiction, where as the expectation of the public was that the private international law should function as the basic law of the legal relational encompassing rules on international jurisdiction given the increase of It international disputes. for the move the private international law has also attracted more attention from the korean. Therefore, International jurisdiction to application concerned about electronic commerce should be prepared and the environment to keep electronic commerce secure and stable be guaranteed. And we should make plans to protect companies and consumers and should make efforts to expand electronic commerce infrastructure.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.249-265
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• 2004

In the current digital age, most of the countries in the world recognize the electronic business to be a very prospective area in the future and plan to activate for the preoccupation of the business. As a result, this led a rapid increase of the electronic business volume. Electronic business takes place in the cyber space, using internet. However, the intellectual property rights have a high degree of possibility of being infringed as the digitalized intellectual property is easy to receive, copy and transmit in the cyber space. The language structure on the web, represented by HTML, makes easier to copy the intellectual property. And, as the internet has no national boundary, the infringement of the intellectual property rights is easier regardless of country, which could lead to the commercial disputes between the concerned countries. There are in fact many legal disputes nowadays on the infringement of the intellectual property rights in such field as computer programming, infringement of the copyright, business model patent and infringement of the trademark right on the registered name of the domain. It is, therefore, time now to prepare a new theory or legal system to protect the intellectual property rights on copyright, patent and trademark right so as to comply with the digital environment together with such a splendid growth of "electronic business." USA and Germany are nowadays making a significant movement on the legislation of the electronic business, and this study will focus on the legislative contents, judicial precedents and interpretation of law in the above countries.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.51-70
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• 2020

The Mediation-Arbitration hybrid is becoming more popular since it makes an amicable relationship and thorough statement possible. The Mediation-Arbitration hybrid has been used to take advantage of both dispute resolution methods. In a Med-Arb process, negotiating a resolution to disputes is attempted with a mediator's help. If the mediation ends in an impasse or issues remain unresolved, parties can move on to arbitration. Med-Arb can also be cost-effective when disputants hire one person to serve as mediator and arbitrator (Med-Arb-Pure). However, it can disturb the fairness and neutrality of arbitrators, and awards can be annulled. Indeed, "Award by Consent" is different from the "Med-Arb-Pure" process. Arbitrators easily confuse them. Only the parties settle on the arbitral proceedings' course, and the arbitrator can help them (award by consent). The role and skill of a mediator are different from an arbitrator's. Disputants have the right to use a mediator who specializes in mediation. Moreover, mediation communication confidentiality is the essential value of mediation, and this should be protected. Therefore, in the process of "Med-Arb," separation between mediating and arbitrating is a better choice to specialize in each expertise. In this process, "Med-Arb" can be an affordable, expeditious, proper, and effective method of resolving international commercial disputes and continuing ADR prime time.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.169-190
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• 2017

중국과의 무역거래가 지속적으로 증가하고 있는 가운데 상사분쟁 발생 가능성도 커지고 있으며 사회주의 국가체제에 익숙하지 못한 한국 기업의 입장에서는 중국의 상사중재제도에 대한 연구는 필수불가결하다. 근래 중국은 국제표준과 시장경제에 맞추어 국내법규를 개정함으로써 외국기업들에게 법적 안정성 보장을 위한 지속적인 노력을 하고 있지만 여러 가지 문화적, 정치적, 사회적 특성으로 말미암아 법규의 내용에 한계점과 실무상의 문제점이 존재한다. 중국 상사중재제도는 국내중재와 국제중재 일부 구별 적용, 임시중재 불인정, 당사자자치의 제한, 중재기관의 독립성 부족, 중재에 대한 사법간여, 판정집행의 곤란 등 다른 국가와 차이점이 있다. 또한 중국의 중재기관에서는 중재절차 중에 판정부가 직접 조정을 진행하고 조정결과를 판정서로 작성하는 중재와 조정의 결합이 이루어지고 있다. 이와 같은 본 논문은 중국 상사중재제도의 법적 주요내용을 살펴봄으로써 중국 기업과의 상사분쟁해결에 대한 법적 실무적 대응방안을 제시하고자 한다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.37-67
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• 2023

중재는 공정하고 효율적인 분쟁해결 방법이다. 또 현대사회에서 경제발전으로 인하여 소송제도를 보완하는 매우 중요한 기능을 하고 있다. 중재제도는 고대부터 각국이 분쟁해결을 위해 각자의 전통적인 방식으로 형성되었으며, 법학의 발달과 함께 중세부터 점차적으로 법적 보장이 명확한 제도로 확립되었다. 중국에서 중재제도가 입법화 된 것은 근대 민국시대(民国时期)이지만, 분쟁 해결 방법으로 중재가 등장한 것은 고대 진한시대(秦汉时期)로 거슬러 올라간다. 현대에서 중재와 관련한 입법은 1995년에 공포한 '중재법'이다. 입법 당시 외국의 중재법과제도등에 대한 경험을 참고하였다. 하지만, 현재에 있어 중국 '중재법'은 여전히 많은 문제를 안고있다. 즉, 경제발전으로 인해 다양한 안건이 발생하면서 분쟁도 진화하고 있기 때문이다. 이에 중국의 현행 '중재법'은 개정 중에 있다. 중재법의 개정에 있어 중국의 역사적 경험을 어느 정도 참고할 수 있을 것이다. 중국에서 발생하는 분쟁 안건에 있어 중재가 고대부터 중세 및 근대, 그리고 현재에 이르기까지 경험과 특징을 살핌으로써 개정안에 좋은 시사점을 제공할 것이라 본다. 특히, 현대의 상사중재제도가 외국의 법문화로부터 중국에 도입된 후 그 역할과 효과에 대해 중국 전통의 중재제도를 분석함으로써 더 나은 개선방안을 제시 할 것이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 중국의 고대에서 현대에 이르기까지 중재제도의 기능에 대하여 연혁적으로 살펴보고, 현재 개정 중인 '중재법'에 중국 전통 중재제도가 주는 시사점이 무엇인지 검토한다. 이를 통해 장래 중국의 중재제도의 발전은 물론, 그 가치를 확인하는 좋은 연구자료가 될 것이라 본다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제68권
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• pp.123-148
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• 2015

Central Asian Countries had been independent in 1991 from USSR. Since then it have been increasing foreign trade and investment amount with outside countries including China, Japan, EU and South Korea. Korean enterprises and entities have endeavored to secure plentiful natural resources, oil and gas energy and expand the market share to exporting the consuming and industrial competitive goods and services for those countries. In the case of disputes of commercial transactions and investment, arbitration is regarded as a dispute resolution system which has been preferred in international transactions and investments by the business world. Since the collapse of the USSR, Central Asian Countries have worked to modernize its arbitration law and procedure to conform with international standard rules. Arbitral legislation in Central Asian countries is based on the Model Law as adopted in 1985. However, CIS's legislation systems of arbitration are not satisfied with the international standard in national laws and practices. That is the reason to consider for the specific parliament about arbitration for the dispute resolutions in the commercial transaction and investment between Korean enterprises and CIS. In this article, it is discuss problems and its alternatives in the dispute resolution about the commercial transaction and investment into Central Asian countries including the tendency to the increasing the trade volumes of goods and investment between South Korea and CIS. According to this article, South Korea consider the long term strategy followed the preferred economic relative partnership for business success on commercial transaction and investment with the Central Asian Countries.

• 해양안보
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.83-113
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• 2022

중국의 해상 민병대는 긴 역사에 비해 잘 알려지지 않았으나, 최근 주변국과의 다양한 해양 분쟁을 통해 주변국들의 우려와 심각한 위협으로 부상하고 있다. 따라서, 현 시점에서 중국 해상 민병대의 실체에 대한 명확한 이해가 필요할 때이다. 중국 해상 민병대의 편성과 역할 검토를 통해 중국의 해상 민병대는 '중국의 해양이익 보호와 신장을 위한 해상 민병대의 기여'라는 목적에 맞춰 중국 정부와 인민해방군에 의해 조직적으로 관리되고 운용되는 조직이라는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 중국의 해상 민병대가 운용 되었던 주변국과의 해양 분쟁 사례 검토를 통해 이들의 위협요인을 도출할 수 있었다. 첫 번째, 중국 해상 민병대는 '회색지대전략'을 수행하며, 두 번째, 정부와 인민해방군의 지원을 받는 체계화된 조직이다. 세 번째, 전 세계에서 가장 큰 규모의 민병조직으로 간과할 수 없는 해양세력이며, 네 번째, 생업 종사와 해상 민병이라는 이중임무 수행이 가능한 전략적 유연성을 갖추고 있다는 점이다. 중국 해상 민병대의 위협은 남중국해에 위치한 동남아시아 국가들만의 문제가 아니다. 우리나라도 이어도 문제, 서해 해상 경계선 획정 문제 등 중국과의 해양 분쟁에서 자유로울 수만은 없는 국가이다. 따라서 중국과 발생할 수 있는 가장 가능성 높은 2가지 사례에 대해 시나리오 기법 분석을 통해 예상 시나리오와 대응방안을 살펴보았다. 마지막으로, 중국 해상 민병대의 실체를 직시하고 이들이 향후 어떻게 운용 및 발전될 것이며, 우리는 어떻게 대응해 나가야 할 것인지에 대한 고민을 제시하였다.